POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT OF

CEILING FAN FOR VARIABLE SPEED

Md. Tauhidul Islam

Student # 172016

Asaduzzaman
Student # 172042

Mohi Uddin
Student # 172056

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

DHAKA UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GAZIPUR
JUNE, 2023

i
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT OF
CEILING FAN FOR VARIABLE SPEED

Md. Tauhidul Islam

Student # 172016

Asaduzzaman
Student # 172042

Mohi Uddin
Student # 172056

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

DHAKA UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GAZIPUR
JUNE, 2023

ii
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT OF
CEILING FAN FOR VARIABLE SPEED

A PROJECT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
the degree
of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
BY

Md. Tauhidul Islam Asaduzzaman Mohi Uddin

Student # 172016 Student # 172042 Student # 172056
Registration #10072 Registration #10098 Registration #10112
Session 2020-2021 Session 2020-2021 Session 2020-2021

Under Supervision of

…………………………………
Dr. Md. Raju Ahmed
……………………….
Professor
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
DHAKA UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GAZIPUR
JUNE, 2023

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a great pleasure for us to get a chance here to acknowledge the persons whose aid and guidance
have made this work a success. First of all, the person to whom we wish to convey our solidest
gratitude and profound respect and to whom we are solely indebted to for this whole thesis work
is our honorable supervisor Dr. Md. Raju Ahmed sir, Professor, Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering (EEE), Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET),
Gazipur, Bangladesh. It was a great experience to work with him. He acquainted us with the world
of advanced research. His friendly guidance, suggestions and wholehearted supervision has made
it possible for us to complete the thesis within the bounded time. We are grateful to him for his
useful directions, continuous encouragement, consistent support and valuable remarks throughout
the progress of this work. We want to express our gratitude to Dr. Md. Monirul Kabir sir, Head of
the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and
Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh, for his kind and sincere helps.

We owe our sincere gratitude to all who were directly or indirectly related to this work for their
support and encouragement.

DUET, Gazipur Author

Bangladesh Md. Tauhidul Islam
June 2023 Asaduzzaman
Mohi Uddin

iv
 ABSTRACT
This thesis investigates the problem of achieving power factor improvement of a lagging load
operating for variable speeds. The primary objective of this research is to develop a comprehensive
solution for adjusting the power factor of lagging loads operating at different speeds. The proposed
methodology involves the utilization of power electronics and advanced control techniques to
regulate the reactive power flow and achieve unity power factor operation. The research also
focuses on the implementation and optimization of the power consumption of the system.

To achieve the desired results, the thesis explores the theoretical foundations of power factor
correction techniques and investigates various control strategies applicable to variable speed
drives. Experimental validations are conducted using a representative load and variable speed drive
system to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed solution. Performance metrics such as power
factor improvement, harmonic mitigation, and system stability are assessed under different
operating conditions and load profiles.

In this thesis we have studied some literature, research paper, journals from different sources and
find out the problem statement. Then described proposed methodology for power factor
improvement of an inductive load for variable speed. After that we have designed the circuit and
implemented it. Finally we have got the result. Before improving the power factor was 0.606,
0.654, and 0.845. After improving the power factor is 0.84, 0.862 and 0.939 which is improved
about 38.8%, 31.5% and 11.1% for lower speed, medium speed and higher speed respectively.

v
 CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................... iv

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... v

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... ix

LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................... x

Chapter-1 ................................................................................................................................. 1

Introduction
1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 1

1.3 Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 3

1.4 Scope and Limitations ........................................................................................................... 4

1.5 Thesis Organization............................................................................................................... 5

Chapter-2 ................................................................................................................................. 6

Literature Review
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 6

2.3 Literature Review .................................................................................................................. 7

Chapter-3 ............................................................................................................................... 11

Theoretical Modeling
3.1 Causes of Low Power Factor in Ceiling Fan....................................................................... 11

3.2 Mathematical Analysis of Lagging Loads .......................................................................... 12

3.2.3 Power Factor Calculation ............................................................................................. 13

3.3 Power Factor Calculation Methods ..................................................................................... 14

Chapter-4 ............................................................................................................................... 16

vi
Equipment of Power Factor Improvement Method
4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 16

4.2 List of Equipment ................................................................................................................ 16

4.3 Description of Equipment ................................................................................................... 17

4.3.1 FAN Regulator: ............................................................................................................ 17

4.3.2 Atmel AVR Atmega328P-PU Microcontroller IC ....................................................... 21

4.3.3 Voltage Sensor .............................................................................................................. 26

4.3.4 Transformer .................................................................................................................. 27

4.3.5 Available Capacitor for PFI .......................................................................................... 28

4.3.6 Relay Module ............................................................................................................... 28

4.3.7 Crystal Oscillator (16 MHz) ......................................................................................... 31

4.3.8 Variable Resistor .......................................................................................................... 32

4.3.9 Microcontroller Board for Relay switching.................................................................. 33

4.3.10 Baro board .................................................................................................................. 34

4.3.11 PVC board .................................................................................................................. 34

Chapter-5 ............................................................................................................................... 35

Implementation of the project

5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 35

5.2 Circuit Diagram ................................................................................................................... 35

5.2.1 Initially Conceptual Circuit diagram for power factor correction of ceiling fan .......... 35

5.2.2 Circuit Connections with Microcontroller and relay .................................................... 36

5.3 Hardware Connection .......................................................................................................... 37

5.4 Observations, Outputs, Results and Discussion .................................................................. 38

5.4.1 Oscilloscope outputs ..................................................................................................... 38

5.4.2 Final wattmeter reading after improved pf for Tap 1, 2 and 3 ..................................... 40
vii
 5.4.3 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 43

Chapter-6 ............................................................................................................................... 44

Conclusion and Future work

6.1 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 44

6.2 Thesis Management............................................................................................................. 45

6.2.1 Work Plan in RACI Chart ............................................................................................ 45

6.2.2 Work Plan in Grant Chart ............................................................................................. 46

6.2.3 Individual and Team Works ......................................................................................... 46

6.3 Acquire SDG Goals ............................................................................................................. 47

6.4 Knowledge Profile Associated With This Thesis ................................................................ 49

6.4 Addressing Complex Engineering Problems Associated With This Thesis. ..................... 50

6.5 Addressing Complex Engineering Activities Associated With This Thesis. ...................... 51

6.6 Recommendations For Future Work ................................................................................... 52

APPENDICES .................................................................................................................... 53

References .............................................................................................................................. 57

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1: Single phase induction motor equivalent circuit
Figure 3.2: Single phase induction motor equivalent circuit with equivalent load resistance
Figure 3.3: Voltage and Current waves show the lagging nature.
Figure 3.4: Power triangle for power factor improvement
Figure 4.1: Fan regulator
Figure 4.2: AC fan regulator circuit
Figure 4.3: Electronic fan regulator
Figure 4.4: Noiseless fan regulator
Figure 4.5: Symbol of DIAC and TRIAC
Figure 4.6: Electronic fan regulator
Figure 4.7: Wave diagram of Triac conduction
Figure 4.8: Atmel AVR Atmega328P-PU Microcontroller IC
Figure 4.9: ATMEGA328P Pinout
Figure 4.10: Circuit diagram of the voltage sensor.
Figure 4.11: Power transformer
Figure 4.12: Available Capacitors
Figure 4.13: Relay modules
Figure 4.14: Crystal oscillator
Figure 4.15: Usage of Variable Resistor as Voltage Divider
Figure 4.16: Voltage Division Formula
Figure 4.17: Variable Resistor
Figure 4.18: Microcontroller Board for Relay switching
Figure 5.1: Circuit diagram for power factor correction of ceiling fan
Figure 5.2: Circuit Connections with Microcontroller and relay
Figure 5.3: Hardware Connection for tap 1, 2 and 3
Figure 5.4: Voltage wave and measurement for tap-1
Figure 5.5: Voltage wave and measurement for tap-2
Figure 5.6: Voltage wave and measurement for tap-3
Figure 5.7: Voltage wave and measurement for tap-4
Figure 5.8: Wattmeter reading after improved pf for Tap 1, 2 and 3
ix
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1: Table of list of equipment which are used in our project
Table 5.1: Data Table is taken from first observation for various speed by variable electronic
regulator.
Table 5.2: Data Table is taken from second observation for various speed by Tap changing
regulator.
Table 5.3: Data Table is taken from third observation after adding parallel capacitor for various
speed by Tap changing regulator
Table 5.4: Result Comparison Table
Table 5.5: Power Saving After Power Factor Improvement
Table 6.1 RACI chart for thesis management
Table 6.2 Gantt chart for Thesis Management
Table 6.3 Individual and Team work list
Table 6.4: Knowledge profile
Table 6.5: Range of Complex Engineering Problem (CEP)
Table 6.6: Range of Complex Engineering Activity (CEA)

x
 Chapter-1
Introduction
1.1 Background
Power factor is a critical parameter in electrical systems that measures the efficiency of power
utilization. It represents the ratio between the real power (active power) and the apparent power in
an AC circuit. A lagging power factor occurs when the load draws reactive power, resulting in an
inefficient use of electrical energy. Lagging loads are common in many industrial applications,
such as motor-driven systems, where the inductive nature of the load causes a phase shift between
voltage and current waveforms. Unity power factor is desirable in electrical systems as it
maximizes power transfer, minimizes energy losses, and optimizes the utilization of electrical
infrastructure. Achieving unity power factor in systems with lagging loads operating at variable
speeds poses a significant challenge. It requires the development of innovative power factor
correction techniques that can dynamically adjust the power factor as the load and motor speed
vary. Existing power factor correction methods, such as capacitor banks and static VAR
compensators, are effective for fixed-speed applications but may not be suitable for variable speed
scenarios. The dynamic nature of variable speed loads necessitates the development of advanced
control algorithms and compensation techniques that can adapt to varying load conditions and
motor speeds.
Therefore, this thesis aims to investigate and propose a novel approach for achieving power factor
improvement of lagging loads at variable speeds. The research will involve theoretical modeling,
simulation studies, and experimental validation to develop efficient and sustainable power factor
correction techniques for variable speed applications. The findings of this study will contribute to
the advancement of power factor correction technologies, improving energy efficiency and
reducing power losses in industrial systems. As Bangladesh is facing the power crisis, it is
important to reduce the power consumption in every power consuming device. Ceiling fans are
one of the main power consuming sources. Total power consumption is proportional to the fan
rotation speed. Reduction of losses in ceiling fan is one of the most important. Power Factor
adjustment Method is used to predict power consumption characteristics. In our observation we
use ceiling fan as inductive load.

