TABLE OF CONTENT

SL. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS
1 UNIT 1: COMMUNICATION SKILLS-II 1
2 UNIT 2:SELF MANAGEMENT SKILLS-II 8
3. UNIT 3: ICT SKILLS-II 18
4. UNIT 4: ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS-II 28
5. UNIT 5: GREEN SKILLS-II 34
SUBJECT SPECIFIC SKILLS
6. UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 44
1. INTELLIGENCE 44
2. DECISION MAKING 48
3. WHAT IS A.I AND WHAT IS NOT A.I 50
4. INTRODUCTION TO A.I,M.L,D.L 57
5. INTRODUCTION TO A.I DOMAINS 62
6. APPLICATION OF A.I 67
7. A.I ETHICS 73
7. UNIT 2: AI PROJECT CYCLE 78
1. PROBLEM SCOPING 79
2. DATA ACQUISITION 86
3. DATA EXPLORATION 93
4. MODELLING 98
5. INTRODUCTION TO A.N.N 104
6. EVALUATION 113
UNIT 6: NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING 117
UNIT 7: EVALUATION 131
 EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS
UNIT 1: COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Definition of Communication: Communication is the process of conveying information,
thoughts, ideas, or feelings from one person or group to another. It involves the exchange of
messages through various mediums, allowing individuals to share and understand each
other's thoughts and emotions.
Importance of Communication:
1. Understanding and Being Understood:
2. Problem-Solving:
3. Education
4. Workplace Success:
5. Social Interaction:
6. Information Sharing:
7. Cultural and Social Development:

Types of Communication: Communication can take various forms, depending on the

medium used and the mode of expression. The main types of communication include:
1. Verbal Communication: This type of communication involves the use of spoken or
written words. It encompasses face-to-face conversations, phone calls, speeches,
lectures, and written documents such as letters, emails, and reports.
2. Non-Verbal Communication: Non-verbal communication includes conveying
messages without words. It involves body language, facial expressions, gestures, and
tone of voice. Non-verbal cues can often convey emotions and attitudes more
effectively than words alone.
3. Visual Communication: Visual communication utilizes images, graphics, and visual
elements to convey information. It includes elements like charts, graphs, videos,
photographs, and symbols.
Communication cycle

Elements of Communication
Sender : The sender is the individual, group, or entity who initiates the communication
process.
Message: The message is the information, idea, or content that the sender wants to convey.

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Channel: The channel is the medium through which the message is transmitted from the
sender to the receiver.
Receiver: The receiver is the person, group, or entity to whom the message is directed.
Feedback: Feedback is the response or reaction provided by the receiver to the sender.

Advantage & Disadvantages of Verbal, non-verbal & visual communication

Aspect Verbal Communication Non-Verbal Visual
Communication Communication
Advantages - Direct and immediate - Conveys emotions and - Easily conveys
attitudes complex data
- Effective for complex ideas - Universal (cross- - Enhances message
cultural) retention
- Allows for real-time - Often more credible - Appeals to visual
feedback learners
- Precision and clarity - Non-verbal cues - Engages a broader
reinforce words audience
- Well-suited for in-depth - Can be used when - Simplifies complex
discussions words fail information
Disadvantages - Potential for - Subject to - Misleading without
misinterpretation misinterpretation context
- Limited for conveying - Limited for conveying - May not
emotions precise details accommodate all
types of information
- Limited use for audiences Cultural differences
affect interpretation
with hearing impairments - Lack of verbal content - Inaccessibility for
may lead to ambiguity some audiences
- May not convey non-literal Lack of verbal content
meaning (sarcasm, irony) may result in a lack of
depth
Barriers in communication
1. Language Barriers: Differences in language or dialects can lead to
misunderstandings..
2. Cultural Barriers: Variations in cultural norms, values, and customs can impact
communication.
3. Physical Barriers: Physical obstacles, such as distance, noise, or environmental
conditions, can make it difficult to hear or convey messages effectively.
4. Psychological Barriers: These barriers are related to the mindset or emotions of the
communicators.
5. Perception Barriers: People perceive and interpret information differently based on
their individual experiences and perspectives.
6. Semantic Barriers: Misunderstandings may arise from differences in the meaning of
words, phrases, or symbols.
7. Organizational Barriers: These barriers include communication protocols,
hierarchy, and red tape within organizations.

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 8. Social Barriers: These barriers stem from societal norms and expectations.
9. Interpersonal Barriers: Poor listening skills, lack of empathy, and ineffective
feedback can disrupt communication between individuals.
Parts of Speech
1. Noun: Nouns are words that represent people, places, things, or ideas. They can be
concrete (e.g., book, dog) or abstract (e.g., happiness, love).
2. Pronoun: Pronouns are words that replace nouns to avoid repetition. Common
pronouns include "he," "she," "it," "they," "we," and "you."
3. Verb: Verbs are action words that describe an action (e.g., run, eat), a state of being
(e.g., is, am), or an occurrence (e.g., happen, become).
4. Adjective: Adjectives modify or describe nouns and pronouns. They provide more
information about the noun they modify, such as its color (e.g., red car), size (e.g.,
small cat), or quality (e.g., delicious food).
5. Adverb: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. They provide
information about how, when, where, or to what degree an action or description takes
place. Examples include "quickly," "very," "often," and "here."
6. Preposition: Prepositions indicate the relationship between other words in a sentence.
They typically show location (e.g., in, on, under), direction (e.g., to, from, through),
and time (e.g., before, after, during).
7. Conjunction: Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses within a sentence.
Common conjunctions include "and," "but," "or," "because," "if," and "although."
8. Interjection: Interjections are short, exclamatory words or phrases that express strong
emotions or reactions.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION [1 MARKS ]

1. What is the primary goal of effective communication?
A. To impress others
B. To convey your message clearly and be understood
C. To use complex vocabulary
D. To dominate the conversation
Answer: B. To convey your message clearly and be understood
2. Active listening involves:
A. Speaking loudly B. Providing feedback
C. Ignoring the speaker D. Interrupting frequently
Answer: B. Providing feedback
3. Cultural barriers in communication can be mitigated by:
A. Ignoring cultural differences
B. Increasing awareness of different cultures
C. Avoiding communication with people from other cultures
D. Using only verbal communication
Answer: B. Increasing awareness of different cultures

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4. Which of the following is not a psychological barrier to communication?
A. Fear B. Prejudice C. Shouting D. Anxiety
Answer: C. Shouting
5. Which part of speech describes a person, place, thing, or idea?
A. Verb B. Noun C. Adjective D. Pronoun
Answer: B. Noun
6. What is the function of an adjective in a sentence?
A. Modify nouns or pronouns B. Connect words or phrases
C. Show the action of a sentence D. Indicate time or place
Answer: A. Modify nouns or pronouns
7. What part of speech is the word "quickly" in the sentence: "She ran quickly to catch the
bus"?
A. Noun B. Adjective C. Adverb D. Verb
Answer: C. Adverb
8. Which of the following is a key component of active listening?
A. Interrupting the speaker to ask questions
B. Providing unsolicited advice
C. Giving the speaker your full attention
D. Making assumptions about what the speaker means
Answer: C. Giving the speaker your full attention
9. Which of the following is a benefit of using positive body language in communication?
A. It can hide your true feelings and intentions B. It helps build trust and rapport
C. It makes your communication more formal D. It encourages misunderstanding
Answer: B. It helps build trust and rapport
10. Which of the following is an example of non-verbal communication?
A. Sending a text message B. Giving a speech
C. Smiling D. Writing an email
Answer: C. Smiling
ASSERTTION AND REASONING[1 MARKS]
1. Assertion (A): Effective communication skills are important in both personal and
professional life.
Reason (R): Good communication fosters better understanding, collaboration, and
relationship building.
A: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B: Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C: A is true, but R is false.
D: A is false, but R is true.
E: Both A and R are false.
Answer: A

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2. Assertion (A): Effective communication can help resolve conflicts in the workplace.
Reason (R): It allows individuals to express their concerns, listen to others, and work together
to find solutions.
A: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B: Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C: A is true, but R is false.
D: A is false, but R is true.
E: Both A and R are false.
Answer: A
3. Assertion (A): An adjective is a part of speech that modifies or describes nouns and
pronouns.
Reason (R): It provides more information about the noun or pronoun it modifies, such as its
color, size, or quality.
A: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B: Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C: A is true, but R is false.
D: A is false, but R is true.
E: Both A and R are false.
Answer: A
4. Assertion (A): Language barriers can result in misunderstandings and miscommunication.
Reason (R): People speaking different languages may struggle to understand each other.
A: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B: Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C: A is true, but R is false.
D: A is false, but R is true.
E: Both A and R are false.
Answer: A
TRUE OR FALSE [1 MARKS]
1. Effective communication involves not only speaking but also ___ and ____ the message.
Answer: receiving, understanding

2. To improve your communication skills, it's important to actively practice ___ and ____.
Answer: listening, speaking

3. Non-verbal communication, such as body language and facial expressions, can sometimes
convey more information than ___________ communication alone.
Answer: verbal

4. Avoid using overly complex language and jargon to ensure ___________ and
___________ in your writing.
Answer: clarity, precision

5. Feedback is essential for ___________ and enhancing the effectiveness of communication.

Answer: clarifying

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 SHORT ANSWER TYPES [2 MARKS]
1. What is the primary purpose of communication?
Answer: The primary purpose of communication is to convey information, ideas, thoughts,
and emotions between individuals or groups.

