DCN Question Bank Solution

2 Marks

a) List IEEE 802x Standards For Network

IEEE 802x standards are used for LAN and MAN. Some common standards are:

• IEEE 802.3 – Ethernet

• IEEE 802.11 – Wi-Fi

• IEEE 802.5 – Token Ring

• IEEE 802.15 – Bluetooth

• IEEE 802.16 – WiMAX

These standards define how devices communicate in a network.

b) State Function Of Network Layer.

The main function of the network layer is to move data from one device to another across
different networks. It handles routing, logical addressing (IP), and path selection. It breaks
data into packets and ensures they reach the correct destination, even through multiple
networks.

c) Draw Osi Reference Model.

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d) List Application Layer Protocols.
Application layer protocols help users to access network services. Common examples are:

• HTTP – Web browsing

• FTP – File transfer

• SMTP – Email sending

• POP3/IMAP – Email receiving

• DNS – Domain name to IP translation

• TELNET – Remote login
These protocols work on the top layer of the OSI model.

e) Define Term Network Topology.

Network topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of devices in a network. It
shows how computers, cables, and other devices are connected. Common topologies are: star,
bus, ring, mesh, and hybrid. It affects performance, maintenance, and scalability of the
network.

f) List Different Types Of Network Connecting Devices.

Network connecting devices help in communication between computers. Common types are:

• Hub

• Switch

• Router
• Bridge

• Repeater

• Gateway

• Modem
Each device has a specific role in data transmission and connectivity in a network.

g) State The Function Of Modem And Repeater.

A modem converts digital signals to analog for transmission over phone lines and vice versa.
It is used for internet connection.
A repeater receives weak signals and strengthens them before forwarding. It helps extend the
range of a network without changing the signal.

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 4 Marks

a) Draw and Explain Architecture of 802.11 Wireless LAN.

Answer:

802.11 is the standard for wireless LANs created by IEEE. It allows devices to connect
without cables using radio waves. The main components are:

• Station (STA): Devices like laptops and smartphones with wireless cards.

• Access Point (AP): Acts as a central hub to connect all wireless stations and provide
internet.

• Basic Service Set (BSS): Group of stations using the same AP.

• Extended Service Set (ESS): Multiple BSS connected through distribution system
(like LAN).

Data transfer happens in layers such as the Physical Layer (transmits data over air) and MAC
Layer (controls access to wireless medium).

Fig. Architecture of 802.11 Wireless LAN

This architecture supports mobility, easy installation, and low cost, making it ideal for homes
and offices.

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b) Compare IPv4 and IPv6.

Answer:

Feature IPv4 IPv6

Address Length 32 bits (e.g., 192.168.1.1) 128 bits (e.g., 2001:0db8::1)

Address Format Decimal, separated by dots Hexadecimal, separated by colons

Address Space Around 4.3 billion addresses Almost unlimited addresses

Header Size 20 bytes 40 bytes

Security Optional Built-in (IPSec)

NAT Usage Required Not needed

Configuration Manual or DHCP Auto-configuration supported

c) Draw and Explain Layered Architecture of OSI Reference Model.

Answer:

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a 7-layer architecture developed by ISO. It
explains how data travels from one device to another across a network. Each layer has a
specific function and works with the layers above and below it. From top to bottom, the
layers are:
1. Application Layer:
It is the topmost layer. It provides services directly to the user through applications
like web browsers, email, and file transfer.

2. Presentation Layer:
It formats the data for the application layer. It handles data encoding, compression,
and encryption/decryption.

3. Session Layer:
It manages sessions between devices. It helps start, maintain, and end communication
sessions.

4. Transport Layer:
It ensures reliable data delivery. It uses protocols like TCP/UDP for error checking
and flow control.
5. Network Layer:
It decides the best route for data. It uses IP addresses for logical addressing and
routing.

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 6. Data Link Layer:
It ensures error-free data transfer over the physical link using MAC addresses and
error detection.

7. Physical Layer:
It sends raw bits (0s and 1s) over physical media like cables, Wi-Fi, or fiber.

This model helps in designing, understanding, and troubleshooting networks in a structured

way.

d) Difference Between TCP and UDP.

Answer:

Feature TCP UDP

Full Form Transmission Control Protocol User Datagram Protocol

Connection Connection-oriented Connectionless

Reliability Reliable (ensures delivery) Unreliable

Speed Slower due to error checking Faster

Data Order Maintains order No order guarantee

Use Case Email, file transfer Video streaming, gaming

Overhead High Low

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e) Explain with Neat Sketch Working of Router and Switch.

Answer:

A router connects different networks (like home LAN to the internet). It checks IP addresses
and sends data to the correct path. It works on the Network Layer.

A switch connects devices inside the same network. It uses MAC addresses to send data to
the correct device. It works on the Data Link Layer.

Working:

• Router: Receives data, checks IP address, selects best route, forwards data.

• Switch: Receives data, checks MAC address, sends to correct device only.

Fig. Router and Switch

Both are important: routers handle internet traffic, switches manage internal traffic.

f) Explain Working of Following Topologies.

Answer:

1. Bus Topology:

o All devices connected to a single cable.

o Data travels in both directions.

o Cheap but failure in cable affects the whole network.

2. Star Topology:

o All devices connected to a central switch/hub.

o Easy to manage, but if hub fails, network fails.

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 3. Ring Topology:

o Devices connected in a circular way.

o Data passes in one direction.

o Fast but hard to troubleshoot.

4. Mesh Topology:

o Every device is connected to every other device.

o Very reliable but costly and complex.

Each topology has its own advantages based on use-case, cost, and reliability.