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? Modeling and Simulation of Dynamic Systems

The document provides an overview of modeling and simulation of dynamic systems, detailing the definitions, purposes, and types of models used in various fields such as mechanical, electrical, thermal, and hydraulic systems. It outlines the basic steps in system simulation, the importance of tools like MATLAB and Simulink, and introduces bond graph modeling for multi-domain systems. Additionally, it discusses the concepts of linearity and different modeling approaches, emphasizing the significance of simulations in understanding and optimizing complex systems.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
8 views

? Modeling and Simulation of Dynamic Systems

The document provides an overview of modeling and simulation of dynamic systems, detailing the definitions, purposes, and types of models used in various fields such as mechanical, electrical, thermal, and hydraulic systems. It outlines the basic steps in system simulation, the importance of tools like MATLAB and Simulink, and introduces bond graph modeling for multi-domain systems. Additionally, it discusses the concepts of linearity and different modeling approaches, emphasizing the significance of simulations in understanding and optimizing complex systems.

Uploaded by

fuzailmohd018
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Modeling and Simulation of Dynamic Systems – Notes

Index

1. Introduction to Modeling and Simulation


1.1 Modeling
1.2 Simulation
1.3 Need for Simulation
1.4 Systems and Classification
1.5 System Approach
1.6 Basic Steps in System Simulation
1.7 MATLAB & SIMULINK Overview
Important Terms
Real-Life Example: Spring-Mass-Damper System

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO MODELING AND SIMULATION

1.1 Modeling

Definition:

Modeling is the process of creating a simplified representation of a real-world system. This can
include using:

• Mathematical equations

• Block diagrams

• Computer simulations

The main goal is to understand, predict, and analyze the behavior of a system under various
conditions.

Purpose of Modeling:

• To study systems that are too complex, dangerous, or costly to test in real life.

• To understand how a system behaves before building it.

• To improve designs and make better decisions.


Types of Models:

Model Type Description Example

Wind tunnel models of


Physical Models Real, scaled-down versions of systems
airplanes

Mathematical
Equations describing system behavior F=maF = ma
Models

Graphical Models Diagrammatic models using software Simulink block diagrams

Computer models to study time-based


Simulation Models Simulated car crash scenarios
behavior

Why Use Modeling?

• Prediction: Helps forecast how a system will behave.

• Cost & Time Saving: Avoids expensive and time-consuming real-world tests.

• Risk Reduction: Enables safe testing of hazardous situations (e.g., aircraft crash, nuclear
systems).

• Design Support: Aids in optimizing and improving system performance.

1.2 Simulation

Definition:

Simulation is the act of executing a model to observe how the system behaves over time under
different conditions. Usually performed using computers and simulation tools.

Examples:

• Simulating an aircraft in turbulence.

• Observing temperature changes in an engine.

• Predicting stock market fluctuations.


Simulation Tools:

Tool Use

MATLAB Performs numerical computations and programming

Simulink Provides block-diagram simulation of systems

LabVIEW Offers graphical programming for real-time systems

1.3 Need for Simulation

Simulation is crucial when:

• Real experiments are unsafe (e.g., nuclear tests).

• Systems are slow, making real-time testing impractical.

• Testing is costly (e.g., aerospace vehicles).

• We want to check "what-if" scenarios (e.g., failure or disturbance cases).

It allows:

• Virtual tuning and adjustments.

• Testing different control strategies.

• Observing system behavior without real-world damage.

1.4 Systems and Classification

What is a System?

A system is a combination of elements or components that work together to achieve a common


goal. It accepts inputs and produces outputs.

Types of Systems:

Classification Types Description

Linear systems follow superposition and scaling; non-


Linearity Linear / Non-linear
linear do not.
Classification Types Description

Static: output doesn't depend on time. Dynamic:


Time Dependency Static / Dynamic
output depends on time.

Parameter Lumped / Lumped: parameters are concentrated. Distributed:


Distribution Distributed parameters spread out (like heat in a rod).

Time-invariant / Time-invariant: behavior doesn't change over time.


Time Variation
Time-variant Time-variant: behavior changes with time.

1.5 System Approach

The system approach helps solve engineering problems methodically.

