Statistics

1. The mode is:

a) a central tendency indicator which divides the range variation in two parts equal to n/2;
b) the most common type of mean used in practice;
c*) a position indicator equal with the value of studied variable with the highest frequency;
d) an indicator of the variation;
e) an indicator of asymmetry

2. The median is:

a*) an indicators of position which allows us to split an ascending or descending ordered dataset in a two equal parts
b) the most common type of mean used in practice;
c) a position indicator equal with the value of studied variable with the highest frequency;
d) an indicator of the variation;
e) an indicator of asymmetry.

3. Mathematical forrmula for the mode is

∆1
a) 𝑀𝑜 = 𝐿𝑖 − 𝑘
∆1 +∆2

∆1
b) 𝑀𝑜 = 𝐿𝑖 + 𝑘
∆1 −∆2

∆1
c) 𝑀𝑜 = 𝐿𝑖 +
∆1 +∆2

∆2
d) 𝑀𝑜 = 𝐿𝑖 + 𝑘
∆1 +∆2

∆1
e*) 𝑀𝑜 = 𝐿𝑖 + 𝑘
∆1 +∆2

4. Mathematical forrmula for the median is

∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑘
a) 𝑀𝑒 = 𝐿𝑖 − ( − 𝑆𝑓)
2 𝐹𝑀𝐸

∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑘
b) 𝑀𝑒 = 𝐿𝑖 + ( − 𝑆𝑓)
𝑛 𝐹𝑀𝐸

∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑘
c) 𝑀𝑒 = 𝐿𝑖 + ( + 𝑆𝑓)
2 𝐹𝑀𝐸

∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑘
d*) 𝑀𝑒 = 𝐿𝑖 + ( − 𝑆𝑓)
2 𝐹𝑀𝐸

∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑛
e) 𝑀𝑒 = 𝐿𝑖 + ( − 𝑆𝑓)
2 𝐹𝑀𝐸

5. Which formulas can be used for calculus of weighted arithmetic mean?

∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑓
a) 𝑥̅ = 𝑖
𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖
∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑓
b*) 𝑥̅ = ∑𝑛
𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖
∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑓
c) 𝑥̅ = 𝑖
𝑛
𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖
d) 𝑥̅ = ∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖
∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖
e) 𝑥̅ = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖

6. The average deviation from mean is given by (unweighted case)

∑𝑛 |𝑥 + 𝑥̅ |
a) 𝑑̅ = 𝑖=1 𝑖
𝑛
 𝑛
∑ |𝑥 − 𝑥̅ |
b*) 𝑑̅ = 𝑖=1 𝑖
𝑛
𝑛
∑ |𝑥 − 𝑥̅ |
c) 𝑑̅ = 𝑖=1 𝑖
𝑛−1
∑𝑛
𝑖=1|𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ |
2
d) 𝑑̅ =
𝑛
∑𝑛
𝑖=1|𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ |
e) 𝑑̅ =
𝑛−2

7. Calculate and choose the corect value for average deviation from mean using the data provided in the following table:

Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Turnover 7 8 11 9 10 9 12 14 13 9 9 8
( xi )
-mil lei-

a) 2,20
b) 9,00
c) 1,83
d*) 1,64
e) 1,38

8. Using the following dataset,

Companies A B C D E
Turnover -mil. 240 262 279 300 320
lei-

calculate the adequate mean and the median and choose the right answer.
a*) mean = 280.2; median = 279;
b) mean = 279; median cannot be calculated;
c) mean = 279; median = 262;
d) mean cannot be calculated; median = 262;
e) mean and median cannot be calculated;

9. Calculate and choose the answer which contains the right results for the mean and the mode for the following statistics
series:
Month 1 1 3 4 5
No. of workers 100 140 110 150 160

a) mean = 132; the mode = 160

b) mean = 110; the mode cannot be calculated
c*) mean = 132; the mode cannot be calculated
d) mean = 134.01; the mode = 110
e) the mean and the mode cannot be calculated