1
The power factor of electrical systems plays a crucial role in determining their efficiency and
performance. Lagging loads, characterized by the presence of reactive power, are common in
industrial applications. The power factor of the system can significantly deteriorate. The variable
speed operation of the load introduces additional complexities, making it challenging to achieve
unity power factor in such scenarios. The problem addressed in this thesis is the lack of efficient
and effective techniques for adjusting the power factor of lagging loads at variable speeds. Existing
power factor correction methods, which are suitable for fixed-speed applications, may not be
suitable or optimized for variable speed systems. The dynamic nature of the load and motor speed
variations requires innovative approaches to achieve unity power factor.
The specific challenges associated with this problem include:
1. Dynamic Load Characteristics: Variable speed drives result in varying load characteristics,
including fluctuations in reactive power demand and changes in the phase relationship between
voltage and current. The power factor correction technique should be able to adapt to these
dynamic load characteristics.
2. Optimal Power Factor Adjustment: Achieving unity power factor is desirable, but it may not
always be the optimal operating point for the system. The power factor correction technique should
consider factors such as efficiency, system stability, and harmonic distortion while adjusting the
power factor.
3. Control and Compensation Strategy: Developing a control and compensation strategy that can
effectively regulate the reactive power and maintain the desired power factor at variable speeds is
a complex task. The strategy should ensure smooth operation and minimize control complexity.
4. Practical Implementation Considerations: The proposed power factor correction technique
should be practical to implement in real-world industrial applications. It should take into account
factors such as cost, space requirements, maintenance, and compatibility with existing systems.
Addressing these challenges is crucial to enhance the energy efficiency and overall performance
of variable speed systems with lagging loads. This thesis aims to investigate and propose
innovative solutions that enable the achievement of unity power factor under variable speed
conditions, thereby contributing to the development of more efficient and sustainable power factor
correction techniques for industrial applications.

2
1.3 Objectives
The objectives of this thesis on power factor improvement of lagging load for variable speed are
as follows:
(i) To design and implement an experimental setup of unity power factor adjustment from different
P.F of lagging load to validate the proposed power factor correction techniques in a real-world
scenario. This will involve selecting suitable equipment, acquiring data, and analyzing the
experimental results.
(ii) To reduce losses and evaluate the performance of the developed power factor correction
techniques based on simulation and experimental results. This will include analyzing the achieved
power factor, energy efficiency, and other relevant performance indicators to assess the
effectiveness of the proposed methods.
(iii) To efficiency of ceiling fan will be high by reducing apparent power compare the proposed
power factor correction techniques with existing methods and identify their advantages,
limitations, and practical implementation considerations. This will involve a critical analysis of
the results and discussions on the feasibility and applicability of the proposed techniques in
industrial settings.
(iv) To save electric bill by propose an optimized unity power factor adjustment technique for
lagging loads at variable speeds that addresses the identified challenges and provides practical
solutions for industrial applications. This will involve developing algorithms and control strategies
that can dynamically adjust the power factor to meet specific system requirements. This also helps
to durability/Long lasting devices
By accomplishing these objectives, this thesis aims to advance the understanding and development
of unity power factor adjustment methods for lagging loads at variable speeds, contributing to
improved energy efficiency and enhanced performance in industrial systems.

3
1.4 Scope and Limitations
Scope:
The scope of this thesis on power factor improvement of lagging load for variable speed includes
the following aspects:
1. Lagging Loads: The focus is on power factor correction for lagging loads, which are commonly
found in various industrial applications such as motor-driven systems. The research considers the
dynamic characteristics of lagging loads and their impact on power factor.
2. Unity Power Factor Adjustment: The primary objective is to achieve unity power factor, which
represents the optimal power factor for efficient power utilization. The research explores different
techniques and algorithms to dynamically adjust the power factor to unity under variable speed
conditions.
3. Experimental Validation: The proposed power factor correction techniques are experimentally
validated using a real-world setup. The experiments aim to assess the practical implementation
and performance of the techniques in a controlled environment.
Limitations:
There are certain limitations to be considered within the scope of this thesis:
1. Specific Load Types: The thesis focuses on lagging loads and does not cover other load types
such as leading loads. The research is limited to understanding and correcting the power factor of
lagging loads at variable speeds.
2. Commercial Constraints: The implementation of power factor correction techniques in industrial
applications may have commercial constraints, such as cost considerations and compatibility with
existing systems. These commercial aspects are not extensively addressed in this thesis.
3. Scalability and Generalizability: The thesis mainly focuses on the development and evaluation
of power factor correction techniques for lagging loads at variable speeds in a specific
experimental setup. The scalability and generalizability of the proposed techniques to different
load conditions, motor types, and industrial settings may require further investigation. It is
essential to acknowledge these scope and limitations while interpreting the findings and
conclusions of this thesis. The research provides valuable insights into power factor improvement
of lagging load for variable speeds, but further research and considerations may be necessary for
its practical implementation in a broader range of industrial scenarios.

4
1.5 Thesis Organization
This thesis on power factor improvement of lagging load for variable speed is organized into the
following chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduction
The first chapter provides an overview of the thesis, including the background, problem statement,
objectives, scope, and limitations of the research. It introduces the importance of power factor
correction in electrical systems and highlights the challenges associated with achieving unity
power factor in variable speed applications with lagging loads.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
The second chapter presents a comprehensive review of the relevant literature on power factor
correction techniques and unity power factor adjustment methods. It discusses the existing
research, methodologies, and advancements in the field, providing a foundation for the subsequent
chapters.
Chapter 3: Theoretical Modeling
The third chapter focuses on the development of theoretical models for lagging loads operating at
variable speeds. It includes mathematical analysis and modeling techniques to describe the
behavior of the system, considering the dynamic characteristics of the load and the impact of
variable speed on the power factor.
Chapter 4: Equipment of Power Factor Adjustment Method
In the fourth chapter, the equipment using in this thesis is described with their figure, role and
operation.
Chapter 5: Implementation of the Project
The fifth chapter details the design and implementation of an experimental setup to validate the
proposed power factor correction techniques in a real-world scenario. It discusses on the data
acquisition, presents the experimental results, savings of power and their interpretation.
Chapter 6: Conclusion and Future work
The final chapter summarizes the findings of the research, highlighting the contributions made to
the field of power factor improvement of lagging load for variable speeds. It provides a concise
summary of the research objectives methodology, and key results. Recommendations for future
work and further improvements in power factor correction techniques are also discussed.

5
 Chapter-2
Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
Inductive loads like ceiling fans are one of the main power consuming sources. Total power
consumption is multiple of fan rotation frequency. As Bangladesh is facing the power crisis it is
important to reduce the power consumption in every power consuming device. Hence Power
reduction in ceiling fan is perhaps one of the most important parameter. Every power reduction
process starts with identification of power consumption sources. Ceiling fans are extensively used
to create an indoor breeze, improve the space air distribution and hence enhance the feeling of
comfort. The fan speed, diameter, number of blades, blade angle and vibrations all play an
important role in deciding the power consumption. Few previous studies have investigated fan
induced flow and its characteristics under different geometric and operating conditions .In this
study ,response surface methodology is used to predict power consumption characteristics. The
experiments were conducted based on the three different fans having three different blades, three
room size, three different ceiling fan rod lengths three regulator knob positions and mathematical
model was developed. We will attempt to outline the background of power factor correction
techniques for unity power factor adjustment of lagging load at variable speed in this chapter.
The basic idea of power factor improvement of variable speed was originally explored in 1945
when the first application of capacitors for power-factor improvement of induction motors.In 1981,
A thyristor reactive power compensator for fast-varying industrial loads was published by S.
Doradla, B. Patel .After 1994, wrote in IEEE Rakendu Mandal, S. K. Basu, A. Kar, S. Chowdhury
“A microcomputer-based power factor controller “.This is the greatest advantages of this
improvement.
The previous studies in this field have contributed to the understanding of power factor correction
for lagging loads at variable speeds. They have explored various techniques, control strategies,
and system configurations to achieve unity power factor and improve the performance of variable
speed systems. The thesis will build upon these previous studies to further investigate and develop
novel approaches for unity power factor adjustment in lagging loads at variable speeds,
considering the specific challenges and requirements of this application. In the thesis aims to
investigate, develop, and evaluate these unity power factor adjustment methods specifically for
6
lagging loads at variable speeds. The effectiveness, efficiency, and practical implementation
considerations of these methods will be analyzed and compared to identify the most suitable
approach for achieving unity power factor in variable speed systems with lagging loads. The
previous studies in this field have contributed to the understanding of power factor correction for
lagging loads at variable speeds. They have explored various techniques, control strategies, and
system configurations to achieve unity power factor and improve the performance of variable
speed systems. The thesis will build upon these previous studies to further investigate and develop
novel approaches for unity power factor adjustment in lagging loads at variable speeds,
considering the specific challenges and requirements of this application.