2. How can active listening improve communication?

Answer: Active listening involves giving your full attention to the speaker, providing
feedback, and asking questions for clarification. This not only shows respect but also
enhances understanding and encourages open dialogue.

3. What is the "you-attitude" in communication, and why is it important?

Answer: The "you-attitude" in communication involves focusing on the needs and interests
of the audience. It is important because it makes communication more audience-centered,
increasing the likelihood of the message being well-received and understood.

4. Name one barrier to effective communication and suggest a way to overcome it.
Answer: One barrier is cultural differences. To overcome this, individuals should increase
their awareness of different cultures, practice cultural sensitivity, and adapt their
communication style to be more inclusive.

5. What are the key parts of speech, and how do they function in sentences?
Answer: The key parts of speech are nouns (represent people, places, things, or ideas),
pronouns (replace nouns), verbs (describe actions or states), adjectives (modify nouns),
adverbs (modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs), prepositions (indicate relationships),
conjunctions (connect words or phrases), and interjections (express emotions). They function
to structure and clarify the meaning of sentences.

LONG ANSWER TYPE [4 MARKS]

1. Explain the importance of active listening in effective communication. Provide examples
of how active listening can improve personal and professional relationships.
Answer: Active listening is crucial in effective communication as it demonstrates respect and
attentiveness to the speaker. By actively listening, individuals can understand others'
perspectives, reduce misunderstandings, and build stronger relationships. For example, in a
professional setting, a manager who actively listens to employee concerns fosters trust and
collaboration, resulting in increased job satisfaction and productivity. In personal
relationships, active listening promotes empathy and helps resolve conflicts more effectively,
leading to healthier connections.
2. Identify and discuss three common barriers to effective communication. How can
individuals or organizations overcome these barriers to enhance communication?
Answer: Three common barriers to effective communication are language barriers,
emotional barriers, and physical barriers. Language barriers arise from differences in
language or jargon. Overcoming these involves using simpler language, providing

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translations, or learning the other party's language. Emotional barriers include emotions like
anger, fear, or stress that hinder clear communication. Addressing these barriers requires
emotional intelligence, active listening, and empathy. Physical barriers, such as noise or
distance, can disrupt communication. Strategies like choosing a quiet location or using
technology can help overcome these physical barriers to communication.
3. Effective communication often involves tailoring your message to your audience. Discuss
the concept of audience awareness in communication and how it influences the choice of
language, tone, and content in different contexts. Provide real-life examples to illustrate this.
Answer: Audience awareness is a fundamental aspect of effective communication. It
involves considering the characteristics and preferences of the audience to tailor the message
appropriately. This influences the choice of language, tone, and content in various contexts.
For instance, using technical jargon in a medical diagnosis explanation may hinder a patient's
understanding, necessitating simpler language. Similarly, the tone varies from formal in
business communications to friendly in social settings. Real-life examples, such as political
speeches, classroom instruction, marketing campaigns, and news reporting, underscore the
importance of audience awareness in conveying messages that resonate and are well-
received.

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 UNIT 2: SELF MANAGEMENET SKILLS II
Self-management skills refer to a set of abilities that allow individuals to effectively control
their thoughts, behaviours, and emotions. These skills are crucial for achieving personal and
professional goals, maintaining well-being, and adapting to various life challenges.
Domains of Self-Management Skills

SELF
MANAGEMENT

STRESS SELF SELF SELF

MANAGEMENT AWARENESS MOTIVATION REGULATION

TIME
GOAL SETTING
MANAGEMENT

1. Stress Management:
What is stress: Stress is the way our body and mind respond and prepare to handle
demanding or difficult situations in our lives.
Management techniques:
This involves the ability to recognize, cope with, and reduce stress effectively. Stress
management techniques includes:
Have a Healthy Diet
Exercise Your Body
Rest and Sleep
Meditation
Go to vacations and holidays
take walks in nature
Spend time in hobbies
understand and manage emotions
work independently
2. Self-Awareness: Self-awareness is the foundation of self-management. It involves
recognizing one's own strengths, weaknesses, values, and emotions. Self-aware individuals
are better equipped to control their behaviours and reactions.
Self-Awareness
find your strengths
find your weaknesses
find opportunities around you
find threats and triggers that are a hindrance

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3. Self-Motivation:
Self-motivation refers to the ability to motivate oneself to work toward goals and persist in
the face of obstacles. It involves setting goals, staying focused, and maintaining enthusiasm
and determination. Self-Motivation techniques includes:

find and list your motives (needs and desires);

find different sources of motivation and inspiration (music, books, activities);
think expansive thoughts;
live fully in the present moment;
dear to have big dreams;

SELF MOTIVATION

INTERNAL / INTRINSIC EXTERNAL / EXTRINSIC

Intrinsic/Internal Motivation: Intrinsic motivation occurs when a person is

motivated by internal factors such as personal interest, enjoyment, or a sense of
purpose. People who are intrinsically motivated find satisfaction and fulfilment in the
task itself, rather than relying on external rewards.
Extrinsic/External Motivation: Extrinsic motivation comes from external rewards or
consequences, such as praise, money, grades, or recognition. While external
motivation can be effective in the short term, it may not be as sustainable as intrinsic
motivation.
4. Self - regulation:
Self-regulation is a critical aspect of self-management and refers to the ability to control and
manage one's own thoughts, emotions, behaviours, and impulses in various situations.
Goal setting: It is the process of defining clear and achievable objectives. Setting
SMART goals is a common approach to effective goal setting.

SPECIFIC: MEASURABLE: ACHIEVABLE: RELEVANT: TIME-BOUND:

Goals should
Goals should be include
measurable Goals should Goals should Goals should
precise and
criteria for tracking
clearly defined progress and
be realistic be relevant to have a specific
determining when and your overall timeframe or
the goal has been attainable. objectives and deadline for
achieved aligned with completion.
your values.

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 Time Management: Time management is about efficiently allocating time to tasks
and activities. It includes prioritization, planning, and organization to maximize
productivity and meet deadlines.
Steps for Effective time managements:
Organize: This step involves gathering and structuring all your tasks and
responsibilities. Create a comprehensive list of what needs to be done.
Use tools like to-do lists, digital calendars, or task management apps to organize your tasks
and commitments.
Prioritize: Once you have your tasks organized, prioritize them based on their
importance and urgency. Focus on tackling high-priority and high-impact tasks first to
ensure you're working on what matters most.
Control: This step involves taking control of your schedule and your work
environment. Implement time management strategies like time blocking or setting
boundaries to maintain control over your time. Establish routines and habits that
support your productivity and reduce distractions.
Track: Tracking is essential for monitoring your progress and making adjustments as
needed. Regularly review your to-do list, calendar, or task management system to stay
on top of your tasks.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS [1 MARKS]
1. In which of the following situations are you LEAST likely to experience stress?
(a) Approaching exams while feeling unprepared
(b) Concerns about your appearance and clothing
(c) Worrying about your ability to speak in public
(d) Overcoming fear through self-confidence
ANS: (d) Overcoming fear through self-confidence

2. Binod is a talented student but recently faces disappointment in her performance. To

manage stress, what actions should he consider?
(a) Engaging in physical exercise (b) Practicing meditation
(c) Taking regular breaks (d) All of the above
Ans: (d) All of the above

3. "Instead of getting upset about a low test score, try to maintain a positive attitude and focus
on improving next time." This is an example of:
(a) Positivity (b) Effective time management
(c) The importance of sleep (d) maintaining a healthy diet
Ans: (a) Positivity

4. When faced with a high-stress situation, what is the most effective stress management
strategy?
a. Ignoring the stress and pushing through b. Seeking support and talking about your feelings
c. Avoiding the situation causing stress d. Taking on additional tasks to distract yourself

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Ans: (b) Seeking support and talking about your feelings

5. Which of the following best describes self-motivation?

a. Relying on external rewards and recognition to stay motivated
b. Setting goals that are too easy to achieve
c. Finding the inner drive and determination to achieve personal and professional goals
d. Depending on others to provide constant motivation
Ans: (c) Finding the inner drive and determination to achieve personal and professional goals.