10. Using the following dataset:

Productivity 100-300 300-500 500-700 700-900 900-1100

–thousand lei-
No. of workers 5 18 24 20 9
calculate the median and the mode and choose the right answer.
a*) the median = 625; the mode = 620;
b) the median = 600; the mode = 1100;
c) the median = 700; the mode = 1100;
d) the median = 500; the mode cannot be calculated;
e) the median and the mode cannot be calculated;

11. The variance (weighted case) is given by:

∑𝑛 2
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ ) 𝑓𝑖
a*) 𝜎 2 = ∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖
 ∑𝑛 3
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ ) 𝑓𝑖
b) 𝜎 2 = ∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖

∑𝑛 2
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 +𝑥̅ ) 𝑓𝑖
c) 𝜎 2 = ∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖

∑𝑛 2
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ ) 𝑓𝑖
d) 𝜎 2 =
𝑛

∑𝑛
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ )
2
e) 𝜎 2 = ∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖

12. Standard deviation (unweighted case) has the formula:

∑𝑛
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 +𝑥̅ )
2
a) 𝜎 = √
𝑛

∑𝑛
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ )
b) 𝜎 = √
𝑛

∑𝑛
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ )
2
c) 𝜎 = √
𝑛−2

∑𝑛
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ )
2
d*) 𝜎 = √
𝑛

∑𝑛
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ )
3
e) 𝜎 = √
𝑛

13. The coefficient of variation is given by

𝜎2
a) 𝑣 = ∙ 100
𝑥̅
𝜎
b*) 𝑣 = ∙ 100
𝑥̅

𝜎
c) 𝑣 = ∙ 𝑛
𝑥̅
𝜎
d) 𝑣 = ∙ 10
𝑥̅

𝑥̅
e) 𝑣 = ∙ 100
𝜎
̅

14. Calculate the variation coefficient of a simple distribution series which contains data about the monthly value of
production of all the companies which produce polyethylene foils from Romania, knowing the following:
- the average = 310 mil. lei;
- the mode = 300 mil. lei;
- Pearson asymmetry coefficient = 0.20:
a*) 16,13%;
b) 50,00%;
c) 20,00%;
d) -17,00%;
e) 10,00%;

15. For a distribution series were determined: the value of variation coefficient 10%; the value of variance 529. Determine
which of the following answers is correct:
a) 𝑥̅ = 2300 - the average is not significant
b*) 𝑥̅ = 230 - the average is significant
c) 𝑥̅ = 52.9 - the average is significant
d) 𝑥̅ = 539 - the average is significant
e) 𝑥̅ = 539 - the average is not significant

16. If kas∈(0, 0.3], (Pearson skewness coefficient) then the distribution series presents:
a) left moderate asymmetry;
b) left extreme asymmetry;
c) right extreme asymmetry;
d*) right moderate asymmetry.
e) we can say nothing about asymmetry

17. Choose which from the following distribution series characterized through the following indicators presents a left
asymmetry:
a*) 𝑥̅ = 2850 ; Me=3150; Mo=3300;
b) 𝑥̅ = 30.2 ; Me=30.2; Mo=30.2;
c) 𝑥̅ = 171.25 ; Me=158.75; Mo=132.58;
d) 𝑥̅ = 180 ; Me=175; Mo=170;
e) 𝑥̅ = 0 ; Me=0; Mo=0;