2.3 Literature Review

The literature related to the project topic has been reviewed for the last twenty years in order to
find out work carried out by various researchers. There are some systems for remote monitoring
and control designed as commercial products or experimental project platforms.
1. Power Factor Correction using PLC
2. A microcomputer-based power factor controller
3. A thyristor reactive power compensator for fast-varying industrial loads
4. Power Factor Improvement of Single Phase Induction Motor
5. Experimental Analysis of Power Consumption in Ceiling Fan
6. Efficiency improvement opportunities for ceiling fans
1. Power Factor Correction using PLC: This project is composed of a motor controller and a power
factor correction controller for a single-phase induction motor (IM), utilizing the programmable
logic controller (PLC) [1]. During the online process a set of capacitors sized in a binary ratio will
be switched ON or OFF with the help of zero voltage static switches according to a control strategy
to obtain a pre-specified power factor [1]. This control strategy relies on a lookup table as described
in Section I. The speed of the motor is controlled by the VSD (variable speed drive). This is used
to control the rotational speed of the AC electric motor by controlling the frequency of the
electrical power supplied to the motor [1]. Speed of the motor changes depending on variable
load. As the load varies the power factor also changes. This change in power factor is detected by
PLC, which improve the value of power factor to the desired value.
2. A microcomputer-based power factor controller: The paper reports a laboratory model of a
microcomputer-based power factor controller (PFC) for compensating the reactive power of
7
rapidly varying loads by switching capacitors sized in a binary ratio, with the help of zero voltage
static switches. Four types of control strategies were tried, viz., (1) unity step control method, (2)
binary search method, (3) successive approximation method, and (4) look-up table method [2].
Features like (a) independent control of current in each phase, (b) reactive current sensing and
capacitor switching in one cycle, (c) zero voltage switching of static switches to prevent the
occurrence of transients and harmonics, and (d) switch failure detection logic and their display,
are all incorporated in the software programming [2]. A comparative assessment of their
performances using different control strategies has been reported. A number of experiments have
been performed on this controller, viz., (i) experiments to verify the operating performance of the
PFC under the four control strategies, (ii) experiments to prove its performance as a power factor
controller and also (iii) as a static VAR compensator.
3. A thyristor reactive power compensator for fast-varying industrial loads: The operation of a
static reactor compensator using a thyristor phase-controlled inductor for improvement of the
power factor of single–phase loads is investigated. Such compensators find widespread application
with fast-changing loads such as electric are furnaces, induction furnaces, and rolling mill drives
in the steel industry [3]. A laboratory model of the reactive power compensator was built and
tested. The control scheme and associated control circuitry are explained in detail, and results
showing the supply power factor with and without the compensator are presented [3]. The transient
response of the controller whenever the load is changed is illustrated by oscillograms which clearly
show that the power factor is improved substantially and the regulator requires only one cycle to
implement the desired correction. The dynamic response of the thyristor controlled reactor (TCR)
regulator indicates that there is scope for improvement in the control circuit, and modifications are
suggested.
4. Power Factor Improvement of Single Phase Induction Motor: Due to this, system fails to
maintain the power factor near to unity. Therefore, current draw is more than required. Hence,
losses get increases. This will leads to increase electricity bill. In small scale industry, loads are
varying. The requirement of current also is varying. The power factor gets change continuously
[4]. Due to improper power factor, the energy consumption is more. The penalty charges will
increase due to excessive consumption of reactive power. Due to flow of heavy current, the
equipment may get damage. Also saturation of parts of equipment may take place. This will cause
increase maintenance cost [4]. The system will not be efficient. While designing the equipment,
designer should consider overcurrent condition and design appropriate parts of equipment. The
8
cross sectional area of conductor required more due to more current. This will leads to increase in
initial cost. In case of induction motor, it lead to frequent maintenance and also shortening the life
of motor as it generate lot of heat. This will increase in losses affects efficiency. Low power factor
may affect the overall performance of motor.
5. Experimental Analysis of Power Consumption in Ceiling Fan: From the literature and
previous work done among many independently controllable parameters affecting power
consumption, the parameters viz [5]. Fan Blades (A), Room volume (B), Downrod length (C) Fan
speed (D) were selected as primary parameters for the study. These parameters are contributing to
the power consumption in the ceiling fan. Different combinations of parameters were used to
carry out the trial runs. This was carried out by varying one of the factors while keeping the rest
of them at constant values. Response Surface Method, Ceiling Fan Power Consumption,
Optimization, MINTAB 16, L81 Array are used to determine power consumption of ceiling fan
[5].
5. Efficiency improvement opportunities for ceiling fans: This paper provides an analysis of costs
and benefits of several options to improve the efficiency of ceiling fans to assess the global
potential for electricity savings and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions [6]. Ceiling fan
efficiency can be cost-effectively improved by at least 50 % using commercially available
technology. If these efficiency improvements are implemented in all ceiling fans sold by 2020,
70 TWh/year could be saved and 25 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e)
emissions per year could be avoided, globally [6]. We assess how policies and programs such as
standards, labels, and financial incentives can be used to accelerate the adoption of efficient ceiling
fans in order to realize potential savings.

2.4 Problem statement

The first paper discuss the power factor improvement of induction motor by using PLC. This
statement is difficult and more expensive and not used by to available regulator in market. The
second paper discuss the microcontroller based power factor controller system here is more
complexitieas. Thi also deals in heavy machine. So power saving is less. In the third paper,they
discuss about the thyristor reactive power compensator. By by using thyristor control regulator, it
produses hum noise and harmonic in system. The fifth and sixth papers discuss the power
consumption and efficiency and not discuss about power factor improvement in variable speed of
induction machine.

9
The power factor improvement technique is solve some previous problems. It improve the system
in hardware implementation and easy to maintain from domestic area to Industrial area. It also
used as an additional device with available regulator in market. Our project also eliminate hum
noise and harmonic distortion. It also reduces cost and small size. The microcontroller processes
sensor circuitry input controls the indication panel. The system’s model is built, and its operation
is satisfactory.

10
 Chapter-3
Theoretical Modeling
3.1 Causes of Low Power Factor in Ceiling Fan
The main causes for the low power factor is the highly inductive load. Outputs of electronic
regulator are lagging at lower speed. Because in the case of inductive load, the current lag behind
the voltage. Power factor is the real power into the machine divided by the apparent power.

Considering the equivalent circuit shown in Figure below, we note that for light loads the term
Figure 3.1: Single phase induction motor equivalent circuit.
Rr/s becomes very large due to the low value of slip.
In particular, the rotor circuit is effectively an open circuit at no-load, and the equivalent circuit
reduces to the stator resistance in series with the stator leakage reactance and the magnetizing
reactance. The magnetizing reactance is much larger than the stator resistance, so the power factor
is very low. It is not zero, however, because power is going into the motor to make up the no-load
losses.
When speed is decreased then slip is increased then rotor resistance decreased according to formula
Rr/s then total impedance is increased and hence power factor is low.
Here s is the slip of induction motor.
𝑁𝑠−𝑁𝑟
Slip, 𝑠 = 𝑁𝑠
𝑅2
𝑅𝑟 = Z = Rr + j Xs
𝑠

11
 Figure 3.2: Single phase induction motor equivalent circuit with equivalent load resistance
As the load increases, the real power into the machine must increase, while the reactive power
doesn’t change too much. Reactive power maintains the magnetic field and is fairly independent
of the load. Hence, we expect the power factor to increase as the load is increased on the motor.
Operating a motor at less than rated load results in a lower power factor, which could aggravate
power factor problems in a plant. Therefore power factor becomes lagging nature.

Figure 3.3: Voltage and Current waves show the lagging nature.

3.2 Mathematical Analysis of Lagging Loads

To achieve unity power factor in lagging loads at variable speed, a thorough mathematical analysis
of the load characteristics is essential. This section focuses on the mathematical modeling and
analysis of lagging loads, considering the variable speed conditions. The objective is to develop
mathematical equations and relationships that capture the behavior of lagging loads and enable the
optimization of power factor correction techniques.
3.2.1 Load Impedance Modeling
The analysis begins with the mathematical modeling of the load impedance. The load impedance
is characterized by its magnitude and phase angle, which determine the reactive power
requirements. The mathematical equations representing the load impedance as a function of

12
frequency, load conditions, and motor speed are derived. This analysis takes into account the
dynamic nature of the load impedance and its variations with varying operating conditions.
3.2.2 Reactive Power Calculation
The mathematical analysis focuses on the calculation of reactive power in lagging loads. Reactive
power is the component of power that oscillates between the load and the source, causing a phase
shift and a lagging power factor. The equations for reactive power calculation, considering the
load impedance and power factor angle, are derived. The analysis explores the impact of variable
speed on the reactive power requirements and its relationship with the motor speed.