6. What does self-awareness primarily involve?

a. Being overly critical of oneself
b. Having a deep understanding of one's strengths and weaknesses
c. Ignoring personal emotions and thoughts
d. Focusing solely on external feedback
Ans: (b) Having a deep understanding of one's strengths and weaknesses

7. Which of the following is a characteristic of effective goal setting?

a. Setting vague and unmeasurable goals
b. Ignoring deadlines and time frames
c. Creating goals that are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound
(SMART)
d. Avoiding any goals altogether to reduce stress
Ans: (c) Creating goals that are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound
(SMART)

8. Which of the following is a key aspect of effective time management?

a. Constantly multitasking to complete tasks faster
b. Setting unrealistic and unattainable goals
c. Prioritizing tasks and allocating time wisely
d. Ignoring deadlines and working on tasks spontaneously
Ans: (c) Prioritizing tasks and allocating time wisely

9. Which of the following is an example of internal motivation?

a. Completing a project because your boss promised a bonus.
b. Pursuing a hobby you are passionate about.
c. Studying for an exam because your parents expect it.
d. Exercising regularly to win a fitness
Ans: (b) Pursuing a hobby you are passionate about

10. What characterizes external motivation?

a. Motivation driven by personal interests and passions.
b. Motivation originating from within an individual.
c. Motivation influenced by external factors such as rewards, punishments, or deadlines.
d. Motivation exclusively based on intrinsic values.
Ans: (c) Motivation influenced by external factors such as rewards, punishments, or deadlines

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 FILL IN THE BLANKS [1 MARKS]
1. Effective _______________ involves the ability to prioritize tasks and allocate time wisely
to achieve goals.
Answer: Time management

2. _______________ is the practice of setting clear and well-defined objectives to guide your
actions and measure your progress.
Answer: Goal setting

3. To maintain high levels of _______________, it's essential to set challenging goals that
align with your personal values and interests.
Answer: Self-motivation

4. _______________ involves recognizing and controlling your emotions, even in

challenging situations.
Answer: Self-regulation

5. Setting specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals is a key
aspect of effective _______________.
Answer: Goal setting

ASSERTION & REASONING [1 MARKS]

1. Assertion: Engaging in regular physical exercise is an effective stress management
strategy.
Reason: Exercise releases endorphins, which are natural mood lifters, and reduces the
levels of stress hormones in the body.
a. Both the assertion and reason are correct, and the reason supports the assertion.
b. Both the assertion and reason are correct, but the reason does not support the assertion.
c. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
d. Both the assertion and reason are incorrect.
Ans: a. Both the assertion and reason are correct, and the reason supports the assertion.

2. Assertion: Self-motivation is essential for achieving long-term personal and professional

goals.
Reason: External rewards and recognition are more effective motivators than internal
motivation.
a. Both the assertion and reason are correct, and the reason supports the assertion.
b. Both the assertion and reason are correct, but the reason does not support the assertion.
c. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
d. Both the assertion and reason are incorrect.
Ans: c. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

3. Assertion: Self-awareness involves understanding one's strengths and weaknesses.

Reason: Self-awareness is primarily focused on recognizing external factors that influence
behavior.
a. Both the assertion and reason are correct, and the reason supports the assertion.

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b. Both the assertion and reason are correct, but the reason does not support the assertion.
c. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
d. Both the assertion and reason are incorrect.
Ans: a. Both the assertion and reason are correct, and the reason supports the assertion

4. Assertion: Specific and measurable goals are more effective than vague goals.
Reason: Specific and measurable goals provide clear direction and enable progress
tracking.
a. Both the assertion and reason are correct, and the reason supports the assertion.
b. Both the assertion and reason are correct, but the reason does not support the assertion.
c. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
d. Both the assertion and reason are incorrect.
Ans: a. Both the assertion and reason are correct, and the reason supports the assertion.

5. Assertion: Effective time management involves prioritizing tasks and allocating time
wisely.
Reason: Multitasking is an essential skill for managing time effectively.
a. Both the assertion and reason are correct, and the reason supports the assertion.
b. Both the assertion and reason are correct, but the reason does not support the assertion.
c. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
d. Both the assertion and reason are incorrect.
Ans: c. The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

STATE TRUE OR FALSE [1 MARKS]

1. Getting a good night's sleep is beneficial for managing stress.

Answer: True
2. Negative stress can lead to both mental and physical health problems.
Answer: True
3. Self-awareness helps individuals identify their weaknesses.
Answer: True
4. Strength is considered a negative trait.
Answer: False
5. External self-awareness helps individuals understand how others perceive them.
Answer: True
SHORT ANSWER TYPE [1 MARKS]

1. What are the key components of self-management skills, and why are they important in
personal and professional life?
Answer: Self-management skills encompass time management, stress management, and goal
setting. These skills are essential because they help individuals stay organized, reduce stress,
and work toward achieving their objectives efficiently.

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2. Name three effective stress management techniques, and briefly explain how each one can
help reduce stress.
Answer: Three effective stress management techniques are deep breathing exercises,
meditation, and regular physical exercise. Deep breathing and meditation promote relaxation
and reduce the body's stress response, while exercise releases endorphins, improving mood
and reducing stress hormones.

3. How does self-regulation contribute to emotional intelligence, and how can it be practiced
in daily life?

Answer: Self-regulation is a component of emotional intelligence that involves recognizing

and managing one's own emotions. It can be practiced by pausing before reacting to
emotions, using techniques like deep breathing to calm down, and addressing negative
emotions in a healthy way.

4. What are the five components of SMART goals, and why is each one important for
effective goal setting?
Answer: SMART goals are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound.
Specificity provides clarity, measurability enables tracking progress, and achievability
ensures goals are realistic, relevance aligns goals with values, and time-boundless creates a
sense of urgency and accountability.

5. How is Self-Awareness helpful in enhancing your ability to work independently?

Answer:
It helps you:

productivity.

professional life.

CASE BASED QUESTION [2 MARKS]

Case Scenario:
1. John is a project manager at a software development company. He's responsible for leading
a team of 10 software engineers on a critical project with a tight deadline. However, John has
been struggling with self-management skills lately. He often feels overwhelmed by the
workload, struggles to prioritize tasks effectively, and finds it challenging to maintain a
work-life balance. This has led to increased stress and decreased productivity.
Question:

A. What self-management skills does John need to develop or improve in this situation to
better handle his responsibilities as a project manager? Provide specific examples of each
skill.

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Answer: John needs to improve time management, prioritization, and stress management
skills. For instance, he can use techniques like setting clear priorities, creating a schedule, and
practicing relaxation exercises.

B. How can John go about improving these self-management skills? What strategies or
techniques can he use to overcome his challenges and reduce stress while maintaining
productivity and work-life balance?

Answer: John can improve these skills by using time management tools, setting SMART
goals, delegating tasks, and seeking support from a mentor or coach. He should also establish
boundaries for work and personal life

2. Emma is a high school student preparing for her final exams. She is enrolled in advanced
courses, participates in extracurricular activities, and has family responsibilities at home.
Lately, she has been struggling to balance her academic commitments, extracurricular
activities, and family responsibilities. This has led to increased stress and a feeling of being
overwhelmed. Emma's grades are slipping, and she's finding it hard to concentrate on her
studies.

Questions:
A. What specific self-management skills does Emma need to develop or improve to better
handle her academic workload, extracurricular activities, and family responsibilities as a high
school student? Provide examples of each skill.
Answer:
1. Time Management: Emma should improve her ability to schedule study time,
extracurricular activities, and family commitments efficiently.
2. Prioritization: She needs to prioritize tasks based on importance and deadlines, focusing
on essential academic responsibilities.
3. Stress Management: Developing techniques like deep breathing or meditation to manage
stress and stay calm under pressure is essential.
4. Goal Setting: Setting clear academic and personal goals, such as achieving specific grades
or balancing time, is crucial.

B. What strategies and techniques can Emma employ to enhance her self-management skills
and reduce the feelings of overwhelm and stress while maintaining her academic and
extracurricular commitments?
Answer: Improvement Strategies for Emma:
a. Time-Blocking: Emma can create a daily or weekly schedule that allocates specific time
blocks for studying, extracurricular activities, and family responsibilities.
b. Utilize Resources: Emma should make use of resources such as academic advisors, tutors,
and counseling services to help her manage stress and academic difficulties.
c. Learn to Say No: Emma should be selective about her extracurricular commitments and
learn to say no when she's overloaded.
d. Seek Support: Emma can talk to her teachers and parents about her challenges and seek
their guidance and support in finding a balance.

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e. Self-Care: Emma should prioritize self-care by ensuring she gets enough sleep, eats
healthily, and engages in physical activity to maintain her well-being.

LONG ANSWER TYPE [4 MARKS]

1. Explain a situation where you encountered high levels of stress. Discuss the specific stress
management techniques you applied to cope with the situation and the outcomes of your
efforts.
Answer: In a recent work project, the pressure was incredibly high due to tight deadlines and
increased responsibilities. To manage stress, I first recognized my stressors and
acknowledged my emotional reactions. Then, I practiced deep breathing exercises and
meditation during short breaks. I also delegated tasks when possible and sought support from
colleagues. These strategies helped me maintain focus and productivity while reducing stress
levels.

2. Describe the significance of self-regulation skills in maintaining healthy interpersonal

relationships. Provide examples of how self-regulation can improve communication, conflict
resolution, and collaboration with others.
Answer: Self-regulation skills are essential for maintaining positive relationships. For
instance, during a team project, conflicts arose due to differing opinions. By using self-
regulation, I controlled my emotions, listened actively to others, and communicated calmly.
This helped de-escalate the situation and led to a collaborative resolution, highlighting the
significance of self-regulation in teamwork.