Steps in System Approach:

1. Define boundaries – What is part of the system and what isn’t?

2. Identify inputs and outputs – What goes in? What do we get out?

3. Model mathematically – Use equations or diagrams.

4. Simulate the system – Run the model using tools like MATLAB.

5. Analyze – Study the results for improvements or faults.

1.6 Basic Steps in System Simulation

Here’s the typical process to simulate a system:

1. Problem Formulation – Clearly state what you are analyzing.

2. Mathematical Modeling – Write the governing equations.

3. Model Validation – Check if the model behaves like the real system.

4. Simulation & Result Analysis – Run the model and study results.

5. Interpretation & Refinement – Use findings to improve the system.

Flowchart:

Problem → Modeling → Simulation → Analysis → Decision


1.7 MATLAB & Simulink Overview

MATLAB:

• High-level programming language used for numerical computation, visualization, and


programming.

Simulink:

• An add-on to MATLAB used for modeling, simulating, and analyzing dynamic systems
using a block diagram approach.

Advantages of MATLAB & Simulink:

• Supports both continuous and discrete time systems.

• Offers ready-made libraries for different systems – mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, etc.

• Highly useful in:

o Automotive systems (e.g., ABS brakes)

o Aerospace control

o Robotics and automation

Important Terms

Term Description

State A variable that describes the system’s current condition

Dynamic System A system where output depends on past and current inputs

Input The stimulus applied to the system

Output The response produced by the system

Time Constant Indicates how fast a system responds to input

Steady State Final value reached after all changes settle down
Real-Life Example: Spring-Mass-Damper System

Physical Description:

• A mass is attached to a spring and a damper.

• When displaced and released, it oscillates and eventually settles.

Mathematical Model:

md2xdt2+cdxdt+kx=F(t)m\frac{d^2x}{dt^2} + c\frac{dx}{dt} + kx = F(t)

Where:

• m = mass

• c = damping coefficient

• k = spring constant

• F(t) = external force

• x = displacement

Simulink Representation:

• Use integrators to compute velocity and displacement.

• Use gain blocks for mass, damping, and stiffness.

• Use sum blocks to calculate net force.


UNIT 2: PHYSICAL SYSTEM MODELING

Physical system modeling is about representing the physical components of mechanical,


electrical, thermal, and hydraulic systems using mathematical relationships. These models help
simulate and analyze the real-world performance of systems without physically building them
first.

2.1 Mechanical System Modeling

Definition:

Mechanical systems involve masses, springs, and dampers. These systems follow Newton’s Laws
of Motion, especially the second law which says:

F=m⋅aF = m \cdot a

Where:

• FF = Force applied

• mm = Mass

• aa = Acceleration

Mechanical Elements:

1. Mass (Inertia)

o Resists acceleration.

o Energy storing element (kinetic energy).

o Force relation:

F=m⋅d2xdt2F = m \cdot \frac{d^2x}{dt^2}

(where xx is displacement)

2. Spring (Elasticity)

o Stores potential energy when stretched or compressed.

o Obeys Hooke’s Law:

F=kxF = kx
(where kk is spring constant, xx is displacement)

3. Damper (Viscous Damping)

o Dissipates energy via friction or resistance.

o Force relation:

F=c⋅dxdtF = c \cdot \frac{dx}{dt}

(where cc is damping coefficient)

Rotational Analogues:

Translational Rotational

Force (F) Torque (T)

Mass (m) Moment of Inertia (J)

Displacement (x) Angular Displacement (θ)

Velocity (v) Angular Velocity (ω)

Acceleration (a) Angular Acceleration (α)

Rotational Forms:

• Torque due to inertia: T=J⋅αT = J \cdot \alpha

• Torque from damping: T=B⋅ωT = B \cdot \omega

• Torque from stiffness: T=K⋅θT = K \cdot \theta

Example: Spring-Mass-Damper System

md2xdt2+cdxdt+kx=F(t)m\frac{d^2x}{dt^2} + c\frac{dx}{dt} + kx = F(t)

This is a second-order differential equation describing how the system responds to an external
force over time.

2.2 Electrical System Modeling


Basic Idea:

Electrical systems can be modeled using Kirchhoff’s Laws and component relationships (Ohm’s
Law, etc.).

Basic Electrical Elements:

1. Resistor (R):

o Relation: V=IRV = IR

o Dissipates energy as heat

2. Inductor (L):

o Relation: V=L⋅didtV = L \cdot \frac{di}{dt}

o Stores energy as magnetic field

3. Capacitor (C):

o Relation: I=C⋅dVdtI = C \cdot \frac{dV}{dt}

o Stores energy as electric field

Kirchhoff’s Laws:

• KVL (Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law):


Sum of voltages in a closed loop = 0

• KCL (Kirchhoff’s Current Law):


Sum of currents at a node = 0

Example: RLC Circuit

If we apply a voltage V(t)V(t) to a resistor (R), inductor (L), and capacitor (C) in series, the total
voltage drop is:

V(t)=VR+VL+VC=IR+LdIdt+1C∫I dtV(t) = V_R + V_L + V_C = IR + L\frac{dI}{dt} + \frac{1}{C} \int I \,


dt

This equation is similar to the spring-mass-damper system in mechanical systems.