3.2.3 Power Factor Calculation

The mathematical analysis extends to the calculation of power factor, which is the ratio of real
power to the apparent power. The power factor is influenced by the load characteristics and the
phase relationship between voltage and current. The equations for power factor calculation,
considering the load impedance, reactive power, and real power, are derived. The analysis explores
the effects of variable speed on power factor variations and the optimization of power factor
adjustment techniques.
3.2.4 Harmonic Analysis
In addition to the fundamental frequency components, harmonic analysis is performed to study the
harmonic distortion in lagging loads at variable speed. The mathematical analysis includes the
calculation of harmonic currents and voltages using Fourier series analysis. The impact of
harmonic distortion on the power factor and the effectiveness of power factor correction techniques
are evaluated through mathematical modeling and analysis.
3.2.5 Optimization Techniques
The mathematical analysis extends to the optimization of power factor correction techniques for
lagging loads at variable speed. Optimization techniques, such as nonlinear programming or
evolutionary algorithms, are applied to determine the optimal reactive power compensation
strategy for achieving unity power factor. The analysis includes the formulation of objective
functions, constraints, and decision variables to maximize power factor and minimize reactive
power. The mathematical analysis of lagging loads provides a rigorous understanding of the load
characteristics, reactive power requirements, and power factor variations in variable speed
applications. The derived mathematical equations and relationships enable the optimization of

13
power factor correction techniques and the development of effective strategies for unity power
factor adjustment. The mathematical analysis forms the basis for designing control algorithms,
selecting capacitor sizes, and optimizing power factor correction systems to improve energy
efficiency and enhance the performance of variable speed systems.

3.3 Power Factor Calculation Methods

In the thesis focused on achieving unity power factor in lagging loads at variable speed, several
power factor calculation methods can be explored to assess the power factor and its variations
under dynamic load conditions. The following methods can be considered for power factor
calculation and analysis
3.3.1 Cosine of Power Angle Method
The Cosine of Power Angle method is a widely used technique for power factor calculation. It
involves measuring the real power (P) and the apparent power (S) of the system. The power factor
(PF) is then calculated as the cosine of the angle between the real power and apparent power
vectors:
PF = P / S
This method provides a straightforward calculation of power factor based on readily available
measurements. However, it assumes a linear load and may not capture the dynamic variations of
power factor in lagging loads at variable speed.
3.3.2 Reactive Power and Real Power Method
Another method for power factor calculation involves analyzing the reactive power (Q) and real
power (P) components of the load. The power factor (PF) can be calculated using the following
equation:
PF = P / √ (P2 + Q2)
This method takes into account the reactive power requirements of the load and provides a more
accurate representation of power factor variations under varying load conditions and motor speeds.
3.3.3 Harmonic Power Factor Calculation
In variable speed applications, harmonic distortion can significantly impact the power factor.
Therefore, accounting for harmonic components becomes crucial. The harmonic power factor can
be calculated by dividing the real power (P) by the total apparent power (Stotal), considering both
fundamental and harmonic components:

14
PFh = P / Stotal
The total apparent power can be obtained by considering the root mean square (RMS) values of
the fundamental and harmonic currents or voltages.
3.3.4 Vector Analysis Method
The vector analysis method involves representing the load impedance, voltage, and current phasors
on a complex plane. By analyzing the angle between the voltage and current phasors, the power
factor can be determined. This method provides a visual representation of power factor variations
and can be useful for understanding the dynamic behavior of the power factor under variable speed
conditions. It is important to note that the power factor calculation methods mentioned above are
based on the assumption of a linear load. In the case of nonlinear loads or loads with significant
harmonic content, more advanced techniques such as Fourier analysis or harmonic power factor
calculation methods may be required to accurately assess the power factor.

Figure 3.4: Power triangle for power factor improvement.

If the original inductive load has apparent power S1, then

If we desire to increase the power factor from cosθ1 to cosθ2 without altering the real power (i.e.
P = S2 cosθ2), then the new reactive power is

The reduction in the reactive power is caused by the shunt capacitor; that is
2 2
𝑄𝐶 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 /𝑋𝐶 = ωC𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 .
The value of the required shunt capacitance C is determined as

15
 Chapter-4
Equipment of Power Factor Improvement Method
4.1 Introduction
This project for power factor improvement of Ceiling fan makes use of regulator, microcontroller,
sensors, relay, SMPS, Ceiling fan, variable resistor, voltage sensor, transformer, crystal oscillator,
Microcontroller board and others equipment. In this chapter, we will try to give the required
equipment and their corresponding description.

4.2 List of Equipment

The list of the equipment which are used in our project is given below.
Table 4.1: Table of list of equipment which are used in our project
SL No. Name of equipment Quantity
01 FAN Regulator 1p
02 Atmel AVR Atmega328P-PU Microcontroller IC 1p
03 Voltage Sensor 1p
04 Transformer 1p
05 Available Capacitors for PFI 4p
06 Relay Module 4p
07 Crystal Oscillator (16 MHz) 1p
08 Variable Resistor 3p
09 Microcontroller Board for Relay switching 1p
10 Baro board 1p
11 PVC board 1p

16
4.3 Description of Equipment

4.3.1 FAN Regulator:

A fan is probably one of the most used household electrical appliances in the world but they are
also used extensively for thermal management. Before we dive into what regulates and controls
fans, we shall first look at the fan itself and understand how its speed is controlled.

Figure 4.1: Fan Regulator

A fan is usually a single-phase Induction motor. A single-phase induction motor has a capacitor
starter without which it cannot provide sufficient torque to start. In an induction motor, the
electromagnetic torque is directly proportional to the square of the applied voltage in an induction
motor. In a fan type load, it is experimentally determined that the load torque is proportional to the
square of the speed. Under steady state conditions, the electromagnetic torque is equal to the load
torque and hence. Therefore, by changing the applied voltage, the speed of the fan can be changed
and this is for speeds below the rated speed. Regulators are devices that are used to control the
speed of the fan. Today, electronic regulators are used everywhere and it’s hard to find
conventional regulators being used.
4.3.1.1 Electric Fan Regulator
We first discuss the conventional big-size resistive fan regulator. Conventional Old ceiling fan
regulators use resistive wire to connect in series and there are multiple points to connect the
regulating knop switch to adjust the speed. This type of regulator works on a full resistor load

17
between load and source to make a required disruption to current and voltage drop. A lower speed
means higher resistance. When setting at low speed then the knob is going to flow of current
through maximum Length of resistive wire. At medium, current flow by the middle point of the
resistive wire and at High speed there is no resistance means at the starting point of the resistive
wire is connected with the fan supply. These regulators need more space and look like a big
rectangular box having a circular knob on it. These are also known as resistive regulators. The box
consists of a wire wound resistor with different taps that are connected in series with the motor of
the fan. Nichrome wire used as resistive material in these, so a more amount of power loss occurs
by Heat produced through these resistive wires.

Figure 4.2: AC fan regulator circuit

As we go on changing the position of the knob from 1 to 5, the series resistance keeps on decreasing
and hence the voltage applied to the fan increases and so does the speed. But in this type of
regulator, the energy we save in running the fan at slower speeds is lost in heating up the resistors.
This damages the regulator over a period of time and hence they aren’t reliable. Also, they are
bulky.
The main advantage of these type regulator is cheap, high durable and no humming noise produced
in a fan at low speed.
Disadvantage – Even at low speed they consume the same power as high speed because resistive
wire acts as a load in series with fan. Power loss unnecessary by heat.
4.3.1.2 Electronic Fan regulator
There are basically two types of electronic fan regulators available in market
(i) Capacitor based (Noiseless fan regulator)

18
In the capacitive Regulator there are some capacitors connected in series with the load and each
capacitor has a resistor in parallel. Capacitive Regulator is very popular and easily available in the
market. This is some costly than the triac based regulator. But the Result is better than the Triac
regulator.

Figure 4.3: Electronic Fan regulator

Figure 4.4: Noiseless fan regulator

The advantage of this regulator is there is no noise humm sound produced by FAN. At Low-speed
low power consumption.
(ii) Triac based Regulator/Dimmer
Today, we use smaller electronic regulators which consist of power semiconductor devices mainly
the TRIAC and the DIAC.
A TRIAC is a three terminal semi-controlled power semiconductor device which conducts current
in both the directions when triggered. The trigger pulse is given to the gate terminal (G) of the
device.

19
 Figure 4.5: Symbol of DIAC and TRIAC
A DIAC is a two terminal uncontrolled power semiconductor device which conducts current in
both the directions when the voltage across the device crosses a certain threshold level called the
breakdown voltage (VBR).
The circuit of the electronic fan regulator is as shown below.

Figure 4.6: Electronic fan regulator

Consider the positive half cycle of the supply. As the TRIAC is not yet triggered, it remains off
condition and the voltage across the fan is zero. And hence the current flows through the resistor
capacitor branch and charges the capacitor. Once the capacitor is sufficiently charged enough such
that the voltage across the DIAC crosses its breakdown voltage level (VBR), it conducts triggering
the TRIAC and turning it on and now, the supply voltage appears across the fan. The same thing
happens even in the negative half cycle. As the voltage doesn’t appear across the fan for the
complete cycle, the RMS value of the voltage across the fan decreases and hence its speed reduces.

