Electrical Machines Reviewer

Series DC Motor
Definition

 The field winding is in series with the armature.

Induced Torque in a Series DC Motor

 Terminal Characteristics is very different from a shunt DC motor.

 The flux of the series DC motor is directly proportional to the armature current
because of that: 𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑘∅𝐼𝐴 = 𝑘𝑐𝐼𝐴 2
 Why 𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑘𝑐𝐼𝐴 2 ? It is because our field winding is in series with the armature,
and from the statement above “the flux of the series DC motor is directly
proportional to the armature current”. Because of that:
∅ = 𝑐𝐼𝐴
𝜏𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝑘∅𝐼𝐴 = 𝑘(𝑐𝐼𝐴 )𝐼𝐴 = 𝑘𝑐𝐼𝐴 2

Terminal Characteristics of a Series DC Motor

 For an unsaturated series motor, the speed of the motor varies as the reciprocal
of the square root of the torque.
 When the torque on this motor goes to zero, its speed goes to infinity. In practice,
the torque can never go entirely to zero because of the mechanical, core, and stray
losses that must be overcome.
 If there’s no load a series DC motor can turn so fast enough to damage itself.
 Speed Control of the series DC motor

 It can be controlled by changing the 𝑉𝑇 .

 The 𝑉𝑇 can be controlled by inserting resistor in the motor circuit.

Compound DC motor
2 Types

 Long Shunt

 Short Shunt

Compound DC motor

 Cumulatively Compounded DC Motor

- There are two flux: The one which is constant (the parallel field winding also
called shunt) and another is proportional to its armature current and also its
load (The field winding that is in series with armature).
- The cumulatively compounded motor has a higher starting torque than a
shunt motor (whose flux is constant), but a lower starting torque than a
series motor (whose entire flux is proportional to armature current).
- Like a series motor, it has extra torque for starting; like a shunt motor, it does not
overspeed at no load.
 - At light loads, the series field has a very small effect, so the motor behaves
approximately as a shunt dc motor.
- As the load gets very large, it begins to look like a series motor’s characteristic.

 Differentially Compounded DC Motor

- In a differentially compounded dc motor, the shunt magnetomotive force and series
magnetomotive force subtractfrom each other.
- This means that as the load on the motor increases  𝐼𝐴 increases and the flux
in the motor decreases  as the flux decreases, the speed of the motor increases.
- This speed increase causes another increase in load, which further increases 𝐼𝐴
further decreasing the flux, and increasing the speed again.
- In short word “as we increase the load of the Differentially Compounded DC
Motor the speed also increase and it causes problem”.
- It is impossible to start such a motor. At starting conditions the armature
current and the series field current are very high. Since the series flux subtracts
from the shunt flux, the series field can actually reverse the magnetic polarity
of the machine’s poles. The motor will typically remain still or turn slowly in
the wrong direction while burning up, because of the excessive armature
current.

Connection of Field Winding

 To have cumulatively compounded DC motor we must make sure that the

magnetomotive force must add up so it is need to make sure that the direction of
the flux of the two different winding is the same.
 To have a differentially compounded DC motor, the magnetomotive force of two
field winding must subtract. The direction of flux from two different winding are
different.
 In short “if we have a Cumulatively Compounded DC Motor then we just need to
reverse the polarity of the series winding to have a Differentially Compounded DC
Motor and vice-versa”.
Speed Control in Cumulatively Compounded DC Motor

 Change the field resistance 𝑅𝐹

 Change the armature voltage 𝑉𝐴
 Change the armature resistance 𝑅𝐴
Possible Questions from the Book:
8-6. What are the principal characteristics of a series dc motor? What are its uses?

 At no load, series DC motor speed up to the point that it might destroy itself. It is use
in high torque application where speed regulation is not important such as a car
starter.

8-7. What are the characteristics of a cumulatively compounded dc motor?

 The characteristics of the cumulative compound DC motor is a combined of series and
shunt motors. The same as the series DC motor it has an extra torque for starting and
like a shunt DC motor it does not overspeed at no load. At light load it behaves like a
shunt motor but as the load getting larger it behave like a series DC motor where the
speed drop directly as the load is added.

8-8. What are the problems associated with a differentially compounded dc motor?
 It is unstable and tends to overspeed as load is added to it.

8-19. How can the direction of rotation of a series dc motor be reversed?

 The rotation of the series DC motor can be reversed if we change the polarity of its
field winding.

DC Generators
 DC generators are dc machines used as generators. As previously noted, there is no
real difference between a generator and a motor except for the direction of power
flow.

Five Major Types of DC Generators:

 Separately excited generator. In a separately excited generator, the field flux is derived
from a separate power source independent of the generator itself.
 Shunt generator. In a shunt generator, the field flux is derived by connecting the field
circuit directly across the terminals of the generator.
 Series generator. In a series generator, the field flux is produced by connecting the
field circuit in series with the armature of the generator.
 Cumulatively compounded generator. In a cumulatively compounded generator, both
a shunt and a series field are present, and their effects are additive.
 Differentially compounded generator. In a differentially compounded generator, both
a shunt and a series field are present, but their effects are subtractive
These various types of dc generators differ in their terminal (voltage-current) characteristics,
and therefore in the applications to which they are suited. DC generators are compared by
their voltages, power ratings, efficiencies, and voltage regulations.

