Faculty of Information Technology

Spring 2024

Object Oriented Programming

CCS103 + CS-201
Lec (8)

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 JAVA v.s. C++
Programming Language Comparison

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 Common format specifiers
•%s – String
•%d – Integer
•%f – Floating point number
•%t – Date/Time
•%x – Hexadecimal
Examples:
public class Example{
public static void main(String args[]){
String name = “Fatma";
String message = String.format("Hello, %s!", name);
System.out.println(message);
// Output: Hello, Fatma! 3
public class Example{
public static void main(String args[]){
String name = " Fatma ";
int age = 18;
double luckyNum = 123.456;
String formattedString = String.format("Name:
%s, Age: %d, Lucky No: $%.2f", name, age,
luckyNum);
System.out.println(formattedString);
// Output: Name: Fatma, Age: 18, Lucky No:
$123.456
}
}

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 Signatures
• In any programming language, a signature is what
distinguishes one function or method from another
• In Java, two methods have to differ in their names
or in the number or types of their parameters
– foo(int i) and foo(int i, int j) are different
– foo(int i) and foo(int k) are the same
– foo(int i, double d) and foo(double d, int i) are
different

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◼ Polymorphism means many (poly) shapes (morph)
◼ In Java, polymorphism refers to the fact that you can
have multiple methods with the same name in the same
class
◼ There are two kinds of polymorphism:
◼ Overloading
◼ Two or more methods with different signatures
◼ Overriding
◼ Replacing an inherited method with another having the same signature

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 Overloading
class Test {
public static void main(String args[]) {
myPrint(5);
myPrint(5.0);
}
static void myPrint(int i) {
System.out.println("int i = " + i);
}
static void myPrint(double d) {
System.out.println("double d = " + d);
}
}

int i = 5
double d = 5.0

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 Overriding
class Animal {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Animal animal = new Animal();
Dog dog = new Dog();
animal.print();
dog.print();
}
void print() {
System.out.println("Superclass Animal");
}
}
public class Dog extends Animal {
void print() {
System.out.println("Subclass Dog");
}
}
Superclass Animal
Subclass Dog
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 Java

Abstraction

Is-A and Has-A Relationship

Interface
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Java Abstraction

Abstract Class
Abstract Methods

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 Abstract Class
• Abstract classes may or may not contain abstract methods

• But, if a class has at least one abstract method, then the

class must be declared abstract.

• If a class is declared abstract, it cannot be instantiated.

• To use an abstract class, you have to inherit it from another

class, provide implementations to the abstract methods in it.

• If you inherit an abstract class, you have to provide

implementations to all the abstract methods in it 25
 Abstract Methods
• abstract keyword is used to declare the method as abstract.

• You have to place the abstract keyword before the method name
in the method declaration.

• An abstract method contains a method signature, but no method

body.

• Instead of curly braces, an abstract method will have a semoi

colon (;) at the end.

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 Java

Is-A and Has-A Relationship

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 Is-A and Has-A Relationship

One of the advantages of an OOP language

is code reuse.
There are two ways we can do code reuse
either by the implementation of inheritance
(IS-A relationship), or object composition
(HAS-A relationship).

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 Is-A Relationship

The concept of IS-A is a totally based on Inheritance, which can be of

two types Class Inheritance or Interface Inheritance.

It is just like saying "A is a B type of thing". For example, Apple is a

Fruit, Car is a Vehicle etc.

Inheritance is uni-directional.
For example, House is a Building. But Building is not a House.

Wherever you see an extends keyword or implements keyword in a

class declaration, then this class is said to have IS-A relationship.

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 Has-A Relationship

Composition(HAS-A) simply mean the use of

instance variables that are references to other objects.

For example Maruti has Engine, or House has

Bathroom.

Let’s understand these concepts with an example of

Car class.

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 Java

Interface

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 Interface
Interfaces are just a definition of behavior.

Java Interface is not a class but it is defined in away

similar to the class definition.

An Interface describes the functions and behaviors of

a specific object type but doesn't implement them.

When a class implements an interface it has to

implement all methods declared in that interface.
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 hints about Interface

Interface functions should be public and abstract.

Interface fields should be public and final.

Use the Keyword interface to define an interface.

If you define a public interface with name

myInterface the java file should be named
as myInterface.java (Similar to public class).
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A class implementing an interface should use the
keyword implements.

No objects can be created from an interface.

Interfaces don't have constructors as they can't be

initiated
An Interface can extends one or more interfaces.

You can define a reference of type interface but you

should assign to it an object instance of class type
which implements that interface. 41
 Interface

One Interface - One Class

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 Interface

Interface Inherits An Interface

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 Interface

Many interfaces - One class

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 Interface

Interface and Abstract Class

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END

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