20
 Figure 4.7: Wave diagram of Triac conduction
The RMS voltage across the fan depends on ∝, which is the time taken by the capacitor to charge
up to the voltage VBR. This depends on the time constant (R*C) of the resistor capacitor branch.
As we decrease the value of the resistance R, the time constant decreases which results in the
decrease in ∝ which in turn increases the RMS value of the voltage across the fan and hence
increasing the speed and vice versa. Therefore, by varying the resistance R, we can control the
speed of the fan using the electronic regulator.In the case of electronic regulators, the loss of energy
as heat through resistors is much less as only a very small current flows through them. Also, they
are small and compact and have a quicker response time, making them more widely used. When
we increased the timing of the charging rate of the capacitor then triac gets a delayed gate signal
and it gives less voltage supply to Load.
Advantage – Low Power consumption at Low-speed Level. Cheap and Smaller Size
Disadvantage – A noise sound like humm is produced by FAN when Low speed.

4.3.2 Atmel AVR Atmega328P-PU Microcontroller IC

The Atmel AVR Atmega328P-PU Microcontroller IC is shown in Figure 4.7.

Figure 4.8: Atmel AVR Atmega328P-PU Microcontroller IC

21
The high-performance Atmel picoPower 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32KB
ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1024B EEPROM, 2KB SRAM, 23 general
purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible timer/counters with
compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-
wire serial interface, SPI serial port, a 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in TQFP and
QFN/MLF packages), programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software
selectable power saving modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts.

By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the device achieves throughputs
approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, balancing power consumption and processing speed.
The pin diagram of ATMEGA 3228P is shown in Figure 4.8.
ATMEGA328P Pinout:

Figure 4.9: ATMEGA328P Pinout

Pin Pin name Description Secondary Function

No.

1 PC6 (RESET) Pin6 of PORTC Pin by default is used as RESET pin. PC6 can only be
used as I/O pin when RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed.

22
2 PD0 (RXD) Pin0 of PORTD RXD (Data Input Pin for USART) USART Serial
Communication Interface [Can be used for
programming]

3 PD1 (TXD) Pin1 of PORTD TXD (Data Output Pin for USART) USART Serial
Communication Interface [Can be used for
programming] INT2( External Interrupt 2 Input)

4 PD2 (INT0) Pin2 of PORTD External Interrupt source 0

5 PD3 Pin3 of PORTD External Interrupt source1 OC2B(PWM -

(INT1/OC2B) Timer/Counter2 Output Compare Match B Output)

6 PD4 Pin4 of PORTD T0( Timer0 External Counter Input)

(XCK/T0)
XCK ( USART External Clock I/O)

7 VCC Connected to positive voltage

8 GND Connected to ground

9 PB6 Pin6 of PORTB XTAL1 (Chip Clock Oscillator pin 1 or External clock
(XTAL1/TOS input) TOSC1 (Timer Oscillator pin 1)
C1)

23
10 PB7 Pin7 of PORTB XTAL2 (Chip Clock Oscillator pin 2)
(XTAL2/TOS
TOSC2 (Timer Oscillator pin 2)
C2)

11 PD5 Pin5 of PORTD T1(Timer1 External Counter Input) OC0B(PWM -

Timer/Counter0 Output Compare Match B Output)
(T1/OC0B)

12 PD6 Pin6 of PORTD AIN0(Analog Comparator Positive I/P) OC0A(PWM -

(AIN0/OC0A) Timer/Counter0 Output Compare Match A Output)

13 PD7 (AIN1) Pin7 of PORTD AIN1(Analog Comparator Negative I/P)

14 PB0 Pin0 of PORTB ICP1(Timer/Counter1 Input Capture Pin) CLKO

(ICP1/CLKO) (Divided System Clock. The divided system clock can
be output on the PB0 pin)

15 PB1 (OC1A) Pin1 of PORTB OC1A (Timer/Counter1 Output Compare Match A

Output)

16 PB2 Pin2 of PORTB SS (SPI Slave Select Input). This pin is low when
(SS/OC1B) controller acts as slave. [Serial Peripheral Interface
(SPI) for programming] OC1B (Timer/Counter1
Output Compare Match B Output)

17 PB3 Pin3 of PORTB MOSI (Master Output Slave Input). When controller
(MOSI/OC2A acts as slave, the data is received by this pin. [Serial
)

24
 Peripheral Interface (SPI) for programming]OC2
(Timer/Counter2 Output Compare Match Output)

18 PB4 (MISO) Pin4 of PORTB MISO (Master Input Slave Output). When controller
acts as slave, the data is sent to master by this controller
through this pin. [Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) for
programming]

19 PB5 (SCK) Pin5 of PORTB SCK (SPI Bus Serial Clock). This is the clock shared
between this controller and other system for accurate
data transfer. [Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) for
programming]

20 AVCC Power for Internal ADC Converter

21 AREF Analog Reference Pin for ADC

22 GND GROUND

23 PC0 (ADC0) Pin0 of PORTC ADC0 (ADC Input Channel 0)

24 PC1 (ADC1) Pin1 of PORTC ADC1 (ADC Input Channel 1)

25 PC2 (ADC2) Pin2 of PORTC ADC2 (ADC Input Channel 2)

26 PC3 (ADC3) Pin3 of PORTC ADC3 (ADC Input Channel 3)

25
 27 PC4 Pin4 of PORTC ADC4 (ADC Input Channel 4)SDA (Two-wire Serial
(ADC4/SDA) Bus Data Input/output Line)

ADC5 (ADC Input Channel 5) SCL (Two-wire Serial

28 PC5 Pin5 of PORTC
Bus Clock Line)
(ADC5/SCL)

4.3.3 Voltage Sensor

A voltage sensor, also known as a voltage detector or voltage probe, is an electronic device used
to measure or detect the voltage level in an electrical circuit. It is commonly used in various
applications, including electrical engineering, electronics, power systems, and maintenance.
Voltage sensors can be either analog or digital. Analog voltage sensors provide a continuous output
proportional to the voltage level being measured, while digital voltage sensors provide a discrete
output, often in the form of a binary signal indicating whether the voltage is above or below a
certain threshold. There are different types of voltage sensors available, such as resistive voltage
dividers, capacitive voltage dividers, and Hall Effect sensors. Each type operates on different
principles and has its own advantages and limitations.
Voltage sensors are typically designed to be non-contact, meaning they can measure voltage
without direct electrical contact with the circuit under test. This makes them safe and convenient
to use in various applications, including live circuit measurements.
Here 220 to 12 V center taped transformer used to design AC voltage sensor.
Sensing Voltage Range 0 to 300 v (rms)
Calculation: for 220 V
Vp=220 V(RMS)
Vs=12 V (RMS)
Vpeak= 12*1.414=16.97 V
According to voltage divider rule
A0= (5/27)*Vpeak=3.1425 V

26
 Figure 4.10: Circuit diagram of the voltage sensor.
Overall, voltage sensors play a crucial role in measuring and monitoring voltage levels, ensuring
the safe operation of electrical systems, and facilitating troubleshooting and maintenance tasks.

4.3.4 Transformer
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits
through electromagnetic induction. It consists of two or more coils of wire, known as the primary
and secondary windings, which are electrically isolated from each other but magnetically coupled
by a common magnetic core.
The primary winding is connected to the input voltage source, while the secondary winding is
connected to the load or output circuit. When an alternating current (AC) flows through the primary
winding, it creates a varying magnetic field in the core. This magnetic field induces a voltage in
the secondary winding, allowing energy to be transferred from the primary to the secondary circuit.

Figure 4.11: Power transformer

220Vac to 12V dc power supply is the most used and common circuit. There are so many
applications of AC to DC converter Project. The 220v to 12v dc power supply is built to convert
AC input to 12 volt DC output. The ac to dc converter project is useful for fixed DC applications
27
like Microcontroller circuit. Here we are going to discuss what is a dc power supply and circuit for
power supply for 12 volt output. The high current dc power supply is quite simple to test and build.
This AC to DC converter Project of power supply is a beginner’s level circuit for basic electronics
projects. We are going to define how to make a 12v power supply. The circuit can be used with
many useful applications as it draws 600mA Current. The ac to dc converter project is the best
approach to make this easy and simple power supply project. This is a 12V DC adapter circuit.

4.3.5 Available Capacitor for PFI

A capacitor is an electronic component that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It consists
of two conductive plates separated by an insulating material known as a dielectric. When a voltage
is applied across the plates, an electric field is formed in the dielectric, which leads to the
accumulation of opposite charges on the plates.
The following capacitor we are used in our project is shown in Figure 4.12.

Figure 4.12: Available Capacitors

4.3.6 Relay Module

Four-Channel Relay Module:
5V 4 Channel Relay Module contains four 5V relays and the associated switching and isolating
components, which makes interfacing with a microcontroller or sensor easy with minimum
components and connections. The contacts on each relay are specified for 250VAC and 30VDC
and 10A in each case, as marked on the body of the relays. 4 Channel Relay Module provides a
solution for controlling high current devices that cannot be controlled by the Arduino’s Digital I/O
pins due to their current and voltage limits. 5V 4 Channel Relay Module features four high quality
relays and provides NO/NC interfaces, four dynamic LED indicators to show the on/off state of

28
 each relay, and the standardized shield form factor to provide a smooth connection to the
Arduino/Seeeduino board or other Arduino compatible boards.

Specifications:
 Supply voltage – 3.75V to 6V
 Trigger current – 5mA
 Current , relay is active – ~70mA (single), ~300mA (all four)
 Relay maximum contact voltage – 250VAC, 30VDC
 Relay maximum current – 10A.

Components Present on A 5V 4 Channel Relay Module: 5V relay, terminal blocks, male headers,
transistors, optocouplers, diodes, and LEDs.