2.3 Force-Voltage and Force-Current Analogies

1. Force-Voltage (Impedance) Analogy

Mechanical Electrical

Force (F) Voltage (V)

Velocity (v) Current (I)

Mass (m) Inductance (L)

Damper (c) Resistance (R)

Spring (k) Reciprocal of Capacitance (1/C)

2. Force-Current (Mobility) Analogy

Mechanical Electrical

Force (F) Current (I)

Velocity (v) Voltage (V)

Mass (m) Capacitance (C)

Damper (c) Reciprocal of Resistance (1/R)

Spring (k) Reciprocal of Inductance (1/L)

These analogies help convert mechanical models into electrical circuits for easier simulation
using tools like Simulink.

2.4 Thermal System Modeling

Thermal systems involve heat transfer, and we use analogies with electrical systems to model
them. The most common modeling method uses concepts of thermal resistance and thermal
capacitance.

Key Concepts:
1. Heat Flow (Q):

o Rate of heat energy transferred per unit time (Watts).

o Analogous to electrical current (I).

2. Temperature (T):

o Measures thermal potential (Celsius or Kelvin).

o Analogous to voltage (V) in electrical circuits.

Thermal Resistance (Rᵗ):

Represents opposition to heat flow.

Rθ=T1−T2QR^\theta = \frac{T_1 - T_2}{Q}

Where:

• T1,T2T_1, T_2 = Temperatures at two ends

• QQ = Heat flow

• Unit: °C/W or K/W

High resistance means poor conductivity (like wood).


Low resistance means good conductivity (like metal).

Thermal Capacitance (Cᵗ):

Represents the ability of a body to store heat.

Q=Cθ⋅ΔT⇒Cθ=QΔTQ = C^\theta \cdot \Delta T \quad \Rightarrow \quad C^\theta =


\frac{Q}{\Delta T}

Where:

• CθC^\theta = Thermal capacitance

• QQ = Heat added

• ΔT\Delta T = Temperature change

• Unit: J/°C or J/K


Analogy Table (Thermal ↔ Electrical)

Thermal Electrical

Temperature (T) Voltage (V)

Heat Flow (Q) Current (I)

Thermal Resistance (Rᵗ) Electrical Resistance (R)

Thermal Capacitance (Cᵗ) Electrical Capacitance (C)

Example:

A heater warms a metal plate. The plate's temperature increases gradually because of its
thermal capacitance, and the heat loss to air depends on the thermal resistance of the surface-
air layer.

2.5 Hydraulic System Modeling

Hydraulic systems involve the flow of liquids (usually incompressible). Modeling these systems
requires concepts of pressure, flow rate, and hydraulic resistance.

Key Concepts:

• Pressure (P):
Force per unit area (N/m² or Pascals).
Analogous to Voltage (V).

• Flow Rate (Q):


Volume of fluid per time (m³/s).
Analogous to Current (I).

Hydraulic Elements:
Hydraulic Electrical

Pressure (P) Voltage (V)

Flow Rate (Q) Current (I)

Hydraulic Resistance (R) Electrical Resistance (R)

Hydraulic Capacitance (C) Electrical Capacitance (C)

Hydraulic Inertance (I) Electrical Inductance (L)

Hydraulic Resistance:

• Caused by valves, pipes, or orifices.

• Governs how much fluid passes under a pressure difference.

R=ΔPQR = \frac{\Delta P}{Q}

Where:

• ΔP\Delta P = Pressure drop

• QQ = Flow rate

Hydraulic Capacitance:

• Related to compressibility of fluid or flexibility of container.

C=QΔPC = \frac{Q}{\Delta P}

Where:

• QQ = Volume stored

• ΔP\Delta P = Pressure change

Hydraulic Inertance:

• Related to the mass of the fluid.

• Represents resistance to changes in flow.


Example:

In a water supply pipe, water flow depends on valve opening (resistance), pipe wall flexibility
(capacitance), and mass of moving water (inertance).

2.6 Bond Graph Modeling (Introduction)

Bond Graphs are a unified modeling technique that represents energy flow across different
domains—mechanical, electrical, thermal, hydraulic, etc.