3. Explain the concept of SMART goals and provide a personal or professional example of a
SMART goal you have set in the past. Describe how you ensured that the goal met each
aspect of SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound) and the
outcomes you achieved as a result of pursuing that goal.

Answer: SMART goals are a structured way to set and achieve objectives effectively. Each
letter in SMART represents a critical aspect of goal setting:

S (Specific): A specific goal is clear and well-defined. It answers the questions: What,
Why, and How.
M (Measurable): A measurable goal allows you to track your progress.
A (Achievable): An achievable goal is realistic and attainable. It should challenge you
but also be within your capabilities.
R (Relevant): A relevant goal is meaningful and aligned with your interests or needs.
It should matter to you.
T (Time-bound): A time-bound goal has a specific timeframe for completion. It
creates a sense of urgency and helps you stay on track.

4. Write any four steps for effective time management skills.

Answer: A. Organize: Organizing your workspace and daily tasks is essential for efficient
time management. A clutter-free environment reduces the time wasted searching for
misplaced items, allowing you to focus on your work.

16
B. Prioritize: Prioritization is a critical aspect of time management. Not all tasks are equally
important, so ranking them by importance and urgency helps you allocate your time and
energy wisely.
C. Control: Taking control of your time means managing it intentionally and avoiding time-
wasting activities. It's about being proactive rather than reactive in how you use your time.
D. Track: Tracking your time expenditure helps you identify patterns and areas where you
can make improvements. It provides valuable insights into how you're utilizing your time.

17
 UNIT 3: ICT SKILLS-II
Session 1: Basic Computer Operations
Introduction
ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology. ICT means a variety of
technological applications in the process and communication of information. ICT deals with
all those tools and concepts that are related to storing, recording and sending digital
information.
Computer Hardware and Software
A computer system consists of two main parts the hardware and the software. The physical
parts that we can see and touch are called hardware. It is the machinery of a computer. These
are the keyboard, monitor, CPU, etc.
There is another important part i.e., the software. Though we cannot see it, it makes the
Hardware works the way we want.eg Microsoft Word, Paint, Photoshop etc.
Operating System: Operating System is a system software. It basically manages all the
resources of the computer. An operating system acts as an interface between the software and
different parts of the computer or the computer hardware. The operating system is designed in
such a way that it can manage the overall resources and operations of the computer. There are
various types of operating system, these are:
i. Single user, Single Tasking: An operating system that allows a single user to perform
only one task at a time is called a Single-User Single-Tasking Operating System.eg
DOS (Disk Operating System)
ii. Single User, Multitasking: An operating system that allows a single user to perform
more than one task at a time is called Single-User Multitasking Operating System. e.g.
Microsoft Windows
iii. Multi-user: -A multi user operating system allows multiple users to work at a time. e.g.,
UNIX, LINUX OS.
Other Types of Operating System:
Real Time Operating System: Real-Time OS: Such operating systems are used to control the
activities which need to be done precisely at a given specific time. For example, launching a
satellite in the designated orbit at a precise time interval or an aircraft control system. E.g
VxWorks, FreeRTOS, Integrity, Ecos, Cocoon etc
i. Distributed Operating System: This OS manages multiple computers over a network
and manages users and resources on them. E.g Windows Server, Linux Server, Ubuntu.
Mobile operating Systems
i. Android: Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the
Linux kernel and other open-source software, designed primarily for touchscreen
mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.
ii. Symbian: Symbian was a mobile operating system designed for smartphones. It was
produced by the software development company Symbian Ltd.
iii. Windows Phone: Windows Phone (WP) is a discontinued family of mobile operating
systems developed by Microsoft for smartphones.
iv. iOS: iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc.

18
Following are some of the important functions of an operating System.
i. Memory Management
ii. Processor Management
iii. Device Management
iv. File Management
v. Security
vi. Control over system performance
vii. Job accounting
viii. Error detecting aids
ix. Coordination between other software and users

Session 2: Performing Basic File Operations

Files: A File is defined as a set of related data or information that is being stored in secondary
storage. Each file is given a file name, which is useful to identify it. Every file name has:-
a. Primary name which is the first name of a file given by the user.
b. Secondary name which is the extension of the file like .docx', '.jpg', etc. It is given by
the program (where it is created). Primary and secondary names are separated by a dot
(.)

File extensions of some commonly used files are given below

Folder: It is used to contain many other folders and files. We can have any number of folders.
A folder within a folder is called a sub-folder.

19
Creating a File or Folder
i. Open the Computer window.
ii. Open the location/drive (or folder) where you want to create a file or folder.
iii. Right-click on the blank area, the context menu appears.
iv. Select the New option. A submenu appears.
v. Click on the File or Folder option. A new folder is created and appears.
vi. Type a name for the file or folder and press the Enter key.
vii. This way, various types of files can be created like MS Excel, MS Word or Notepad etc
Opening a File or Folder

Open the location in the computer window (where the file or folder is located).
i. Place the mouse pointer on the required file/folder and double-click on it. It will be
opened and you can view its contents.
Renaming a File or Folder
i. Select the file or folder that has to be renamed.
ii. Right-click on it, and a context menu appears.
iii. Select the Rename option.
iv. Type the new name and press Enter. (You can also use F2 function key to rename
files or folders)
Deleting a File or Folder
i. Select the file or folder that has to be deleted.
ii. Right-click on the required file/folder and select the Delete option.

Restoring the Deleted File or Folder

i. Open the Recycle Bin window (by double-clicking on the Recycle Bin icon on the
Desktop). It displays the list of deleted files and folders.

20
 ii. Select the file or folder that has to be restored.
iii. Click on the Restore this item button on the toolbar.
iv. The selected file or folder moves back to the place from where it was deleted.
Copying and Moving a File or Folder
i. Open the Computer window and select the file/folder that has to be copied or moved.
ii. Click Organize list box on the toolbar and select Copy/Cut (to move) option.
Or
Right-click on the file or folder and select the Copy or Cut (to move) option
iii. Select the destination (drive/folder) from the left/navigation pane.
iv. Click on the Organize list box on the toolbar and select the Paste option.
Or
A Right-click on the blank space and select the Paste option in the context menu.

Session 3: Importance of care and maintenance of computer

Computer is an electronic device so it needs maintenance for its effective functioning. The
data stored on the computer are very useful so it becomes very important for us to maintain
our computer system up-to-date. Some of the maintenance activities are
i. Keep the components of the computer, like keyboard, mouse, monitor, etc. dust free.
ii. Replace hardware that is not functioning properly.
iii. Keep food and drinks away from the computer.
iv. Cables and cords should not be messed up.
v. Removing unauthorized software from the computer.
vi. Take regular backup of the data.
vii. Ensure backups are working properly by periodically restoring or checking data.
viii. Run anti-virus periodically.
ix. Keep anti-virus software up to date.
x. Do not overcharge the batteries.
xi. Always shut down the computer properly.
Session 4: Computer Security and Privacy
Computer Virus: A computer virus is a kind of malicious computer program, which when
executed, replicates itself and inserts its own code. When the replication is done, this code
infects the other files and program present on your system. Different types of computer Viruses
i. Boot Sector Virus It is a type of virus that infects the boot sector of floppy disks or
the Master Boot Record (MBR) of hard disks.
ii. File Virus: This type of virus infects the system by appending itself to the end of a file.
It changes the start of a program so that the control jumps to its code.
iii. Stealth Virus: It is a very tricky virus as it changes the code that can be used to detect
it. Hence, the detection of viruses becomes very difficult.
Virus Symptoms
i. Your computer is starting up slowly and/or works slower than earlier.
ii. Computer suddenly hangs or crashes so that you need to restart it abnormally.

21
 iii. Unwanted pop-ups and notifications appear which were not there earlier.
iv. Computer restarts suddenly on its own.
v. Computer shows lesser hard disk space and memory usage is too high in Task Manager
vi. Unwanted files are created.
vii. Files are not opening or crashing after opening.
viii. Programs taking too long to load and run.
Other Malware Programme
Worms: Worms is similar to virus but it does not modify the program. It replicates itself
more and more to cause slow down the computer system. Worms can be controlled by remote.
The main objective of worms to eat the system resources. E.g.: MSBLAST, ILOVEYOU
Trojan Horse: Trojan Horse is also a type of malware which uses false and fake name
for mislead users from its true intent and executing them. Trojan Horses generally install on
the system as legitimate and useful software that can give unauthorized access and control of
the system to the hackers. E.g: Zelu, Rootkit, Exploit.
Adware: Adware is software that displays unwanted (and sometimes irritating) pop-up
adverts which can appear on your computer or mobile device.