Voltage Regulation of DC Generator

 Where 𝑉𝑛𝑙 is the no-load terminal voltage of the generator

 𝑉𝑓𝑙 is the full-load terminal voltage of the generator.

It is a rough measure of the shape of the generator’s voltage-current characteristic—a

positive voltage regulation means a drooping characteristic, and a negative voltage regulation
means a rising characteristic. All generators are driven by a source of mechanical power,
which is usually called the prime mover of the generator. A prime mover for a dc generator
may be a steam turbine, a diesel engine, or even an electric motor.

Separately Excited Generator

 A separately excited dc generator is a generator whose field current is supplied by a
separate external dc voltage source.

Terminal Characteristics of DC Generators

  When the load supplied by the generator is increased, 𝐼𝐿 (and therefore 𝐼𝐴 ) increases.
As the armature current increases, the 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 drop increases, so the terminal voltage of
the generator falls.
 In generators without compensating windings, an increase in IA causes an increase in
armature reaction, and armature reaction causes flux weakening. This flux weakening
causes a decrease in 𝐸𝐴 = 𝐾∅ ↓ 𝜔𝑚 which further decreases the terminal voltage of
the generator.

Control in Terminal Voltage of Separately Excited DC Generator

 Change the speed of rotation. If ω increases, then 𝐸𝐴 = 𝐾∅𝜔𝑚 ↑ increases, so 𝑉𝑇 =

𝐸𝐴 ↑ −𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 increases as well.
 Change the field current. If RF is decreased, then the field current increases (𝐼𝐹 =
𝑉𝐹
) therefore, the flux ∅ in the machine increases. As the flux rises, 𝐸𝐴 = 𝐾∅ ↑
𝑅𝐹 ↓
𝜔𝑚 must rise too, so 𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 ↑ −𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 increases.

Shunt DC Generator
 A shunt dc generator is a dc generator that supplies its own field current by having its
field connected directly across the terminals of the machine.
This type of generator has a distinct advantage over the separately excited dc generator in
that no external power supply is required for the field circuit. But that leaves an important
question unanswered: If the generator supplies its own field current, how does it get the
initial field flux to start when it is first turned on?

Voltage Build-up in a DC Shunt Generator

 The voltage buildup in a dc generator depends on the presence of a residual flux in
the poles of the generator.
 When a generator first starts to turn, an internal voltage will be generated, which is
given by

 This voltage appears at the terminals ofthe generator (it may only be a volt or two).
But when that voltage appears at the terminals, it causes a current to flow in the
𝑉𝐹 ↑
generator’s field coil (𝐼𝐹 = ).
𝑅𝐹
 This field current produces a magnetomotive force in the poles, which increases the flux in
them. The increase in flux causes an increase in𝐸𝐴 = 𝐾∅ ↑ 𝜔𝑚 , which increases the
terminal voltage VT. When VT rises, IF increases further, increasing the flux ∅ more, which
increases 𝐸𝐴
Possible Causes for The Voltage to fail to build up during Starting
 There may be no residual magnetic flux in the generator to start the process going. If
the residual flux ∅𝑟𝑒𝑠 = 0 , then 𝐸𝐴 = 0, and the voltage never builds up. If this
problem occurs, disconnect the field from the armature circuit and connect it directly
to an external dc source, such as a battery. The current flow from this external dc
source will leave a residual flux in the poles, which will then allow normal starting. This
procedure is known as “flashing the field.
 The direction of rotation of the generator may have been reversed, or the connections
of the field may have been reversed. In either case, the residual flux produces an
internal generated voltage EA. The voltage EA produces a field current which produces
a flux opposing the residual flux, instead of adding to it. Under these circumstances,
the flux actually decreases below ∅𝑟𝑒𝑠 and no voltage can ever build up.
 The field resistance may be adjusted to a value greater than the critical resistance.
This value of the resistance is called the critical resistance. The solution to this problem
is to reduce 𝑅𝐹 .

Terminal Characteristics of a Shunt DC Generator

 The terminal characteristic of a shunt dc generator differs from that of a separately
excited dc generator, because the amount of field current in the machine depends on
its terminal voltage.
  As the load on the generator is increased, IL increases and so 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐹 + 𝐼𝐿 ↑ also increases.
An increase in 𝐼𝐴 IA increases the armature resistance voltage drop 𝐼𝐴 𝑅𝐴 , causing 𝑉𝑇 = 𝐸𝐴 −
𝐼𝐴 ↑ 𝑅𝐴 to decrease.

Voltage Control for a Shunt DC Generator

 Change the shaft speed 𝜔𝑚 of the generator.
 Change the field resistor of the generator, thus changing the field current.

For the last 3 remaining topic; Series DC Generator, Compound DC Generator (Cumulative
and Differential) refer to the Electric Machinery Fundamentals by Stephen Chapman pp.
539 to 552.

For the problem solving please refer to the practice problem on the book. To verify if you
answer is correct search ‘’Electric Machinery Fundamentals by Chapman solution
Manual’’.