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BE notes U-3

The document discusses the principles and requirements of oscillators, which are circuits that produce oscillations through positive feedback. It covers various types of oscillators, including Hartley, Colpitts, and crystal oscillators, detailing their operation, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Additionally, it highlights the importance of phase shifts and frequency stability in oscillator design.

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9 views

BE notes U-3

The document discusses the principles and requirements of oscillators, which are circuits that produce oscillations through positive feedback. It covers various types of oscillators, including Hartley, Colpitts, and crystal oscillators, detailing their operation, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Additionally, it highlights the importance of phase shifts and frequency stability in oscillator design.

Uploaded by

gyyr5656
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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3.1 PRINCIPLE OF OSCILLATORS Oscitlator + An asilair is a circuit that produces oseillations ‘Signal source 4 + Oscillators can produce sinusoidal or non-sint perate on the principle of positive feedback. iple of Oscillator sirable feature of an oscillator is that it sect phase to the tank circult to overcome the Io tank clreuit employed inductive (L) and eapaeitive circuits, a phase shift of 180° was obtained due © coupling and a further phase shift of 180° wa nsistor amplification. sy, energy supplied to the tank eireuit was np oselations i 3.1.1 REQUIREMENTS OF OSCILLATIONS pk treat ‘seeult supplies a part of collector energy to the Phase (o aid the oscillations. It provides positive + Oscillators: oe fmt nt) ene eet os et ney of oscillations in the elreuit depends upon the woe al (AF) ‘culls employing LC elements. The drawbacks ‘the repair of 1 Thy wi ten tay tal pe unos ar ls 2. Th Gon te oe bye fn oan Amplifier a * The amplifier receives 4. fp 1 Power for suppl to the tank cireutt “a ye shape of the output + Me apie 2CUrIng tn the tank cireutt are applied to the inpul 1 operating a caniier, Because of the amplitying propestiaa iii iteneisinn ail ft incre sia o cnmsbi rperin a ; + Thani ott ofc a posure to meet the losses. “om Tet us laseily the oscillators based on these fi Overs ee See Fig, 8.1 Classification of Oseittators Cussifleation based on the nature of output waveform + The osctlator output volt + The examples of si tage can be ether sinusodal 00 oll oscars ares Re Hatley and Colpitt’s oscillator. = RC phnec anita Srusodal cctation Undamped teflon enmlant with time are ead ee the fea R too kite and they ane for «+The fequency Pane to few GHz and they 8 pes of Oscillators + The following are the places in electronic iF 5. Hartley Osellator 4 Colptes: Osetlator 5 eystal Osallator “Re pase SHIFE 0 * Sood fequeney stabil” ‘toloving resistive and & , MC phase shyt asellatorss | Me can be used fo Phase-shit eeu Cireuit Description + It consists of a conventional single transistor shift network + The output of the feedback network ts loaded By # + ats fequency, the phase shift in : 1 phase-shift produced by the RC | 1 “= gree Cditon co sustain + For the loop gain £ BS pape? tnd the requttem of 208 he > 29m Fe tal hy > 29 + 28 # 1 > 56 They have # wide Requency range (ew He to ‘They are suitable for low frequencies. Disadvantages 1. Tt ts dificult t0 start oseillatios as the fe 2 The circuit gves small output due to small 3. It needs high voltage (12V) 50 as to develop sulle otage. Applications ‘The phase shift oscillator is well sulted for the scwral He to several hundred KHz (20 Hz fo 200 rample : In the RC phase ship oscilator, Ry = Re ah Gi= C= G = 68 PP. Calculate frequency of @ Solution RiR=R 1 Mo =1x1e Cie C=C, = 68 pr = 68 x 100 p The frequency of eselation is, Es Srequency () = 055 tte ee eT octsTon Uentred reatiene So this bridge ey provided that die onaiion can -_ Tn this arrangement the output of the second’ the feedback network and the voltage across the ts fed to the Input of the first stage, over a range of frequencies. This is achieved by t form of a temperature sensitive lamp, whose the increase in current, Frequency of oscillations + The frequency of oscillations is determined by the series and parallel clement RiC; of the bridge ‘The frequency of oscillations is given by Rigi, then, 1 SBR Condition to sustain oscttations + The ampliier voltage gain 18 an Bitte Te equeney "oR ‘Rs tea wis Bs Hen aK, fen, A= 3 ea elate wn mint lio or Peter ha 3s unsn gacg g To have a gain as low as 3 may be dimeus, “Saetuey OSCILLATOR | Metonte osettator is wid Aralots ofa singe stage cut 2, The ctroult works quite easly, Teas wo ton by and la placed 1 0 eo inductors 8 pe «The tank circuit is made up of Lay fa phase shift of 180°. Circuit Diagram Be se rn, pes de eter baat in oS cmt pe tape saa a... el fe one 2 bela I one yucs Sa ‘ seroee tngitae Le forms the tondeack lage aan ae Bec ey ca eo he ttn © However, because of direct connection, the junetion of ty and * The voltage across eae ee wey teouml | Cae soem RL | vce © feedback voltage (vol + Ieis easy (0 see that the fe to the transistor provides positive feedback, Frequency of oscillations + The frequency of oscillations 1s given by + ‘al ngulanes: be = TE + In Hartley osciltor, the feedback voltage 8 developed ‘output voltage is across Ly ot Phase shift + A phase shift of 180° i produced by the transistor and a shift of 180° 1s produced by Lyla ‘his total phase shift of 360° Is obtained which ts an