Spyware: Spyware is a type of malicious software that is installed on your computer or

mobile device without your consent, and it can gain access to your sensitive personal
information.
Preventive measures against Virus
1. Basic Internet Discipline:
a. Don't open unwanted email and their attachments if source is strange or unknown.
b. Use spam blocking or filtering tools to block unsolicited emails, instant messages and
pop-ups.
c. Avoid easy and obvious passwords and change them regularly. Keep passwords safe.
d. Always try to use strong password. Strong password uses more than 10 characters with
letters (both uppercase and lowercase), numbers, and symbols, and includes no obvious
personal information or common words.
e. Avoid downloading files and programs from untrusty websites
2. Protect Your Computer
a. Take regular backup of your important data on a separate external disk.
b. Avoid keeping sensitive data like passwords, credit card details etc. on your computer.
c. Do not let everyone to use your computer.
3. Use Anti-virus Software
a. Install and use a good anti-virus for regular scanning of your computer.
b. Keep the anti-virus updated regularly to safeguard against new viruses
Antivirus Software
Antivirus software is a program that is created to search, detect, prevent and remove viruses
from your system that can harm your system. Some popular antivirus software are given below

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 Phishing: In phishing, the attacker tries to find the sensitive information of users by
the means of electronic communication illegally. In other words, it is an illegal attempt
to obtain secure information from people or users.
A simple example of phishing is bank fraud, where hackers tried to get your bank details
through communication by acting as an employee of the bank which is a fraud manner.
Pharming
effort to enter users into the website. In order words, it misdirects users to a fake website
that appears to be official and victims give their personal information at fault.
In pharming, a fake website is created which appears to be official. Users then access the
website and a request is popped up regarding username and password and other credentials.
How to Protect Yourself from Phishing and Pharming
a. Never provide your personal information in response to an unsolicited request.
b. If you believe the contact may be legitimate, contact the financial institution yourself.
c. Never provide your password over the phone or in response to an unsolicited Internet
request.
d. Use Antivirus software and firewall.
e. Keep your software and operating system up to date.
Firewall: A firewall is a network security device that monitors incoming and outgoing network
traffic and decides whether to allow or block specific traffic based on a defined set of security
rules.

Cookies: Computer cookies are small files used by web servers to save browsing information,
allowing websites to remember your device, browser preferences, and associated online
activity. Under normal circumstances, cookies cannot transfer viruses or malware to your

way to affect how your computer runs.

23
 MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTION [1 MARKS]
1. ICT Stands for _____________.
A. Inform and Communicate technology B. Information and Communication technology
D. Inform and Communication technology D. Information and Communicate technology
Ans. b. Information and Communication technology
2. Here are the steps that take place when starting a computer. Rearrange the steps in the
correct order.
i) Desktop appears after login ii) Login screen appears
iii) Power on Self-Test (POST) starts iv)Operating system starts
v) Welcome screen appears
a) i) -> ii) -> iii) -> iv) -> v) c) iii) -> iv) -> v) -> ii) -> i)
b) ii) -> iv) -> iii) -> v) -> i) d) iii) -> v) -> iv) -> ii) -> i)
Ans. c) iii) -> iv) -> v) -> ii) -> i)
3. What is the term used when you press and hold the left mouse key and move the
mouse around?
(a) Highlighting (b) Dragging (c) Selecting (d) Moving
Ans. (b) Dragging
4. Which of the following functions is not performed using a mouse?
(a) Turn on (b) Hover (c) Right click (d) Drag and Drop
Ans. (a) Turn on
5. Which one of the following is an example of Operating System?
a) Microsoft Word b) Microsoft Windows c) Microsoft Excel d) Microsoft Access
Ans. b) Microsoft Windows
6. The most important software in any computer is the _________________.
a. Operating System b. Antivirus c. Office Package d. Photo Editing Software
Ans. Operating System
7. Which of the following is not an example of Antivirus software?
A. McAfee B. Norton C. Disk Clean-up D. Kaspersky
Ans. Disk Clean-up
8. The ________ function key is used to get help in most programs.
A. F12 B. F2 C. F3 D. F1
Ans. F1
9. Which of the following is a valid file extension for Notepad file?
(a) .jpg (b) .doc (c) .text (d) .txt
Ans. (d) .txt
10. What keys do you use to copy something?
(a)Ctrl +x (b)Ctrl +c (c) Ctrl +z (d)Ctrl +y
Ans. (b) Ctrl +c

ASSERTION-AND-REASON TYPE [ 1 MARKS]

1. Assertion: ICT skills are essential for the modern workforce.
Reasoning: In today's world, most jobs require some level of computer proficiency.
A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.

24
 B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.
C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D. The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Ans: Both true, and reasoning is correct.
2. Assertion: Learning ICT skills is only important for those pursuing a career in technology.
Reasoning: ICT skills are applicable in various fields, including healthcare, finance, and
education, to enhance productivity and efficiency.
A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.
B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.
C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D. The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Ans Both true, and reasoning is correct.
3. Assertion: A file is a common storage unit in a computer and can store various types of
data.
Reasoning: Files can store data such as documents, images, graphics, presentations,
databases, audio, and video.
A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.
B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.
C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D. The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Ans: Both true, and reasoning is correct.
4. Assertion: Subfolders are folders located inside another folder.
Reasoning: Subfolders can be considered as containers within a parent folder and are used
for further organizing files.
A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.
B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.
C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D. The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Ans: Both true, and reasoning is correct.

5. Assertion: An operating system is responsible for maintaining computer hardware.

Reasoning: The primary function of an operating system is to process and execute application
software.
A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.
B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.
C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D. The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Ans: C. The assertion is correct, but the reasoning is wrong.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION[2 MARKS]

1. What do you mean by Operating System?
Answer: An operating system acts as an interface between the software and different parts of
the computer or the computer hardware.
2. Give two examples of mobile operating system.

25
 Ans. Android, iOS
3. Name two operating systems for laptops or desktop.
Ans. Ubuntu, Microsoft Windows
4. Differentiate between files and folder?
Ans:
File Folder
A File is defined as a set of related data or It is used to contain many other folders and
information that is being stored in secondary files.
storage.

It has both Name and Extension It has only Name

5. Write the shortcut command for the following.

a. Cut b. Copy c. Paste

Ans. Shortcut commands are:

a. Cut Ctrl + X
b. Copy Ctrl + C
c. Paste Ctrl + V
6. What do you mean by Data Backup?
Ans. Data backup is the practice of copying data from a primary to a secondary location, to
protect it in case of a disaster, accident or malicious action.
7. How can you increase the performance of a computer?
Ans: 1) Uninstall unnecessary software.
2) Limit the programs at the start-up.
3) add more RAM to your PC.
4) Check for spyware and viruses.
5) Use Disk Clean-up and defragmentation.
6) Consider a start-up SSD.
8. What do you mean by SPAM?
Ans: Spam is any unsolicited communication sent in bulk. Usually sent via email, spam is
also distributed through text messages (SMS), social media, or phone calls.
9. What do you mean by threats to Computer?
Ans: Threats are the ways in which personal information can be leaked from a computer
without our knowing.
CASE BASED QUESTION [ 2 MARKS]
1. Case: You are an IT manager in a medium-sized company, and you've recently noticed
some suspicious activity on the company's network. Employees have reported slow internet
speeds, and there are concerns about possible data breaches. After investigating, you discover
that several employees fell victim to a phishing attack, leading to unauthorized access to some
sensitive data.
Question: What immediate actions should you take to address the current security breach and
mitigate further damage?

26
Answer: Immediate actions to address the current security breach and mitigate further damage
in this scenario include:
A. Isolate the Affected Systems B. Inform Affected Employees
C. Change Passwords D. Scan for Malware
E. Patch and Update F. Implement Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)
2. Case: Emma is a high school student working on a research project about famous scientists.
She needs to gather information from the internet. What ICT skills should Emma use to find
reliable and relevant sources for her project?
Answer: Emma should develop skills in conducting effective online research, including using
search engines, evaluating website credibility, and citing sources properly. She can also
explore online databases and library resources for academic information.

3. Case: Alex, a university student, received an email from an unknown sender with an
attachment. He opened the attachment, and soon his computer started behaving erratically.
What should Alex do to mitigate the effects of this potential cyberattack and protect his
personal data?
Answer: Alex should disconnect his computer from the internet to prevent further harm. He
should run a full antivirus scan to remove any malware. Then, he should change his passwords
for email and other critical accounts, update his operating system and software, and be
cautious of suspicious email attachments in the future.

27
 UNIT IV: ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS-2
Entrepreneurship and society: Entrepreneurs run their businesses in a market. The market has
people who buy products and services and people who sell them also. When people are buying
and selling from each other, it is helpful for everyone because everyone involved makes money.
What do entrepreneurs do when they run their business?
Fulfil Customer Needs: They use their creativity to come up with a business idea that
will meet that demand.
Use Local Materials: Entrepreneurs use the material and people available around them,
to make products at low cost.
Help Society: Some entrepreneurs work towards saving the environment, some give
money to build schools and hospitals.
Create Jobs
Lower Price of Products: As more entrepreneurs sell the same product, the price of the
product goes down.
Qualities and functions of an entrepreneur.
Qualities of an Entrepreneur:
Hard work
Optimism
Independence
Energetic
Self-confident

Functions of an Entrepreneur:
Organization Building and Management
Taking Risk
Innovation
Detailed Investigation
Financing
Planning
Leadership
Communication

Role and importance of an entrepreneur.