Applications:
 Switching mains loads
 Home automation
 Battery backup
 High current load switching

4 Channel Relay Module pin out:

Pin Number Name Description

1 GND Ground reference for the module
2 IN1 Input to activate relay 1
3 IN2 Input to activate relay 2
4 IN3 Input to activate relay 3
5 IN4 Input to activate relay 4
6 VCC Power supply for the relay module
7 VCC Power supply selection jumper
8 JD-VCC Alternate power pin for the relay module

29
5v 4 Channel Relay Module circuit diagram:

How To Use The 5V 4 Channel Relay Module:

The four-channel can be used to switch multiple loads at the same time since there are four relays
on the same module. This is useful in creating a central hub from where multiple remote loads can
be powered. It is useful for tasks like home automation where the module can be placed in the
main switchboard and can be connected to loads in other parts of the house and can be
controlled from a central location using a microcontroller. In this diagram, four separate loads
(represented by light bulbs) have been connected to the NO terminals of the relay. The live wire
has been connected to the common terminal of each relay. When the relays are activated, the load
is connected to the live wire and is powered. This setup can be reversed by connecting the load to
the NC terminal that keeps it powered on till the relay is activated.

Four-Channel Relay Module Pinout:

Figure 4.13: Relay modules

Alternate Relay Modules
Single-channel relay module, double-channel relay module, eight-channel relay module
30
Alternate Modules
SCRs, TRIACs, Solid State Relay module.

4.3.7 Crystal Oscillator (16 MHz)

Crystal Oscillator is an Electronics Oscillator circuit which uses the mechanical resonance of a
vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to generate an electrical signal with an accurate
frequency. It also has automatic amplitude control and frequency drift is also very low due to
change in temperature. Crystal oscillator is shown in Figure 4.14.

Figure 4.14: Crystal oscillator

Crystal Oscillators are only suitable for high-frequency application. Crystal oscillator works on
the principle of the Inverse Piezoelectric Effect, the applied electrical field will generate a
mechanical distortion across some material. Therefore, it utilizes the vibrating crystal’s mechanical
resonance, which is made through a piezoelectric material for generating an electrical signal of a
certain frequency. Almost all microcontrollers have external oscillator when you want to use
different clock speed in the microcontroller itself. Crystal Oscillators have two leads, there is no
polarity for crystals and hence can be connected in both directions.
Specifications:
 Resonance Resistance 40ohms (max)

 Oscillation mode: Fundamental mode

 Shunt Capacitance less than 7pF
 Drive Level less than 100µW
 Operating Temperature Range: -20 to + 70°C
 Operable Temperature Range: -25 to + 85°C
 Storage Temperature Range: -55 to + 125°C

31
4.3.8 Variable Resistor
A variable resistor, also known as a potentiometer or rheostat, is an electronic component that
allows for the manual adjustment of resistance in an electrical circuit. It is designed to have a
variable resistance value that can be changed by rotating a control knob or sliding a lever. The
primary function of a variable resistor is to control the flow of electric current in a circuit by
modifying the resistance. It can increase or decrease the resistance depending on the desired level.
This feature makes variable resistors useful in a wide range of applications, including volume
control in audio systems, dimming lights, adjusting gain in amplifiers, and setting the sensitivity
of sensors. Variable resistors are typically constructed using a resistive element and a movable
contact. The resistive element can be a coil of wire, a carbon composition track, or a conductive
plastic strip. The movable contact, controlled by the rotation or sliding mechanism, taps onto the
resistive element at different points, thereby changing the effective resistance.
Operation Principles of Variable Resistors:
Variable resistors are widely used in electric circuits to adjust the value of current or voltage, since
the resistance of variable resistors can be set to a certain value. Variable resistors allow you to
adjust the value of voltage by changing the resistance and keeping current constant. To adjust the
input voltage, a voltage source is connected to the terminals 1 and 3 as shown in Figure 4.15.

Figure 4.15: Usage of Variable Resistor as Voltage Divider

The output voltage between terminals 1 and 2 can be calculated by the voltage division formula
shown in Figure 4.16.

Figure 4.16: Voltage Division Formula

32
Variable resistors are often rated based on their maximum resistance value and power rating. The
maximum resistance value determines the range of adjustment, while the power rating specifies
the maximum amount of power that the variable resistor can safely handle without overheating or
damage. It's important to note that variable resistors are intended for manual adjustments and are
not suitable for applications requiring precise and stable resistance values. For such cases, fixed
resistors or specialized components like digital potentiometers are used.
Construction of a Variable Resistor:
Although there are different types of variable resistors, their working principle is the same. When
the inside of a variable resistor is examined such as Figure 7, there is a fixed resistance called the
resistive track which is between terminals 1 and 3. Terminal 2 is connected to the knob and the
slider (wiper) has a direct contact with the knob. The resistance between terminals 1 and 2 or 2
and 3 can be changed by adjusting the knob in the middle as represented by red circle in Figure4.17.

Figure 4.17: Variable Resistor

4.3.9 Microcontroller Board for Relay switching

The microcontroller chip is connected in the PCB for relay switching which is shown in figure
4.18.

Figure 4.18: Microcontroller Board for Relay switching

33
4.3.10 Baro board

The figure of baro board is shown in Figure 4.19.

Figure 4.19: Baro board

4.3.11 PVC board

A PVC board, also known as a PVC foam board or PVC sheet, is a type of plastic sheet made from
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin. It is a versatile material with a wide range of applications due to
its durability, lightweight nature, and ease of fabrication. PVC boards are commonly used in the
construction, advertising, and signage industries, as well as for various projects. The figure of PVC
board is shown in Figure 4.20

Figure 4.20: PVC board

34
 Chapter-5
Implementation of the project
5.1 Introduction
In the field of technology and engineering, hardware implementation plays a crucial role in
transforming theoretical concepts into tangible and functional systems. It involves the physical
realization of electronic circuits, devices, and components that enable the execution of various
tasks and functions. The process of hardware implementation requires careful planning, design,
prototyping, and fabrication, resulting in the creation of physical systems that can interact with the
real world.
At first the circuit diagram is designed for improving power factor with the parallel capacitors. For
changing the capacitors tap automatically microcontroller is used. The equipment like SMPS,
relay, crystal oscillator etc. are arranged in the PVC board. Finally the output of this circuit is
observed by the wattmeter and oscilloscope. Also the result is compared with the previous value.

5.2 Circuit Diagram

5.2.1 Initially Conceptual Circuit diagram for power factor correction of ceiling
fan
Here is the circuit diagram for power factor correction of ceiling fan with wattmeter connection is
shown in Figure 5.1

Figure 5.1: circuit diagram for power factor correction of ceiling fan

35
5.2.2 Circuit Connections with Microcontroller and relay
Here is the basic circuit connection for power factor correction of ceiling fan with microcontroller
pin connections, relay, SMPS, regulator, transformer and three compensating capacitor. In this
circuit, we use microcontroller for changing connection of capacitor bank which is required to
improve power factor. Here is the figure below for overall circuit arrangement:

Figure 5.2: Circuit Connections with Microcontroller and relay

From above figure we use voltage sensor for sensing the output voltage of motor to the
microcontroller. The primary component of voltage sensor is step down center tap transformer
which and ratio is 220/6 volt.
When regulator is selected to tap-1, then the output voltage of motor is approximately nearer about
range of 128~132 volt. Then the output of center tap transformer is 3.49~3.6 volt. This voltage is
sense to the microcontroller according to microcontroller programming Voltage<150 &
Voltage>126.So input voltage of transformer is exist in that range and operate the relay RL-1. And
hence capacitor C1 is connected with parallel to the motor. Finally pf is improved.
When regulator is selected to tap-2, then the output voltage of motor is approximately nearer about
range of 148~ 154 volt. Then the output of center tap transformer is 4.036~4.2 volt. This voltage
is sense to the microcontroller according to microcontroller programming (Voltage<190 &
Voltage>160).So input voltage of transformer is exist in that range and operate the relay RL-2.
And hence capacitor C2 is connected with parallel to the motor. Finally pf is improved.
36
When regulator is selected to tap-3, then the output voltage of motor is approximately nearer about
range of 194~ 200 volt. Then the output of center tap transformer is 5.29~5.454 volt. This voltage
is sense to the microcontroller according to microcontroller programming (Voltage<204 &
Voltage>190).So input voltage of transformer is exist in that range and operate the relay RL-2.
And hence capacitor C2 is connected with parallel to the motor. Finally pf is improved.

5.3 Hardware Connection

Here is the practical hardware circuit connection for power factor correction of ceiling fan with
microcontroller, relay, SMPS, regulator, transformer and three compensating capacitor.
In this connection, we observe the capacitor connection change according to the tap change of
regulator.

Figure 5.3: Hardware Connection for tap 1, 2 and 3.

37
5.4 Observations, Outputs, Results and Discussion

5.4.1 Oscilloscope outputs

Voltage Wave and Measurement for Tap-1: (10x voltage scaling)

Figure 5.4: Voltage wave and measurement for tap-1.

Voltage Wave and Measurement for Tap-2: (10x voltage scaling)

Figure 5.5: Voltage wave and measurement for tap-2.

38
Voltage Wave and Measurement for Tap-3: (10x voltage scaling)

Figure 5.6: Voltage wave and measurement for tap-3.

Voltage Wave and Measurement for Tap-4: (10x voltage scaling)

Figure 5.7: Voltage wave and measurement for tap-4.