18. Pearson skewness coefficient is given by:

𝑥̅ −𝑀𝑜
a) 𝑘𝑠𝑘 =
𝑛

𝑥̅ −𝑀𝑒
b) 𝑘𝑠𝑘 =
𝜎

𝑥̅ −𝑀𝑜
c) 𝑘𝑠𝑘 =
𝜎2

𝑥̅ −𝑀𝑜
d*) 𝑘𝑠𝑘 =
𝜎

𝑥̅ +𝑀𝑜
e) 𝑘𝑠𝑘 =
𝜎

19. The centered moment of order k is given by:

∑𝑛 𝑘
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ ) 𝑓𝑖
a*) 𝜇𝑘 = ∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖
𝑛
∑𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 +𝑥̅ )𝑘 𝑓𝑖
b) 𝜇𝑘 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖
∑𝑛
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ )
𝑘
c) 𝜇𝑘 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖
∑𝑛 𝑘
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ ) 𝑓𝑖
d) 𝜇𝑘 =
𝑛−1
∑𝑛 𝑘
𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ ) 𝑓𝑖
e) 𝜇𝑘 =
𝑘

20. The Fisher skewness coefficient is given by

𝜇
a*) 𝛾1 = 3
√𝜇23
𝜇2
b) 𝛾1 =
√𝜇23
𝜇3
c) 𝛾1 =
√𝜇2
𝜇4
d) 𝛾1 =
√𝜇23

√𝜇3
e) 𝛾1 =
√𝜇23

𝜇4
21. The following coefficient 𝛽2 = is used for statistical analysis of:
(𝜇2 )2
a*) kurtosis
b) asymmetry
c) degree of flattening or elongation of a frequency distribution shape
d) average position indicators
e) central tendency
22. Choose the correct answer (𝛽2 𝑘𝑢𝑟𝑡𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑠):

a) 𝛽2 < 3 leptokurtic distribution

b) 𝛽2 > 3 platikurtic distribution

c) 𝛽2 < 4 platikurtic distribution

d) 𝛽2 > 1 leptokurtic distribution

e*) 𝛽2 = 3 mezokurtic distribution

23. Choose the correct answers:

a*) 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

b) 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐵)

c) 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)

d) 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) ∙ 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)

e*) 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) ∙ 𝑃(𝐵), if A, B are independente events

24. Choose the correct answers:

a) 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1

b) 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 0.5

c) −1 < 𝑃(𝐴) < 1

d*) 0 ≤ 𝑃(𝐴) ≤ 1
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
e*) 𝑃(𝐴|𝐵) =
𝑃(𝐵)

𝑥𝑖
25. For a discrete random variable 𝑋 = (𝑝 ), i=1...n, ∑ 𝑝𝑖 = 1, the mean m is given by:
𝑖

a*) 𝑚 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑝𝑖
𝑥𝑖 𝑝𝑖
b) 𝑚 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1
𝑛

c) 𝑚 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖2 𝑝𝑖

d) 𝑚 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖2 −𝑛)𝑝𝑖

e) 𝑚 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖2
𝑥𝑖
26. For a discrete random variable 𝑋 = (𝑝 ), i=1...n, ∑ 𝑝𝑖 = 1, the variance 𝜎 2 is given by:
𝑖

a*) 𝜎 2 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑚)𝑝𝑖

𝑥𝑖 𝑝𝑖 −𝑚
b) 𝜎 2 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1
𝑛

c) 𝜎 2 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖2 𝑝𝑖

d) 𝜎 2 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖2 −𝑛)𝑝𝑖

e*) 𝜎 2 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑚)2 𝑝𝑖

27. For a continue random variable 𝑋 with the probability density function f(x), the mean m is
+∞ 𝑥𝑓(𝑥)
a) 𝑚 = ∫−∞ 𝑑𝑥
𝑛
 +∞
b*) 𝑚 = ∫−∞ 𝑥𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
+∞
c) 𝑚 = ∫−∞ 𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
+∞
d) 𝑚 = ∫−∞ 𝑥𝑓 2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
+∞
e) 𝑚 = ∫−∞ 𝑛𝑥𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