Role of Entrepreneurs:
Innovator: bringing unique and new products and services into the market.
Agents role: Agents of Changes they identify opportunities, solve problems, offer
effective solutions, establish enterprises, set up industries and bring positive change for
the economy.
Coordinator
Employment Generator

28
 Importance of Entrepreneurs:
Free market evolution: For example, with increase in digital services, entrepreneurs have
created companies that offer many home delivery services such as groceries, restaurant
food, clothes, accessories etc.
New values: Sometimes, entrepreneurs choose ethics over profit.
New markets: Entrepreneurs can often redefine the rules of an established industry. They
do this by creating new markets for existing products and slightly innovating in small
ways to suit the needs of a new target market.

Advantages of Entrepreneurship
Independence: An entrepreneur is himself a boss or owner and he can take all the
decisions independently.
Wealth Creation
Ambition Fulfilment: Through entrepreneurship one can fulfil his ambitions into original
products or services.

Disadvantages of Entrepreneurship
Needs a significant amount of time to set things up
Risk
Hard Work
Uncertain Income and Incompetent Staff: A new entrepreneur may not be able to hire
qualified and experienced staff so there are chances of incompetency by the staff due to
lack of experience and knowledge

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION [1 MARKS]

1. What is one of the functions of an entrepreneur?
A. Fulfilling customer needs B. Lowering the price of products
C. Detailed investigation D. Creating jobs
Answer: C. Detailed investigation

2. Which quality is often associated with successful entrepreneurs?

A. Energetic B. Independence C. Optimism D. Fulfilling customer needs
Answer: A. Energetic

3. What is the role of an entrepreneur as an innovator?

A. Identifying opportunities B. Creating new markets for existing products
C. Setting up industries D. Offering effective solutions
Answer: B. Creating new markets for existing products

29
4. What is one of the advantages of entrepreneurship?
A. Uncertain income B. Risk C. Ambition fulfillment D. Incompetent staff
Answer: C. Ambition fulfillment

5. How do entrepreneurs often lower the price of products in the market?

A. By using local materials B. By creating new markets
C. By detailed investigation D. By taking risks
Answer: A. By using local materials

6. Which quality is important for an entrepreneur's self-confidence?

A. Hard work B. Independence C. Energetic D. Optimism
Answer: D. Optimism

7. What is the primary function of an entrepreneur as an agent of change?

A. Innovator B. Employment generator
C. Coordinator D. Establishing enterprises
Answer: B. Employment generator

8. What is the importance of entrepreneurs in a free market evolution?

A. Creating new markets B. New values
C. Innovating in small ways D. Wealth creation
Answer: A. Creating new markets

9. What is a disadvantage of entrepreneurship related to staff competency?

A. Uncertain income B. Risk C. Hard work D. Incompetent staff
Answer: D. Incompetent staff

10. Which entrepreneurial function involves taking calculated risks?

A. Planning B. Financing C. Leadership D. Taking risk
Answer: D. Taking risk

ASSERTTION AND REASONING [1 MARKS]

1. Assertion: Entrepreneurship often involves taking calculated risks. Reasoning: Entrepreneurs
need to make strategic decisions that may involve uncertainty and risk.
A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.
B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.
C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D. The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Answer A. Both the assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning is the correct explanation
of the assertion.

30
2. Assertion: Entrepreneurship can lead to wealth creation. Reasoning: Successful entrepreneurs
can generate significant income and accumulate wealth over time.
A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.
B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.
C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D. The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Answer A. Both the assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning is the correct explanation
of the assertion.

3. Assertion: Innovation is a crucial function of an entrepreneur. Reasoning: Entrepreneurs often

introduce new and unique products or services to the market.
A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.
B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.
C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D. The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Answer A. Both the assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning is the correct explanation
of the assertion.

4. Assertion: Entrepreneurs play a role as agents of change in the economy. Reasoning: They
identify opportunities, solve problems, and bring positive changes through their ventures.
A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.
B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.
C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D. The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Answer A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.

5. Assertion: Entrepreneurs often use local materials to reduce production costs. Reasoning:
Utilizing materials and resources available in their vicinity can help lower the cost of making
products.
A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.
B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.
C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D. The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
5. A. Both the assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning is the correct explanation of the
assertion.

TRUE OR FALSE[1 MARKS]

1. Entrepreneurship always involves taking high, uncalculated risks.
Answer: False.
2. Entrepreneurs cannot create wealth through their ventures.
Answer: False.
3. Innovation is not an essential function of entrepreneurship.
Answer: False.
31
4. Entrepreneurs do not contribute to positive changes in the economy.
Answer: False.
5. Entrepreneurs are unable to use local materials to reduce production costs.
Answer: False.

SHORT ANSWER TYPES[2 MARKS]

1. What is the difference between wage-employed and self-employed people?
Ans. Wage-employed people are people who work for a person or an organization and get paid
for that work. Self-employed
2. Describe the key functions typically performed by an entrepreneur.
Ans: Key functions typically performed by an entrepreneur include organizing, planning,
innovating, taking risks, managing finances, and leading the business.
3. Enumerate two managerial roles or functions commonly associated with entrepreneurs.
Ans: Two managerial functions of an entrepreneur are organizing and planning. Entrepreneurs
often organize resources and teams effectively and plan for the growth and development of their
businesses.
4. Can you provide the names of two prominent agricultural entrepreneurs?
Ans: Two well-known agricultural entrepreneurs are Joel Salatin and Eliot Coleman, known for
their sustainable farming practices and innovations in agriculture.
5. Identify three common misconceptions or myths surrounding entrepreneurship.
Three common myths of entrepreneurship are:
Entrepreneurs are only motivated by money.
Successful entrepreneurs are born, not made.
Entrepreneurship is all about taking huge risks.

LONG ANSWER TYPE [4 MARKS]

1: Explain the concept of social entrepreneurship.
Answer: Social entrepreneurship is a concept where individuals or organizations pursue business
activities with the primary aim of creating positive social or environmental impacts. Social
entrepreneurs often address various societal issues, such as poverty, healthcare, education, and
environmental sustainability, by developing innovative and sustainable solutions. They blend
traditional business practices with a strong commitment to making a difference in society.

2: Can you outline the diverse roles and responsibilities of an entrepreneur?

Answer Entrepreneurs perform a wide range of functions, including organizing resources,
planning business strategies, identifying opportunities, innovating, taking calculated risks,
managing finances, leading teams, and making strategic decisions. Their roles are multifaceted
and vary depending on the stage and nature of their business.
3: What are the key managerial functions carried out by entrepreneurs?

Answer: Entrepreneurs often undertake various managerial functions, such as organizing

resources, setting goals and planning, managing finances, leading teams, making decisions, and
32
monitoring business performance. Effective management is essential for the success and growth
of their ventures.

4. Write a brief overview of the concept of woman entrepreneurship.

Answer: Woman entrepreneurship refers to women starting and operating businesses, often with
the aim of achieving financial independence, empowering themselves, and contributing to the
economy. In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the significant role women
play in entrepreneurship, and various initiatives and support systems have been put in place to
encourage and assist women entrepreneurs in realizing their business goals.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS [2 MARKS]

1. Ravneet's grandparents shifted to Uttarakhand long ago. Ravneet loves her grandparents very
much and wants to spend her time with them. But she feels that for living with her grandparents,
she needs to have a source of earning but in that interior of Uttarakhand she hardly can find a job
as per her education and skills. She has studied political science in her graduation. She carried
out some research and found that she can grow mushrooms of various varieties. The demand of
these mushrooms is also there as there are a number of hotels in and around. So she decided to
do the course about mushroom farming from an agriculture university.

What factors do you think might pose challenges for Ravneet in becoming a mushroom farming
entrepreneur in Uttarakhand?
(a) Lack of a business degree (b) High initial investment requirements
(c) Not having a background in agriculture (d) All of the above
(e) None of these
Ans: (d) All of the above

2. How is Ravneet contributing to society through her mushroom farming business?

(a) Creating employment opportunities
(b) Improving the living standards of her employees
(c) Serving as a role model for aspiring female entrepreneurs
(d) All of these.
Ans: (d) All of the above

33
 UNIT 5: GREEN SKILLS-II
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

As the human race progressed, we neglected the vitality of nature in our lives. In pursuit to fulfil
our unending wants we started exploiting the nature that has resulted in what we see today, the
Scarcity. There is scarcity of clean water to drink, scarcity of pure air to breathe, scarcity of
Unadulterated food, rising issue of global warming, depletion of ozone layer.

Everyone in the world today is talking about the measures to curb these rising problems. There
are World Summits being organized to find a solution to these global problems. And the solution
to these problems is only one SUSTAINABILITY.