essential € for developing oscations In this way, feedback is, hased to produce continuous Property ph prod Advantages BI caer 0 tune 2, It can operate over a wide frequency range from few KHz to MEE 3. It i ney to change the frequency by means of a vartable capac Disadvantages 1, Poor frequency stabiiy, Jocal 1. It ts used ms local oscillator in radio and TY receiver eee 2, It ts used in the function generar. Im gant ost 3, It 18 used in the RF sources /. >» _ {soRsios of a single 6 2 (Ciroule Description saat he to capacitors 16 t creat made up of Cx Oa Fig. 8.7 Colpitt’s Oscillator Operation ee divider R-Ry provides de emitter base bias. ‘bination provides temperature stability and Pi collector voltage, outbot voltage is capacitive eoupled to the load By G Tiss 0 ocrcs capacitors c Prong enor nd C, form the potentist divider sed © i enc wag dwloped aro capacitor Cy provides the regenera feedback required for sustained aaa + Faralel combination o Ke and Cy slong with reaators Ry ail By provides fie stabilized if bi ‘Toe collector supply Ve pple 1 de calector trough Fado Keven + Tis amplified th order to me Pedbacke ctrewit The voltage across capacitor Ca 18 180° 6ui developer od across capacitor Cy. iltations Frequency of oscill + The frequency Is determined by the tank tuning the two capacitors Cy and Cy. It is to C; and C; are ganged. + As the tuning is varied, values of both capaci the ratio of the two capacitances remaining + The fequency of oscillations Js given by + xcs. ate Peedback fraction *+ The feedbeck fraction () is given by : v 2 = a * capt’ osetlator, the feedback voltage is developed output voltage is across Cy a Phase shift + Aphase stut of 160e shit of 160° ts prod * Thus a total phases for develop oscil Where, Cr 's produced by the transistor and a iueed by CrCy woltage dvider. uf of 360° s obtained which is an essential + inthis way, feed *<' propery phased to produce continuous 2. It te c08y 10 tune Disadvantages 1. Poor frequency stability 2. ete dificult to suet the Setback becaune of eupaehor 3.2.5 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR im enystal oscillators, the usual electrical ® mechanically wibrating crystal “the cxystal usually quartz has a high degree of: sonatever equency the crystal 1s originally ‘costal esellators are used whenever great ie effect Certain erystalline materials Uke Rochelle salt, cxtubits the plezaeleetric effect crystal extubits a very important property. fn alternating voltage applied to a crystal = natural frequency. * the applied voltage, Conversely, when they are cinder mechanical strain to vibrate, they produce an ae Such crystals which exhibit plezoeleetre eflect are called eystals % inexpensive and readily available da nature. I¢ i the Solis used In radio-frequency (RF) oscillators arte Crystal Quarts crystals are generally used in erystal oscllators because reat mechanical stengih and simply of manufacture However or ws to eestor onlators che ental suitably ext us a limit to the fe sted between two meal pate, In practice, frequeneles he actualy behaves aba sels RC crcl parallel wth Gu Ga the Capcance of te mmuning sestroie ‘Since O; IS less than C, therefore, fp is: In order to use crystal properly it must be cone sts low impedance in the series resonant mode parallel resonant mode ts selected. Transistor Crystal Oscillator ‘Osellater circuit with crystal operating in py CColpitts osediator circuit) is shown tn. figure, The only change is the addition of the erystal in th The crystal wil act as a parallel-tuned eireult. Se A paral! resonance. the impedance of the Goa re stv the manana enengy enter ough te feel St tht etic is paste. A phage ait of 100" la sc 4 fer Fe sit 180" prod ‘This osciliator will oscillate or j Ti ova wnt ot tf Cyt ot circu Operation, + as the output vole Oe i Yoltage divider which returns fd ance base Vlas ‘wansistor emitter. rection tn Vee 0528 {combined withthe Ry, Re, “The reducti a RFC (Radio Freq y auses the mains : x - eapyroperke aan Wwansistor base remains at a fined whee ont Re 10 6H . © fixes voltage level, Ce form 2 _ capacitive ‘he outpat voltage to the ae home a an feedback voltage 18 (0 = a Frequency of oseittatt + ‘The parallel rece = ge ylee 1. It ts very simple circuit, only crystal itself in nt won oe a a a ae i nae c eral Seo 5. ha voy bw top ot oy ee pears ee 2 Te beneny of aoa alte ‘S. They are used only for high frequencies exceeding two one joes en DIODE a a oe aS sin, Bene diode is a type of a ee * Aa ae ae thy ine breakdoven know eee ee «The device was named after ee ctu of @ crystal os er. coasuae R21 2 aie Cy = 20 55 Daition (series = rere ueney Ge) cept doped enytal dled etna: (© pret ~ resonant ogra Of Json sa Zener Blade Cine that ‘roa ew € = 001 0015 19s Got 0 ald = 20x 10% Series resonant Freayency 1. aory * Sosner diode tke an @ | Sw have a sharp Bl | Sister diode ts alway te 1 A2eer diode tas sharp) aulator 1s equal age regulators ean Output Voltage The Input current ofthe 2 Tekh mre output vagy of te zener nde wage Wee &rDR er diode voltage 4 Zener Voltage (V3) Zener diodes are svalah = re avalabe anecen ge 26 the minimum eure {oem cent at whieh ese doe eis grea ner dite sty ig ee by the product of Vs and te the i Power dsspation © Vp x tg 2 ‘ris adlton i the intensity of gt O0, tise increases, a8 Creuit Operation ta Wen igh 4 photo conduct round aise: + imp (Characteristics ‘Minti Penn Fig, 3.22 Characteristics ‘fom the characteristics that there ts deere ‘n the dhumination level, ge pistons ‘stro 8 de motor. ching deve for distal ere, 6 + ED sad ‘Symbet Fig. 9.25 Symbot

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