28. For a continue random variable 𝑋 with the probability density function f(x), the variance 𝜎 2 is given by:
+∞
a) 𝜎 2 = ∫−∞ 𝑥𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
+∞
b*) 𝜎 2 = ∫−∞ (𝑥 − 𝑚)2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
+∞
c) 𝜎 2 = ∫−∞ 𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
+∞
d) 𝜎 2 = ∫−∞ (𝑥 − 𝑚2 )𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
+∞
e) 𝜎 2 = ∫−∞ 𝑥𝑓 2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1 2 3 4 5 6
29. For a discrete random variable 𝑋 = ( ), we have
1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6

a) m=4.5, 𝜎 2 =2.916

b) m=3.5, 𝜎 2 =2.816

c*) m=3.5, 𝜎 2 =2.916

d) m=2.5, 𝜎 2 =2.716

e) m=3.5, 𝜎 2 =3.916

30. The normal probability density function (𝜎 2 = 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝜇 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛), N(𝜇, 𝜎 2 ) is given by

1 (𝑥−𝜇 2
1 − ( )
a*) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝜎 ∙𝑒 2 𝜎
√2𝜋

1 (𝑥−𝜇 2
1 ( )
b) ) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝜎 √2𝜋
∙𝑒 2 𝜎

1 (𝑥−𝜎 2
1 − ( )
c) ) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝜎 ∙𝑒 2 𝜇
√2𝜋

1 (𝑥−𝜇 2
1 − ( )
d) ) 𝑓(𝑥) = ∙𝑒 2 𝜎
√2𝜋

1 (𝑥−𝜇 2
1 − ( )
e) ) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝜋 ∙𝑒 2 𝜎
√2𝜎

31. The standard normal distribution has

a) 𝜇 = 1, 𝜎 2 = 0

b*) 𝜇 = 0, 𝜎 2 = 1

c) 𝜇 = 0, 𝜎 = −1

d) 𝜇 = 1, 𝜎 2 = 1

e) 𝜇 = 0, 𝜎 2 = 0
32. For estimated parameter 𝜇, in the case of 𝜎 2 known and X normal distributed (or 𝑛 ≥ 30) the
𝑋̅𝑠 −𝜇
used distribution is 𝜎/√𝑛
~𝑁(0,1) and the confidence interval is given by

𝜎 𝜎
a*) 𝜇 ∈ [𝑥̅𝑠 − 𝑧 , 𝑥̅𝑠 + 𝑧 ]
√𝑛 √𝑛

𝜎 𝜎
b) 𝜇 ∈ [𝑥̅𝑠 + 𝑧 , 𝑥̅𝑠 − 𝑧 ]
√𝑛 √𝑛

𝜎2 𝜎2
c) 𝜇 ∈ [𝑥̅𝑠 − 𝑧 , 𝑥̅𝑠 + 𝑧 ]
√𝑛 √𝑛

𝜎 𝜎
d) 𝜇 ∈ [𝑥̅𝑠 − 𝑧 , 𝑥̅𝑠 + 𝑧 ]
√𝑛−2 √𝑛−2

𝜎 𝜎
e) 𝜇 ∈ [𝑥̅𝑠 − 𝑧 𝑛 , 𝑥̅𝑠 + 𝑧 𝑛 ]

33. For estimated parameter 𝜇, in the case of 𝜎 2 unknown and X normal distributed the used
𝑋̅𝑠 −𝜇
distribution is 𝑆𝑛−1 /√𝑛
~𝑡𝑛−1 (student distribution) and the confidence interval is given by