From the observation of oscilloscope we see that
For tap-1 the output voltage of regulator is decreased and this is 135.7 volts
For tap-2 the output voltage of regulator is increasing than tap-1 and this is 152.7 volts

39
For tap-3 the output voltage of regulator is increasing than tap-2 and this is 209.3 volts
For tap-4 the output voltage of regulator is full supply voltage and this is 246 volts

5.4.2 Final wattmeter reading after improved pf for Tap 1, 2 and 3

For Tap-1 For Tap-2

For Tap-3
Figure 5.8: Wattmeter reading after improved pf for Tap 1, 2 and 3.

From the observation by digital wattmeter after connected these compensating capacitor, we see
that
When tap-1, the improved power factor is increased than previous and this is 0.840
When tap-2, the improved power factor is increased than previous and this is 0.862
When tap-1, the improved power factor is increased than previous and this is 0.939

40
Table 5.1: Data Table is taken from first observation for various speed by DIAC-TRIAC based
electronic regulator.

Speed Voltage(V) Current(A) Active Reactive PF Required

power(W) power Capacitor
(VAR) value(uF)
Very low 183.7 0.239 21 38.56 0.478 3.636
Low 204 0.29 38 45.358 0.64 3.47
Medium 205 0.33 55 39.38 0.813 2.987
High 239.7 0.34 81 7.28 0.996 0.403
In this table we see that, for various position of regulator knob the output voltages was also various
and also power factor also changed. This is happen by adjusting triggering angle of DIAC-TRIAC
based regulator. We also calculate the required capacitor value for improvement of PF.

Table 5.2: Data Table is taken from second observation for various speed by Tap changing
capacitive regulator.

Speed Voltage Current(A) Active Apparent PF Required

power(W) power Capacitor
(V) (VA) value(uF)
Tap-1 228 0.173 24 39.79 0.606 1.904

Tap-2 227.6 0.195 30 44.38 0.654 2.014

Tap-3 229.6 0.270 54 62 0.845 1.871

In this table we see that, for various position of regulator knob the output voltages was also various
and also power factor also changed. This is happen by changing tap of capacitive based regulator.
We also calculate the required capacitor value for improvement of PF.

Table 5.3: Data Table is taken from third observation after adding parallel capacitor for various
speed by Tap changing capacitive regulator.

Speed Voltage(V) Current(A) Active Apparent PF Required

power(W) power Capacitor
(VA) value(uF)
Tap-1 223.3 0.125 24 27.91 0.84 2.5

Tap-2 223 0.140 27 31.22 0.862 2.5

Tap-3 223.4 0.193 41 43.11 0.939 2.5

41
This is the final observation table after connect these above capacitors for PFI. From this final
observation we compare with above two table of PF, then we get the improved PF. Here we use
the capacitive regulator because this is hum free regulator, and wave shapes are very smooth as
compared to Triac based regulator

Table 5.4: Result Comparison Table

Speed Before PFI After PFI (%) Improvement

Tap-1 0.606 0.840 38.6%

Tap-2 0.654 0.862 31.8%

Tap-3 0.845 0.939 11.1%

The table is shown the result comparison between before and after power factor improvement.
Here we see that the power factor is improved which is expected.

Table 5.5: Power Saving After Power Factor Improvement

Speed Active Apparent power Apparent power Saving Apparent

Power(W) before P.F.I (VA) after P.F.I (VA) power after P.F.I.
(VA)
Tap-1 24 39.79 27.9 11.9
Tap-2 30 44.38 31.22 13.16
Tap-3 54 62 43.11 18.9

From this table, we calculate and save the complex/apparent power of ceiling fan when speed will
be low compared than previous without capacitor. If we save for this in large number of ceiling
fan or Industrial motor, this power saving will be huge number of KVA.
And after saving KVA, it also-
(i) Savings on the electricity bill
(ii) Increased available power
(iii) Reduced in installation size
(iv) Reduced voltage drops
(v) Increase the efficiency
(vi) Increase more stability

42
5.4.3 Discussion
We have done this hardware connection and circuit implementation of this project. In this project
we also use the microcontroller and its additional equipment for selecting proper capacitor in
proper time after changing the regulator Tap.
For better observation we also use oscilloscope response after changing regulator taps. Finally we
get the improved results .This improved PF is not accurately unity but very nearly of unity.
Because,

(i) System voltage is not accurately stable which we observed in above table.

(i) Capacitor these are used for improving pf is not accurately matched and unavailable in market
as required.

(iii) Also system frequency may changed

43
 Chapter-6
Conclusion and Future work
6.1 Conclusion
In conclusion, the thesis focused on the power factor improvement of lagging loads like ceiling
fan for variable speed. Here first we do primary observe the ceiling fan power factor for different
speed at different tap to identify our problem. Our primary observation noticed that power factor
is falling down when the speed is low. Then we search for previous research paper or journal
relevant to our thesis. After that we find some problem statement. Then we try hard to improve the
power factor from low to high. We try different method to implement, but finally one method is
chosen.
From observation table, we calculate reactive power and required capacitor for improving power
factor. But accurate required capacitor is not available in the market. So we used available
capacitor like 1.5uF, 2.5uF, 3.5uF capacitor. If required different value of capacitor, we can make
by adding parallel or series combination.
After that, a microcontroller circuit is used for proper selecting, proper connecting and proper
matching of capacitor. We program to the microcontroller according to regulator output voltage at
various speed.
The research aimed to address the challenges associated with lagging power factor in variable
speed systems and propose effective techniques for power factor correction. Throughout the study,
various aspects were investigated, including power factor calculation methods, power factor
correction techniques, and mathematical analysis of lagging loads, the implementation and
evaluation of power factor improvement.
Theoretical models and experimental investigations were conducted to validate the proposed
techniques. The results demonstrated the efficacy of the implemented power factor correction
methods in achieving near-unity power factor, compensating reactive power, reducing harmonic
distortion, and ensuring stable operation of the system under varying load conditions and motor
speeds.
The research findings contribute to the understanding of power factor correction in variable speed
systems and provide practical solutions for improving power quality and energy efficiency. The

44
proposed techniques can be applied in various industrial applications, such as induction motor to
optimize power factor and reduce energy losses.
In this thesis we have studied some literature, research paper, journals from different sources and
find out the problem statement. Then described proposed methodology for power factor
improvement of an inductive load for variable speed. After that we have designed the circuit and
implemented it. Finally we have got the result. Before improving the power factor was 0.606,
0.654, and 0.845. After improving the power factor is 0.84, 0.862 and 0.939 which is improved
about 38.8%, 31.5% and 11.1% for lower speed, medium speed and higher speed respectively.

6.2 Thesis Management

The key administrative component that records the progress of the thesis and its assessment is the
thesis management component.

6.2.1 Work Plan in RACI Chart

Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, and Informed is the abbreviation for RACI. A RACI chart
is a matrix that compares all of a thesis's operations or power of decision-making to all of its
constituents or positions.
Table 6.1 RACI chart for thesis management

Students
Thesis
Task Md. Tauhidul Islam Asaduzzaman Mohi Uddin
Supervisor
ID: 172016 ID: 172042 ID: 172056
Topic Selection C, I R, A R, A R, A
Developing Framework C, I R, A R, A R, A
Circuit Design C, I R, A R, A R, A

Simulation Framework C, I R, A R, A R, A
Data/ Report Analysis C, I R, A R, A R, A
Thesis Report Paper C, I R, A R, A R, A
Presentation Slide C, I R, A R, A R, A

45
6.2.2 Work Plan in Grant Chart
Gantt charts are helpful for thesis planning and scheduling. They help us determine the length of
the thesis, the resources needed, and the order in which the various tasks will be accomplished.

Table 6.2 Gantt chart for Thesis Management

6.2.3 Individual and Team Works

The capacity of an individual or an organization to manage and organize a group of people to
complete a job is known as team management. Team management entails collaboration,
communication, goal-setting, and performance evaluations.
Table 6.3 Individual and Team work list

Team Work Task Md. Tauhidul Islam Asaduzzaman Mohi Uddin

ID: 172016 ID: 172042 ID: 172056

Research /
Literature Review √ √ √

Circuit Design /
Selection √ √ √

46
 Data Analysis
√ √ √

Presentation slide
Preparation √ √ √

Report Writing
√ √ √

6.3 Acquire SDG Goals

The thesis on "POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT OF LAGGING LOAD FOR VARIABLE
SPEED" contributes to the acquisition of SDG goals is following
SDG-7 Affordable and Clean Energy
SDG-9 Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
SDG-11 Sustainable Cities and Communities
SDG-13 Climate Action
SDG-17 Partnerships for the Goals

47
The thesis can contribute to the acquisition of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by
addressing key challenges related to energy efficiency, renewable energy integration, and
sustainable power systems. Here's how this thesis can help in acquiring SDG goals
1. Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG 7): The thesis focuses on power factor correction techniques
for lagging loads, which can significantly improve the power quality and efficiency of electrical
systems. By achieving unity power factor, the thesis promotes energy conservation and reduces
power losses, contributing to the goal of affordable and clean energy.
2. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure (SDG 9): Lagging power factor is a common issue in
industrial settings. By developing effective power factor correction methods for variable-speed
loads, the thesis can enhance the efficiency and reliability of industrial processes. This helps in
building resilient infrastructure, promoting sustainable industrialization, and fostering innovation.
3. Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11): Power factor correction techniques play a
crucial role in optimizing power distribution systems in urban areas. By improving power factor,
the thesis helps reduce the strain on electrical grids, minimize power wastage, and enhance the
overall stability and sustainability of urban power networks.
4. Climate Action (SDG 13): The thesis contributes to climate action by improving the energy
efficiency of electrical systems. By reducing reactive power consumption and minimizing power
losses, power factor correction techniques help in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This aligns
with the goal of combating climate change and promoting sustainable practices.
5. Partnerships for the Goals (SDG 17): Collaboration between academia, industry, and
policymakers is essential for the successful implementation of power factor correction techniques.
The thesis can foster partnerships by providing valuable insights and recommendations for
implementing power factor correction strategies in different sectors. This promotes knowledge
exchange, capacity building, and the formation of alliances to achieve SDG goals.
By addressing the power factor correction challenges for lagging loads, the thesis contributes to
improving energy efficiency, enhancing power system performance, and reducing environmental
impacts. These advancements align with the SDGs and their targets, ultimately supporting the
global efforts towards sustainable development.