They show how power is transferred between system components.

Purpose:

• Useful when modeling multi-domain systems like electro-mechanical devices.

• Represent energy interactions clearly and systematically.

Basic Elements in Bond Graphs:

Element Meaning Analogy

R Resistance (dissipates energy) Damper, Resistor

C Capacitance (stores energy) Spring, Capacitor

I Inertance (stores momentum) Mass, Inductor

Se Source of Effort Voltage Source, Force Source

Sf Source of Flow Current Source, Velocity Source

0-Junction Common Effort, Different Flows Series connection

1-Junction Common Flow, Different Efforts Parallel connection

Effort and Flow Variables:


Domain Effort Flow

Mechanical T Force (F) Velocity (v)

Rotational Torque (T) Angular velocity (ω)

Electrical Voltage (V) Current (I)

Thermal Temperature (T) Heat flow (Q)

Hydraulic Pressure (P) Flow rate (Q)

Advantages of Bond Graphs:

• Work across domains

• Clearly show power transfer

• Help in building system equations automatically


UNIT 3: SYSTEM MODELING AND LINEARITY

This unit focuses on different ways of building system models (based on knowledge or data) and
explains how to differentiate between linear and nonlinear systems.

3.1 System Modeling Overview

Modeling is the foundation for simulation and analysis. Depending on what we know about the
system, we choose different modeling approaches:

Types of Modeling Approaches

Approach Description Example

Modeling a DC motor using


White- Also called physical modeling. Based on known
electrical and mechanical
box physical laws (like Newton’s or Kirchhoff’s laws).
equations

Based purely on input-output data, with no Using system identification to


Black-box knowledge of internal structure. Often used create a model from measured
when the system is too complex. data

Knowing part of a process and


A combination of both. Uses some known
Grey-box estimating remaining parameters
structure and fits unknown parts using data.
from experiments

3.2 Linearity in Systems

A system is linear if it obeys two mathematical rules:

1. Superposition:

The response to multiple inputs is the sum of individual responses.

x1→y1,x2→y2⇒x1+x2→y1+y2x_1 \rightarrow y_1, \quad x_2 \rightarrow y_2 \Rightarrow x_1


+ x_2 \rightarrow y_1 + y_2

2. Homogeneity (Scaling):

If the input is scaled, the output scales by the same factor.


kx→kykx \rightarrow ky

If both are satisfied, the system is linear.

Mathematical Representation:

For a linear system:

a1⋅x1+a2⋅x2→a1⋅y1+a2⋅y2a_1 \cdot x_1 + a_2 \cdot x_2 \rightarrow a_1 \cdot y_1 + a_2 \cdot
y_2

Examples of Linear Systems:

• Electrical: RLC circuits (with constant parameters)

• Mechanical: Spring-mass-damper system with no frictional nonlinearity

• Control systems with linear feedback laws

Advantages of Linear Systems:

• Easier to analyze using mathematical tools (like Laplace Transform)

• Can use powerful techniques like transfer functions, frequency response, and stability
analysis

3.3 Nonlinear Systems

A nonlinear system does not obey superposition or homogeneity.

Features of Nonlinear Systems:

• Output is not proportional to input.

• May involve:

o Squared or cubic terms


o Exponential or trigonometric functions

o Saturation or switching behavior

• Often solved using numerical methods or simulations

Examples of Nonlinearities:

Type Example

Saturation Output cannot go beyond a certain max value

Dead zone No response for small inputs

Friction Coulomb or stiction types

Backlash Play in gears

Switching ON/OFF systems like thermostats

Real Examples:

• A pendulum has a nonlinear motion due to the sine function in torque.

• An electrical circuit with a diode has nonlinear voltage-current behavior.

Challenges with Nonlinear Systems:

• No general solution methods.

• Often use:

o Numerical solvers

o Simulink simulation

o Linearization near a point of operation

3.4 Hydro-Mechanical System Modeling

Hydro-mechanical systems combine:


• Mechanical components (e.g., pistons, masses)

• Hydraulic elements (e.g., fluid pressure, flow)

Basic Elements Involved:

• Piston-cylinder system: Converts fluid pressure into mechanical force.

• Hydraulic actuator: Applies force to move a mechanical load.

• Valves: Control flow and pressure.

Modeling Approach:

• Apply Newton’s laws for mechanical parts

• Use continuity and momentum equations for fluid

• Use analogies or bond graphs to combine both systems

Example:

A hydraulic actuator pushes a load. The input is fluid pressure; the output is load displacement.
Resistance from the valve and compressibility of fluid act like damping and stiffness.

