Modules in

Mathematics for Engineers 2 (MATH02E)

SESSION TOPIC 4 : Plane Geometry : Quadrilateral
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the session you will:
1. Learn what is a Quadrilateral.
2. Learn the properties of a Quadrilateral.
3. Learn the different types of Quadrilateral.
4. Learn to calculate the Area of different types of Quadrilateral.
5. Learn to calculate the Perimeter of different types of Quadrilateral.
6. Learn about Inscribed and circumscribed regular polygons.

KEY TERMS
Quadrilateral Square Rectangle Rhombus
Parallelogram Kite Trapezoid

CORE CONTENT

What is Quadrilateral?

➢ Quadrilateral just means "four sides“

➢ A Quadrilateral has four-sides, it is 2-dimensional (a flat
shape), closed (the lines join up), and has straight sides.
➢ The word quadrilateral has originated from two Latin
words quadri which means “four” and, latus meaning
“side”.
➢ A quadrilateral can sometimes be called:
a Quadrangle ("four angles"), so it sounds like "triangle“
a Tetragon ("four polygon"), so it sounds like "pentagon",
"hexagon", etc.
Properties of Quadrilateral
➢ have four sides (edges)
➢ have four vertices (corners)
➢ interior angles that add to 360 degrees:

Types of Quadrilateral
The Rectangle

A rectangle is a four-sided shape where every angle is a right angle (90°).

Also, opposite sides are parallel and of equal length.

Area of a Rectangle Diagram

Perimeter of a Rectangle
➢ The Perimeter is the distance around the edges.

The Perimeter is 2 times (a + b):

Perimeter = 2(a+b)

Example: A rectangle is 12 cm long and 5 cm tall, what is its Perimeter?

Perimeter = 2 × (12 cm + 5 cm)
= 2 × 17 cm
= 34 cm
The Square

A square has equal sides (marked "s") and every angle is a right angle (90°)
Also, opposite sides are parallel.
A square also fits the definition of a rectangle (all angles are 90°), and a rhombus
(all sides are equal length).

Area of a Square Diagram

Perimeter of a Square
➢ The Perimeter is the distance around the edge.

The Perimeter is 4 times the side length:

Perimeter = 4a

Example: A square has a side length of 12 cm, what is its Perimeter?

Perimeter = 4 × 12 cm = 48 cm
The Rhombus

A rhombus is a four-sided shape where all sides have equal length (marked "s").
Also, opposite sides are parallel and opposite angles are equal.
Another interesting thing is that the diagonals (dashed lines) meet in the middle at a right
angle. In other words they "bisect" (cut in half) each other at right angles.
A rhombus is sometimes called a rhomb or a diamond.

Area of a Rhombus Diagram

Perimeter of a Rhombus
➢ The Perimeter is the distance around the edges.

The Perimeter is 4 times "s" (the side length)

because all sides are equal in length:
Perimeter = 4s

Example: A rhombus has a side length of 12 cm, what is its Perimeter?

Perimeter = 4 × 12 cm = 48 cm
The Parallelogram

A parallelogram has opposite sides parallel and equal in length. Also opposite
angles are equal (angles "A" are the same, and angles "B" are the same).
NOTE: Squares, Rectangles and Rhombuses are all Parallelograms!

Area of a Parallelogram

Perimeter of a Parallelogram
➢ The Perimeter is the distance around the edges.

The Perimeter is 2 times the (base + side length):

Perimeter = 2(b+s)

Example: A parallelogram has a base of 12 cm and a side length of 6 cm, what is

its Perimeter?
Perimeter = 2 × (12 cm + 6 cm) = 2 × 18 cm = 36 cm
The Trapezoid (UK: Trapezium)
A trapezoid (called a trapezium in the UK) has a pair of opposite sides parallel.
And a trapezium (called a trapezoid in the UK) is a quadrilateral with NO parallel sides.
An Isosceles trapezoid, as shown above, has left and right sides of equal length
that join to the base at equal angles

Area of a Trapezoid Diagram

Perimeter of a Trapezoid
➢ The Perimeter is the distance around the edges.