48
6.4 Knowledge Profile Associated With This Thesis
The knowledge profile associated with this thesis is discussed briefly which is shownin
Table 6.1
Table 6.4: Knowledge Profile

Knowledge Profile Addressing the KP

KP1 Understanding A systematic, theory-based understanding of the natural sciences has broad
applicability across various disciplines. It provides the necessary
foundation for advancing knowledge, conducting research, and solving
complex problems

KP2 Concept Conceptually based mathematics, numerical analysis, statistics and the
formal aspects of computer and information science to support analysis
and modeling applicable to the discipline
Engineering This is highly applicable to KP3 due to its real life applicability and the
KP3
Fundamental potential to analyze knowledge in practical scenarios. The power factor
improvement methods by using ceiling fan involves understanding and
implementing engineering fundamental concepts and design variables. This
aligns with the goals of KP3, which emphasize the practical application of
knowledge and the ability to analyze and solve real-world problems.
Engineering
KP4 Engineering specialist knowledge that provides theoretical frameworks and
specialist
bodies of knowledge for the accepted practice areas in the engineering
knowledge
discipline, much of which is at the forefront of the discipline

KP5 Engineering Engineering design is the problem-solving methodology employed by

Design
engineers, encompassing various frameworks and approaches. While its
descriptions may vary, they share common attributes. Engineering design
is a systematic and adaptable process that can be applied effectively in
nearly any situation

49
 KP6 Engineering Engineering practice encompasses any professional service or creative
Practice
endeavor that necessitates a foundation of engineering education, training,
and expertise. It involves the utilization of specialized knowledge in
mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences to provide these
professional services.

KP7 Comprehension Comprehension refers to the ability to understand and interpret written
information. It involves the capacity to grasp and make sense of the
content that has been read.

6.4 Addressing Complex Engineering Problems Associated With

This Thesis.
Numerous engineering problems were found to be associated with this thesis as shown in
Table 6.5.
Table 6.5: Range of Complex Engineering Problem (CEP)

Attribute Complex Problems

Depth of analysis required Yes, Depth of analysis required because of their need for
literature must review of analysis.

Depth of knowledge required It requires research-based knowledge, much of which is at or

informed by the forefront of the professional discipline.

Range of conflicting Involves wide-ranging or conflicting technical, engineering and

requirements
other issues

Familiarity of issues Involves infrequently encountered issues

Extent of applicable codes Are outside problems encompassed by standards and codes of
practice for professional engineering

50
Extent of stakeholder Involves diverse groups of stakeholders with widely varying
involvement and conflicting
needs
requirements
Consequences They have significant consequences in arange of contexts.

Interdependence High level problems including many component parts or sub-

problems

6.5 Addressing Complex Engineering Activities Associated With This

Thesis.

The complex engineering activities are discussed briefly which is given in Table 6.6

Table 6.6: Range of Complex Engineering Activity (CEA)

Activities Complex Activities

Range of resources It involves the use of diverse resources. Peer-reviewed
journal/conference articles, course content, onlineresources,
and textbooks have been utilized.

Requires resolution of significant problems arising from

Level of interaction
interactions among wide-ranging or conflicting technical,
engineering or other issues.

Innovation It involves the creative use of engineering principlesand

research-based knowledge in novel ways.

Consequences for society and Has significant consequences in a range of contexts,

the environment
characterized by difficulty of prediction and mitigation

Familiarity The thesis involves fundamental concepts associated with

51
 electrical engineering.

6.6 Recommendations For Future Work

a. Power electronics optimization: Investigate the optimization of power electronic components
used in ceiling fans, such as rectifiers, inverters, and converters. Explore advanced topologies and
control techniques to improve power factor performance and reduce losses.
b. Efficiency improvement techniques: Explore various techniques to improve the overall
efficiency of ceiling fans, which can indirectly affect power factor performance. This may include
aerodynamic design improvements, reduction of frictional losses, and the use of lightweight
materials.
c. Variable speed control: Develop variable speed control mechanisms for ceiling fans that can
automatically adjust the fan speed based on user preferences and environmental conditions. This
can help optimize power factor performance by matching the fan's operation to the required
airflow.
d. Power factor monitoring and feedback: Implement real-time power factor monitoring and
provide feedback to users. This can be done through user interfaces or smart home systems,
allowing users to assess and optimize the power factor performance of their ceiling fans.

52
 APPENDICES
Appendix A: Microcontroller Programming for Control Circuit.

#include <Wire.h>
#include <math.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2); // (0x27)change the address value

double Voltage = 0;
int relay1 = 12;
int relay2 = 11;
int relay3 = 10;
int relay4 = 9;
void setup() {

lcd.init();
lcd.backlight();
pinMode(relay1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(relay2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(relay3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(relay4, OUTPUT);

pinMode(A0, INPUT);

Serial.begin(9600);
delay(1000);
}
void loop()
{

53
Voltage = Voltage_sensor();

lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("V=");
lcd.setCursor(2, 0);
lcd.print(Voltage);
lcd.setCursor(8, 0);
lcd.print("V(AC)");

delay(500);
if(Voltage>197)
{
delay(500);
digitalWrite(relay1,LOW);
digitalWrite(relay2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay3,HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay4,HIGH);
}
else if(Voltage<190&&Voltage>160)
{
delay(500);
digitalWrite(relay1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay2,LOW);
digitalWrite(relay3,HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay4,HIGH);
}
else if(Voltage<150&&Voltage>126)
{
delay(500);
digitalWrite(relay1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay2,HIGH);
54
 digitalWrite(relay3,LOW);
digitalWrite(relay4,HIGH);
}
else if(Voltage<125&&Voltage>70)
{
delay(500);
digitalWrite(relay1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay3,HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay4,LOW);
}
else
{
delay(500);
digitalWrite(relay1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay3,HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay4,HIGH);
}
}

double Voltage_sensor()
{
double value = 0;
double voltage;
double PrimaryVoltage;
double acc = 0;
double peakVoltage = 0;
double rmsVoltage;
for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++)
{
value = analogRead(A0);
55
 voltage = (value*5)/1023;
acc = acc + voltage;
}
peakVoltage = (acc / 100) * (27 / 5) * (230 /12);
rmsVoltage = (peakVoltage / 1.4142);
return rmsVoltage;
}

Appendix B: Microcontroller code with display Arduino 1.8.19

56
 References
[1] C. S. Lee, A. Hayat, M. N. Khan, “Speed Control and Power Factor Improvement of a Single
Phase AC Motor,” Universal Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (Vol: 2, Issue: 8,
PP.328-336, 2014).
[2] R. Mandal, S.K. Basu, A. Kar, S.P. Chowdhury, “A Microcomputer-Based Power Factor
Controller” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics ( Vol: 41, Issue: 3, June 1994).
[3] S. R. DORADLA & B. K. PATEL, “A Thyristor Reactive Power Compensator for Fast-
Varying Industrial Loads” International Journal of Electronics (1 December 1998).
[4] S. Ms. J. Tejas, Y. Ms. K. Namita, N. Ms. S. Sneha, A. Ms. J. Amruta, B. K. Digvijay, “Power
Factor Improvement of Single Phase Induction Motor,” Researchgate (Vol: 3, Issue: 2, 2017).
[5] R. V. Bhortake, S. Gulavani, “Experimental Analysis of Power Consumption in Ceiling Fan,”
Ijrmet (Vol: 4, Issue: 2, October 2014).
[6] Shah, Nihar, N. Sathaye, A. A. Phadke, V. E. Letschert, “Efficiency Improvement
Opportunities for Ceiling Fans,” International Energy Studies Group, International Energy
Analysis Department (July 2014).
[7] A. Mahajan and B. Singh, “Unity Power Factor Adjustment In Lagging Loads Using Adaptive
Fuzzy Logic Controller,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, (PP.136-
145, 2018).
[8] S. Thitipong, and S. Premrudeepreechacharn, “Power factor adjustment of induction motor
drive using adaptive sliding mode control,” In 2017 IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian Technology
Conference (PP. 478-481, 2017).
[9] A. Ghosh and G. Ledwich, “Power quality enhancement using custom power devices.
Springer,” 2017.
[10] Y. Yang, Y. He and J. Zhu, “A Novel Reactive Power Compensation Method For Variable
Speed Systems Based On Optimization Algorithm,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,
(Vol: 16, Issue: 3, PP.2069-2078, 2020).
[11] D. C. Aliprantis, and T. E. Kyriakidis, “Power Factor Correction Of AC/DC Power Converters
Using Passive And Active Techniques,” Electric Power Systems Research, (Issue: 170, PP. 30-42,
2019).
[12] P. Kundur, “Power System Stability and Control,” McGraw-Hill Education, (1994)
Aknjsfklknp;lbms
57
58