- Collins English Dictionary

Sustainability focuses on how human beings can live in peace and harmony with nature without
creating ecological disturbance. The aim is that we visualize the long term impact of our actions
on environment and take corrosive measures to maintain balance between our demands and the
supply of natural resources.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:

The concept of sustainable development received its first major international recognition in 1972
at the UN Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm. Sustainable development
t that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of

- Brundtland Report Our Common Future, published in 1987 by the World Commission
on Environment and Development (WCED)
Sustainable development focuses on long term, integrated approach to develop a healthy, social
and economically viable society. The aim is to inculcate the value of self-resistance amongst the
34
people to save natural resources for everyone to utilize judiciously and still ensure its availability
for future generations.

1. No Poverty: End poverty in all its forms everywhere.

2. Zero Hunger: End hunger, achieve food security, and improved nutrition.
3. Good Health and Well-being: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all.
4. Quality Education: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education for all.
5. Gender Equality: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
6. Clean Water and Sanitation: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water
and sanitation.
7. Affordable and Clean Energy: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and
modern energy.
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth: Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable
economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all.
9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: Build resilient infrastructure, promote
inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation.
10. Reduced Inequality: Reduce inequality within and among countries.
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities: Make cities and human settlements inclusive,
safe, resilient, and sustainable.
12. Responsible Consumption and Production: Ensure sustainable consumption and
production patterns.
13. Climate Action: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
14. Life Below Water: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources.
15. Life on Land: Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems.
16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for
sustainable development, provide access to justice for all, and build effective,
accountable, and inclusive institutions.
17. Partnerships for the Goals: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the
global partnership for sustainable development.

D 1 U OF SUSTAINABILITY

Sustainability. These are REFUSE, REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE and UPCYCLE.

REFUSE - Not to use products that may not harm the environment.
REDUCE - To minimize the use of the products that may cause harm to the environment.
REUSE - To reuse products as far as possible, in order to reduce the waste generation.
RECYCLE - After reusing the product, we must try to recycle it as far as possible.
UPCYCLE - Any product that is not usable can be upcycled with creativity and innovation. It
gives a new look to the old product and makes it look desirable.

35
 IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

In the 21st Century the importance of adopting sustainable techniques for sustainable
development is of grave importance.
1. Judicious use of resources is of prime importance since the exploitation of resources is causing
its depletion. We need to curb our usage to ensure that resources like air, water, forests are
available to future generations. This would also mean that the resources are in their pure form.
2. Not only for the next generation but even for the existing generation, the quality of basic
resources is deteriorating leading to major health concerns such as Cancer, Bronchitis etc.
Ensuring sustainability will help curb these problems.

3. Rising demands are leading to economic disparity. The rich are becoming richer while the
poor are becoming poorer. The uneven distribution of available resources across different
economic fronts is leading to discrimination, giving rise to crime and creating social imbalance.
To ensure proper balance Sustainability is important.
4. Environmental problems like Climate Change, Emission of GreenHouse gasses are alarming.
If everyone draws a line for themselves, we will be able to combat these issues with the help of
Sustainable Development.
5. Adoption of Sustainable Development in our daily life and at our workplace will also promote
economic growth. Young entrepreneurs with minimum investment can produce better output.
Introduction of Solar Power Plants, WasteWater Treatment Plants, Electric Vehicles etc. will not
only help in protecting Environment but shall also contribute in Saving money and resources.
The economy that reduces environmental risks and strikes ecological balance is termed as Green
Economy.
DRIVING FORCE TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The following may be considered as the driving force to promote Sustainable Development:
i. Protecting and living in harmony with the Nature
ii. Considering all human being as equal
iii. Promoting good governance
36
iv. Using Science & Technology responsibly
v. Creating healthy, social and economically viable society

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION [1 MARKS]

1. To counter the challenge of Finance and Budgeting of SDGs, which of the following would
you recommend in addition to government-allocated budget?
(a) Get a loan (b) Force government to increase the budget
(c) Increased private sector investments in possible sectors (d) Promote public-private
partnerships
Answer: (c) Increased private sector investments in possible sectors (d) Promote public-private
partnerships

2. For the challenge Data for Measuring Progress in India's context, what is/are the real
reason(s) behind the unavailability of complete and correct data for measuring progress?
(a) India is heavily populous
(b) No statistical organization to provide statistical data
(c) Non-availability of data at sub-national levels
(d) Incomplete administrative data
Answer: (b) No statistical organization to provide statistical data (c) Non-availability of data at
sub-national levels (d) incomplete administrative data

3. To overcome the challenge of Lack of effective leadership, which approach should be taken?
(a) Appoint a UN representative to overlook
(b) Make one organization fully responsible for SDGs implementation
(c) Designate leader(s) with clearly defined roles and responsibilities
(d) All of these
Answer: (d) All of these

4. What action can help reduce waste and garbage?

(a) Reduce the usage (b) Recycle wherever possible
(c) Reuse wherever possible (d) All of these
Answer: (d) All of these

5. The life under water is majorly threatened by which of the following habits?
(a) Using excessive fuel (b) Eating and using meat (c) Using plastic
Answer: (b) Eating and using meat

37
6. Green energy can help us in what?
(a) Protecting the ozone layer (b) Conserving natural resources
(c) Clean air and environment (d) All of these
Answer: (d) All of these

7. Which of the following is a renewable source of energy?

(a) Solar energy (b) Coal (c) Wood (d) Petrol/Diesel
Answer: (a) Solar energy

8. Which of the following is not an SDG?

(a) Quality education (b) Gender equality
(c) Population control (d) clean water and sanitation
Answer: (c) Population control

9. Which organization is responsible for implementing SDGs all across the world?
(a) UN (b) UNDP (c) UNESCO (d) WHO
Answer: (a) UN
10. Which organization is responsible for implementing SDGs in India?
(a) State government
(b) Niti Ayog
(c) Ministry of Agriculture
(d) Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizers
Answer: (b) Niti Ayog

ASSERTTION AND REASONING [1 MARKS]

1. Assertion: Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Reasoning: This concept was first recognized in the UN Conference on the Human
Environment in 1972.
A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.
B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.
C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D. The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Answer: B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.

2. Assertion: The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) address a wide range of global
challenges, including poverty, hunger, gender equality, and climate change.
Reasoning: These goals are interconnected, and their achievement can contribute to a better
world for all.
A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.
B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.
C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.

38
D. The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Answer: C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.

3. Assertion: The 4Rs' and 1U of Sustainability (REFUSE, REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE, and
UPCYCLE) are practical principles for individuals to contribute to a sustainable society.
Reasoning: These principles promote responsible consumption and environmental conservation.
A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.
B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.
C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D. The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Answer: A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.

4. Assertion: Sustainable development is essential to address environmental problems like

climate change and greenhouse gas emissions.
Reasoning: If individuals adopt sustainable practices, it will collectively contribute to solving
these issues.
A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.
B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.
C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D. The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Answer: D. The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.

5. Assertion: The driving forces to promote sustainable development include using science and
technology responsibly.
Reasoning: Responsible use of technology can lead to sustainable practices and a greener
economy.
A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.
B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.
C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D. The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Answer: C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.

TRUE OR FALSE [1 MARKS]

1. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 global goals established by the United
Nations to address various social and environmental challenges.
Answer: True
2. Recycling is an environmentally friendly practice that helps reduce waste and conserve
resources.
Answer: True
3. Land degradation is a process that helps improve soil quality and agricultural productivity.
Answer: False
4. The 3Rs in environmental sustainability stand for Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.
Answer: True

39
5. SDG 14 focuses on life below water and aims to conserve and sustainably use the oceans,
seas, and marine resources for sustainable development.
Answer: True

SHORT ANSWER TYPES [2 MARKS]

1. Name any first five Sustainable Development Goals.
Answer:
No Poverty (Goal 1)
Zero Hunger (Goal 2)
Good Health and Well-being (Goal 3)
Quality Education (Goal 4)
Gender Equality (Goal 5)

2. List any two challenges to fulfill Sustainable Development Goals.

Answer:
Lack of funding and resources
Political and social conflicts in various regions
Climate change and environmental degradation
Inequality and poverty

3. List down 3 importance of sustainable development.

Answer:
Environmental conservation and protection
Improved quality of life for present and future generations
Economic growth and poverty reduction
Social equity and justice

4. What is the aim of the member countries of the United Nations in implementing
sustainable goals?
Answer: The aim of member countries of the United Nations in implementing
Sustainable Development Goals is to address global challenges, such as poverty,
inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, and to work collaboratively to
achieve a sustainable and equitable future for all.

5. What does sustainable development teach us about the use of resources?

Answer: Sustainable development teaches us to use resources in a way that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs. It emphasizes responsible resource management, conservation, and
minimizing waste.

6. What is the meaning of sustainable development?

Answer: Sustainable development is a concept that involves meeting the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It

40
 aims to balance economic, social, and environmental goals to ensure a better quality of
life for all while preserving the planet's resources and ecosystems.