The Perimeter is the sum of all side lengths:

Perimeter = a+b+c+d

Example: A trapezoid has side lengths of 5 cm, 12 cm, 4 cm and 15 cm, what is its
Perimeter?
Perimeter = 5 cm + 12 cm + 4 cm + 15 cm = 36 cm
The Kite
It has two pairs of sides
the angles where the two pairs meet are
equal.
the diagonals, shown as dashed lines above,
meet at a right angle.
one of the diagonals bisects (cuts equally in
half) the other.
And it looks like a Kite

Area of a Kite Diagram

Perimeter of a Kite
➢ The Perimeter is the distance around the edges.

The Perimeter is 2 times (side length a + side length b):

Perimeter = 2(a + b)

Example: A kite has side lengths of 12 m and 10m, what is its Perimeter?
Perimeter = 2 × (12 m + 10 m) = 2 × 22 m = 44 m
The "Family Tree" Chart

➢ Quadrilateral definitions are inclusive.

Using the chart above we can answer such questions as:

Is a Square a type of Rectangle? (Yes)
Is a Rectangle a type of Kite? (No)
Inscribed and circumscribed polygons. Regular polygons

➢ Regular polygon is a polygon with equal sides and angles

➢ Inscribed polygon in a circle is a polygon, vertices of which are
placed on a circumference

𝑠
s
Radius =
2sin⁡ 𝑛
180
s
R
Where: s
s is the length of any side
n is the number of sides
s
sin is the sine function calculated in degrees

➢ Polygon circumscribed around a circle is a polygon, sides of which

are tangents to the circumference

𝑠
inradius = 180 s
2tan⁡ 𝑛
s
Where:
s is the length of any side r
n is the number of sides
tan is the tangent function calculated s
in degrees s
IN-TEXT ACTIVITY
• Video Discussion
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ogcH3eM5beM
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4z1fG3QQ3nI
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbkBFD8wgJs
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvS4dNlqQAc
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCnbsR7nWyI

SESSION SUMMARY

1. A Quadrilateral just means "four sides“

2. A Quadrilateral has four-sides, it is 2-dimensional (a flat shape), closed (the lines join
up), and has straight sides.
3. The word quadrilateral has originated from two Latin words quadri which means “four”
and, latus meaning “side”.
4. A quadrilateral can sometimes be called:
a Quadrangle ("four angles"), so it sounds like "triangle“
a Tetragon ("four polygon"), so it sounds like "pentagon", "hexagon", etc
5. Quadrilateral :
Has four sides (edges)
Has four vertices (corners)
interior angles that add to 360 degrees:
6. Different Types of Quadrilaterals:
Trapezium.
Parallelogram.
Rectangle.
Rhombus.
Square.
Kite.
7. Regular polygon is a polygon with equal sides and angles
8. Inscribed polygon in a circle is a polygon, vertices of which are placed on a
circumference
9. Polygon circumscribed around a circle is a polygon, sides of which are tangents to the
circumference
SELF ASSESMENT
ACTIVITY 4
NAME: ___________________ Score: ____________
MAJOR: __________________ Date: _____________

Quadrilaterals

Instruction: Answer the following question

1. ABCD is a parallelogram. What is the size of angle A?

2. ABCD is a kite. What is the size of angle B?

3. ABCD is an isosceles trapezoid (isosceles trapezium). What is the

size of angle A?
 4. ABCD is a quadrilateral. What is the size of angle D?

5. . What is the name of this quadrilateral?

II. Solve the area of this quadrilateral.

6.

7.
8.

9.

10.
REFERENCES
Textbook:
Yu, Ronnie M. etal. Engineering Mathematics, Vol. 2, Army Fine Printing,
2007