3.5 Electro-Mechanical Systems

These are systems where electrical and mechanical parts interact.

Examples:

• DC Motor

• Stepper motor

• Generator

• Solenoids
DC Motor Modeling Example

Electrical Equation (Armature Circuit):

V=L⋅didt+R⋅i+Kb⋅ωV = L \cdot \frac{di}{dt} + R \cdot i + K_b \cdot \omega

Where:

• VV = Input voltage

• LL = Armature inductance

• RR = Resistance

• ii = Armature current

• KbK_b = Back emf constant

• ω\omega = Angular velocity

Mechanical Equation (Rotor Dynamics):

T=J⋅dωdt+B⋅ωT = J \cdot \frac{d\omega}{dt} + B \cdot \omega

Where:

• TT = Torque from motor

• JJ = Moment of inertia

• BB = Viscous damping coefficient

Torque Generation:

T=Kt⋅iT = K_t \cdot i

Where KtK_t is the motor torque constant.

Steps in Modeling:

1. Write differential equations for both electrical and mechanical parts.

2. Link torque and current, and voltage and speed.

3. Derive a transfer function from input (voltage) to output (speed or position).


UNIT 4: TRANSFER FUNCTION AND SYSTEM RESPONSE

This unit explains how to mathematically represent dynamic systems using transfer functions,
and how to analyze their time-domain behavior.

4.1 Transfer Function (TF)

Definition:

A transfer function represents the relationship between the input and output of a linear time-
invariant (LTI) system in the Laplace domain, assuming zero initial conditions.

TF=Y(s)U(s)TF = \frac{Y(s)}{U(s)}

Where:

• Y(s)Y(s) = Laplace transform of the output

• U(s)U(s) = Laplace transform of the input

Purpose of Transfer Function:

• Helps analyze stability, response, and control design.

• Converts differential equations into algebraic equations.

• Allows use of tools like Bode plots, root locus, and Nyquist plots.

4.2 Laplace Transform

Definition:

The Laplace transform is a mathematical operation that transforms a function of time f(t)f(t)
into a function of a complex variable ss, making it easier to solve differential equations.

L{f(t)}=F(s)=∫0∞f(t)e−stdt\mathcal{L}\{f(t)\} = F(s) = \int_0^{\infty} f(t)e^{-st}dt

Useful Properties of Laplace Transform:


Operation Laplace Transform

f(t)f(t) F(s)F(s)

dfdt\frac{df}{dt} sF(s)sF(s)

∫f(t)dt\int f(t)dt F(s)s\frac{F(s)}{s}

Time Shift e−asF(s)e^{-as}F(s)

Use of Laplace Transform:

• Converts differential equations into simpler algebraic equations.

• Allows easy calculation of transfer functions.

• Used in control systems and signal processing.

4.3 Standard Time Response Parameters

These parameters describe how a system behaves when subjected to a unit step input.

Parameters:

Parameter Description

Delay Time (td) Time taken to start responding significantly

Rise Time (tr) Time to rise from 10% to 90% of final value

Peak Time (tp) Time to reach first maximum peak

Maximum Overshoot (Mp) Amount by which the response exceeds final value

Settling Time (ts) Time for output to stay within 2% or 5% of final value

Why These Matter:

• Help evaluate speed, accuracy, and stability of systems.


• Used in controller tuning.

4.4 First-Order Systems

General Equation:

τdy(t)dt+y(t)=Ku(t)\tau \frac{dy(t)}{dt} + y(t) = Ku(t)

Where:

• τ\tau = time constant

• KK = system gain

• u(t)u(t) = input

Transfer Function:

Y(s)U(s)=Kτs+1\frac{Y(s)}{U(s)} = \frac{K}{\tau s + 1}

Step Response:

y(t)=K(1−e−t/τ)y(t) = K \left(1 - e^{-t/\tau}\right)

Key Characteristics:

• Time constant (τ): Time it takes to reach ~63.2% of final value.

• Faster systems have smaller τ.

• No overshoot or oscillation.

