Engineering Drawing (MEng 1032) Page 1 of 5
Multiview Representation
CHAPTER-4
MULTIVIEW REPRESENTATION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Engineering drawings are normally intended to indicate the shape and size of an object.
All objects have three dimensions; length, breadth and depth
The problem of representing these on a drawing as well as conveying an impression of shape to the
reader is overcome by the use of a technique called orthogonal projection.
Orthogonal projection: is a method of viewing an object so that a number of plane views may be
obtained.
Each of the view include the objects three dimensions
Orthogonal system of projection is a multiview system in which the principal views are 90 0 apart in
the vertical and horizontal planes, giving a total of six possible views. It is the projection system that
Engineers use for manufacturing and construction of engineering drawing
The six views are front ,back, top, bottom and both sides
Front and rear view are called frontal projections
Top and bottom views are called horizontal projection
Right and left side view are called profile projections
Orthogonal projections are normally based on the first and third angle, known as first angle
projection and third angle projection
Different standards can be used for both projection methods
America and Australia recommend third angle projection
The line of intersection between planes is called coordinate axis
The point of intersection between planes is called the origin
Dihedral angles:
Are four right angles generated when the horizontal and vertical planes intersect at right angles
They are numbered conventionally as shown in the figure
The first and third of these angles led their name to the type of orthogonal projection commonly known
as first-angle projection and third- angle projection respectively.
By: kibrom H. Adu/ MED
Engineering Drawing (MEng 1032) Page 2 of 5
Multiview Representation
First angle projection:
The first method of projecting plane views
In case of first angle projection, the object is placed in the front of the front (vertical) plane and the
horizontal plane
The top of the object is projected down on to the top plane and the front view back to the front plane
RIGHT FRONT LEFT
VIEW VIEW VIEW
TOP
VIEW
Standard symbol for first
angle projection:
2.3. Third Angle Projection:
Only position is changed to show objects in third angle projection
Top view appears below the front view
TOP
VIEW
LEFT FRONT RIGHT
VIEW VIEW VIEW
Standard symbol
for third angle:
By: kibrom H. Adu/ MED
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Multiview Representation
EXAMPLE: Give the three principal views of the following object using the two methods of projection
Placement in first
angle projection
By: kibrom H. Adu/ MED
Engineering Drawing (MEng 1032) Page 4 of 5
Multiview Representation
Placement in third
angle projection
By: kibrom H. Adu/ MED
Engineering Drawing (MEng 1032) Page 5 of 5
Multiview Representation
Basic considerations:
The views of a projected object should be placed at the center of the working area
Most of the time three views can express the complete object. but if the three views can’t give full
description about the given object additional views can be added
Hidden lines can be omitted when they tend to confuse an already overburdened view or when the
shape description is sufficiently clear in another view. But beginners should show all hidden lines
Solid lines( visible object lines) should take precedence over all other lines
Dashed lines(invisible object lines) take precedence over center lines
Cutting plane lines should take precedence over a center line where it is necessary to indicate the
position of a cutting plane
Those lines losing the precedence will be shown in the other views
By: kibrom H. Adu/ MED