𝜎𝑠𝑛−1 𝜎𝑠𝑛−1
a*) 𝜇 ∈ [𝑥̅𝑠 − 𝑡 , 𝑥̅𝑠 + 𝑡 ]
√𝑛 √𝑛

𝜎𝑠𝑛−1 𝜎𝑠𝑛−1
b) 𝜇 ∈ [𝑥̅𝑠 − 𝑧 , 𝑥̅𝑠 + 𝑧 ]
√𝑛 √𝑛

𝜎𝑠𝑛−1 𝜎𝑠𝑛−1
c) 𝜇 ∈ [𝑥̅𝑠 − 𝑡 , 𝑥̅𝑠 + 𝑡 ]
√𝑛−1 √𝑛−1

𝜎𝑠𝑛−1 𝜎𝑠𝑛−1
d) 𝜇 ∈ [𝑥̅𝑠 − 𝑧 , 𝑥̅𝑠 + 𝑧 ]
√𝑛−1 √𝑛−1

𝜎𝑠𝑛−1 𝜎𝑠𝑛−1
e) 𝜇 ∈ [𝑥̅𝑠 − 𝑡 𝑛
, 𝑥̅𝑠 + 𝑡 𝑛
]

34. For estimated parameter 𝜇, in the case of 𝜎 2 unknown and 𝑛 ≥ 100 the used distribution is
𝑋̅𝑠 −𝜇
𝑆𝑛−1 /√𝑛
~𝑁(0,1) (normal distribution) and the confidence interval is given by

𝜎𝑠𝑛−1 𝜎𝑠𝑛−1
a*) 𝜇 ∈ [𝑥̅𝑠 − 𝑧 , 𝑥̅𝑠 + 𝑧 ]
√𝑛 √𝑛

𝜎𝑠𝑛−1 𝜎𝑠𝑛−1
b) 𝜇 ∈ [𝑥̅𝑠 − 𝑧 , 𝑥̅𝑠 + 𝑧 ]
√𝑛−1 √𝑛−1

𝜎𝑠𝑛−1 𝜎𝑠𝑛−1
c) 𝜇 ∈ [𝑥̅𝑠 + 𝑧 , 𝑥̅𝑠 − 𝑧 ]
√𝑛 √𝑛

𝜎𝑠𝑛−1 𝜎𝑠𝑛−1
d) 𝜇 ∈ [𝑥̅𝑠 − 𝑧 , 𝑥̅𝑠 + 𝑧 ]
𝑛 𝑛

𝜎𝑠𝑛−1 𝜎𝑠𝑛−1
e) 𝜇 ∈ [𝑥̅𝑠 − 𝑧 𝑛2
, 𝑥̅𝑠 + 𝑧 𝑛2
]

35. For estimated parameter 𝑝, in the case of 𝑛 ≥ 30, 𝑛𝑝 ≥ 5, 𝑛𝑞 ≥ 5 the used distribution is
𝑃𝑠 −𝑝
𝑝𝑞/
~𝑁(0,1) (normal distribution) and the confidence interval is given by
√ √𝑛

√𝑝𝑠 (1−𝑝𝑠 ) √𝑝𝑠 (1−𝑝𝑠 )

a*) 𝑝 ∈ [𝑝𝑠 − 𝑧 , 𝑝𝑠 + 𝑧 ]
√𝑛 √𝑛

√𝑝𝑠 (1−𝑝𝑠 ) √𝑝𝑠 (1−𝑝𝑠 )

b) 𝑝 ∈ [𝑝𝑠 + 𝑧 , 𝑝𝑠 − 𝑧 ]
√𝑛 √𝑛
 √𝑝𝑠 (1−𝑝𝑠 ) √𝑝𝑠 (1−𝑝𝑠 )
c) 𝑝 ∈ [𝑝𝑠 − 𝑧 , 𝑝𝑠 + 𝑧 ]
√𝑛−1 √𝑛−1

√𝑝𝑠 (1−𝑝𝑠 ) √𝑝𝑠 (1−𝑝𝑠 )

d) 𝑝 ∈ [𝑝𝑠 − 𝑧 𝑛
, 𝑝𝑠 + 𝑧 𝑛
]

√𝑝𝑠 (1−𝑝𝑠 ) √𝑝𝑠 (1−𝑝𝑠 )

e) 𝑝 ∈ [𝑝𝑠 − 𝑧 2𝑛
, 𝑝𝑠 + 𝑧 2𝑛
]