4.5 Second-Order Systems

Standard Form:

Y(s)U(s)=ωn2s2+2ζωns+ωn2\frac{Y(s)}{U(s)} = \frac{\omega_n^2}{s^2 + 2\zeta \omega_n s +


\omega_n^2}

Where:
• ωn\omega_n = natural frequency

• ζ\zeta = damping ratio

Types of Responses:

Case Condition Behavior

Underdamped 0<ζ<10 < \zeta < 1 Oscillatory, with overshoot

Critically Damped ζ=1\zeta = 1 Fastest response without overshoot

Overdamped ζ>1\zeta > 1 No oscillation, slower than critical

Undamped ζ=0\zeta = 0 Continuous oscillation

Unstable ζ<0\zeta < 0 Response grows over time

Underdamped System Response:

y(t)=1−11−ζ2e−ζωntsin⁡(ωdt+ϕ)y(t) = 1 - \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - \zeta^2}} e^{-\zeta \omega_n t}


\sin(\omega_d t + \phi)

Where:

• ωd=ωn1−ζ2\omega_d = \omega_n \sqrt{1 - \zeta^2} = damped natural frequency


UNIT 5: SIMULINK AND SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION

This unit introduces Simulink, a block-diagram-based tool in MATLAB for modeling, simulating,
and analyzing dynamic systems. It also explains System Identification, the process of developing
models using experimental data.

5.1 Introduction to Simulink

What is Simulink?

Simulink is a graphical modeling tool used to simulate and analyze dynamic systems. It allows
users to build block diagrams instead of writing complex code.

Features of Simulink:

• Drag-and-drop blocks for system components.

• Supports continuous, discrete, and hybrid systems.

• Real-time simulation for hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing.

• Integration with MATLAB scripts, functions, and toolboxes.

• Used for control systems, signal processing, power systems, and more.

Commonly Used Blocks:

Block Type Example

Sources Step, Sine Wave, Constant

Sinks Scope, Display, Outport

Math Operations Sum, Product, Gain

Continuous Integrator, Derivative

Discrete Unit Delay, Zero-Order Hold


Block Type Example

Logic Switch, Relational Operator

5.2 Common Simulink Models

Below are examples of dynamic systems modeled in Simulink:

1. Spring-Mass-Damper System

• Represents mechanical vibrations.

• Equation:

mx¨+cx˙+kx=F(t)m \ddot{x} + c \dot{x} + kx = F(t)

• Simulink components:

o Integrator blocks for velocity and displacement

o Gain blocks for mm, cc, and kk

o Sum blocks for force computation

2. Pendulum Model

• A nonlinear mechanical system.

• Equation:

θ′′+glsin⁡(θ)=0\theta'' + \frac{g}{l} \sin(\theta) = 0

• Nonlinearity introduced using trigonometric blocks.

• Use feedback loops to simulate motion.

3. DC Motor

• A coupled electrical + mechanical system.

• Electrical equation:
V=L⋅didt+Ri+KbωV = L \cdot \frac{di}{dt} + Ri + K_b \omega

• Mechanical equation:

T=J⋅dωdt+BωT = J \cdot \frac{d\omega}{dt} + B \omega

• Simulink block diagram combines:

o Current generation

o Torque production

o Angular motion response

5.3 System Identification

Definition:

System Identification is the process of building a mathematical model of a system using input-
output data rather than physical laws.

Why Use It?

• When the physical model is too complex or unknown.

• To update existing models based on real system behavior.

• To detect faults, optimize controllers, or monitor performance.

Steps in System Identification:

1. Collect input-output data from the system.

2. Choose a model structure (e.g., ARX, state-space).

3. Estimate parameters using optimization techniques.

4. Validate model by comparing simulated and actual outputs.

5. Use the model for control design, prediction, etc.

5.4 Identification Techniques


There are two main categories of methods:

1. Parametric Methods

• Assume a specific model structure.

• Common models:

o ARX (Auto-Regressive with eXogenous input)

o ARMAX, OE, Box-Jenkins

• Parameters are estimated using techniques like:

o Least Squares

o Maximum Likelihood

2. Non-Parametric Methods

• No specific model form assumed.

• Directly estimate system behavior using:

o Impulse response

o Step response

o Frequency response

MATLAB System Identification Toolbox

• Offers tools for both parametric and non-parametric modeling.

• Provides interactive GUI for:

o Data import

o Model fitting

o Model validation

o Frequency analysis
Summary of Unit 5:

Topic Key Idea

Simulink Drag-and-drop modeling and simulation of dynamic systems

Spring-Mass-
Mechanical vibration system using integrators and gains
Damper

Pendulum Nonlinear motion modeled using feedback and trigonometric blocks

Electro-mechanical modeling using both electrical and mechanical


DC Motor
equations

System
Build models from experimental data using ARX, OE, etc.
Identification

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