LONG ANSWER TYPE [4 MARKS]

1. Describe India's efforts in promoting sustainable development.
Ans: India's Initiatives in Sustainable Development: India has undertaken several
initiatives to promote sustainable development. These include:
Renewable Energy: India has made significant investments in renewable energy sources
such as solar and wind power. The National Solar Mission aims to generate 100 GW of
solar power by 2022.
Afforestation and Reforestation: Initiatives like the Green India Mission focus on
increasing forest and tree cover to combat deforestation and promote biodiversity.
Clean Water and Sanitation: The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan aims to provide clean
drinking water and improve sanitation facilities, directly impacting public health and
environmental sustainability.
Waste Management: The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan also focuses on proper waste disposal
and recycling, reducing pollution and promoting sustainability.
Sustainable Agriculture: The National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)
encourages eco-friendly farming practices to ensure food security while conserving
natural resources.

2. Outline the challenges associated with sustainable development.

Ans: Problems Related to Sustainable Development: Sustainable development faces
several challenges, including:
Environmental Degradation: Deforestation, pollution, and habitat destruction threaten
ecosystems and biodiversity.
Climate Change: Rising greenhouse gas emissions contribute to global warming and
extreme weather events.
Resource Depletion: Overexploitation of natural resources, such as water and minerals,
poses long-term sustainability risks.
Social Inequity: Disparities in access to basic needs like clean water, education, and
healthcare hinder sustainable development.
Economic Pressures: The pursuit of economic growth often conflicts with
environmental and social goals.

3. Elaborate on the objectives of SDG 14 and SDG 15.

Ans: Aim of SDG 14 and SDG 15:
SDG 14 (Life Below Water): SDG 14 aims to conserve and sustainably use the oceans,
seas, and marine resources for sustainable development. It addresses issues like marine
pollution, overfishing, and the protection of marine ecosystems.
SDG 15 (Life on Land): SDG 15 focuses on protecting, restoring, and promoting the
sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, ensuring the conservation of biodiversity,
sustainable land management, and combating desertification and land degradation.

41
 4. Analyze the environmental impact of unrestricted development over the past two
decades.
Answer: Impact of Unrestrained Development on the Environment: Unrestrained
Development over the past two decades has resulted in several adverse environmental impacts,
including:
Deforestation: Expanding urban areas and agriculture have led to extensive
deforestation, reducing biodiversity and contributing to climate change.
Pollution: Industrialization and urbanization have increased air and water pollution,
affecting human health and ecosystems.
Loss of Biodiversity: Habitat destruction and pollution have caused the decline of
numerous species, disrupting ecosystems and natural balances.
Climate Change: Greenhouse gas emissions from industries and transportation have
accelerated global warming, leading to extreme weather events and rising sea levels.

5. Identify three sustainable development goals applicable to your country and propose
strategies for their implementation.
Answer: Relevant Sustainable Goals for Your Country and Implementation Strategies:
The choice of relevant sustainable development goals (SDGs) for your country will depend
on its specific context. However, for illustration purposes:
Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy): Implement policies to increase the use of
renewable energy sources and improve energy efficiency to meet the country's energy
needs sustainably.
Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-being): Enhance healthcare infrastructure and access to
quality healthcare services for all citizens, focusing on preventative care and public
health.
Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production): Promote sustainable
consumption patterns, reduce waste, and support recycling and sustainable manufacturing
practices.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS [2 MARKS]

1. With so many people using electricity on a daily basis-whether it is to charge their cell phones
or to use their TV-a lot of cables (made of plastic) must be used. Plastic destroys our ecosystem,
yet we continue to produce it. Indispensable as it may seem, it has an adverse effect on the
environment. The manufacturing of plastic is not exactly eco-friendly. With a little help from
modern technology, Elif discovered a way to help curb out plastic problem. In the quest to find
eco-friendly alternatives for plastic, Elif's innovative use of banana peels for bio-plastics aligns
with which Sustainable Development Goal?

(a) SDG 15: Life on Land

(b) SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
(c) SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
(d) SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities

42
Ans: (b) SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

2. Water availability is a major environmental problem in the world. We continue to flush

billions of litres of treated fresh water down our toilets every day. Since 40% of the 6 billion
people on earth use toilets, it is a lot of water. Rohit, an Indian embarked on a project to redesign
the water closet/flush to reduce the consumption of water. He made this possible with a simple
mechanism added to the conventional closet that creates a partial vacuum when the user pushes
down the flush lever. Rohit's innovative "Vacu-Flush" design, aimed at reducing water
consumption in toilets, is most relevant to which Sustainable Development Goal?

(a) SDG 15: Life on Land

(b) SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
(c) SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
(d) SDG 17: Partnerships for Goals
Ans: (c) SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation.

43
 SUBJECT SPECIFIC SKILLS
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
What is intelligence?
Intelligence and Its Types:
- Definition: Intelligence is the ability to learn, understand, and apply knowledge effectively.
- Types of Intelligence:
1. Logical-Mathematical: Problem-solving, mathematical skills.
2. Linguistic: Language: proficiency, verbal communication.
3. Spatial: Visualization, understanding shapes and spaces.
4. Interpersonal: Understanding others' emotions, social skills.
5. Intrapersonal: Self-awareness, understanding one's emotions.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION [1 MARKS]

1. What does Intrapersonal Intelligence refer to?
A. Understanding others' emotions B. Mathematical skills
C. Self-awareness & understanding one's emotions D. Linguistic proficiency
Answer: C. Self-awareness and understanding one's emotions
2. Which type of intelligence involves problem-solving and mathematical skills?
A. Linguistic Intelligence B. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
C. Spatial Intelligence D. Interpersonal Intelligence
Answer: B. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence
3. In Linguistic Intelligence, proficiency in which area is emphasized?
A. Problem-solving B. Language and communication
C. Visual interpretation D. Musical skills
Answer: B. Language and communication
4. What does Spatial Intelligence focus on?
A. Understanding others' emotions B. Mathematical skills
C. Visualization and shapes D. Self-awareness
Answer: C. Visualization and shapes
5. Which type of intelligence involves understanding and communicating effectively with
others?
A. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence B. Spatial Intelligence
C. Interpersonal Intelligence D. Intrapersonal Intelligence
Answer: C. Interpersonal Intelligence
6. Which type of intelligence involves visual interpretation and understanding shapes and
spaces?
A. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence B. Linguistic Intelligence
C. Spatial Intelligence D. Intrapersonal Intelligence
Answer: C. Spatial Intelligence

44
 ASSERTION & REASONING [1 MARKS]
1. Assertion: Intrapersonal Intelligence refers to understanding oneself and one's emotions.
Reason: It is essential for effective communication skills.
Answer: True. Assertion is correct, and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
2. Assertion: Spatial Intelligence emphasizes visualization and understanding shapes and spaces.
Reason: It is crucial for mathematical skills.
Answer: True. Assertion is correct, and the Reason is the correct
3. Assertion: Linguistic Intelligence emphasizes language proficiency and verbal
communication.
Reason: It is essential for understanding others' emotions.
Answer: False. Assertion is correct, but the Reason is incorrect.

TRUE OR FALSE [1 MARKS]

1. Interpersonal Intelligence involves self-awareness and understanding one's emotions.
Answer: False
2. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence primarily focuses on understanding and communicating
effectively with others.
Answer: False
3. Spatial Intelligence involves visualization and understanding shapes and spaces.
Answer: True
4. Intrapersonal Intelligence is crucial for problem-solving and mathematical skills.
Answer: False

SHORT ANSWER (SA-1) QUESTIONS [2 MARKS]

1. Explain Intrapersonal Intelligence and provide an example.
Answer: Intrapersonal Intelligence is the ability to understand one's own emotions and
motivations. An example is someone who can recognize their emotional triggers and effectively
manage their reactions in stressful situations.
2. Briefly describe the role of Logical-Mathematical Intelligence in problem-solving.
Answer: Logical-Mathematical Intelligence aids in problem-solving by enabling logical thinking,
complex analysis, and mathematical reasoning. For instance, mathematicians use it to solve
complex equations, and scientists apply it to draw conclusions from research data.

3. Define Spatial Intelligence and mention one real-life application.

Answer: Spatial Intelligence involves perceiving and manipulating spatial relationships. It is
applied in architecture and design, where professionals use it to plan and create aesthetically
pleasing, functional, and structurally sound buildings.

4. How does Interpersonal Intelligence contribute to effective communication? Provide a brief

explanation.

45
Answer: Interpersonal Intelligence enhances communication through understanding and
empathizing with others. People with this intelligence can connect with others on an emotional
level, leading to effective interpersonal relationships and better communication.

SHORT ANSWER (SA-2) QUESTIONS [2 MARKS]

1. Discuss the significance of Linguistic Intelligence in today's digital communication era.
Provide two examples.

Answer: Significance of Linguistic Intelligence in Digital Communication:

Linguistic intelligence holds immense importance in today's digital communication era. It
involves a deep understanding of language, words, and communication, which is fundamental for
effective online interactions.
Two examples of its significance are:
Content Creation: Linguistic intelligence is crucial in creating compelling content for
websites, blogs, and social media platforms. It helps in crafting engaging and persuasive
messages to attract and retain online audiences.
Clear Communication: In the digital world, clarity of expression is vital. People with
linguistic intelligence excel in crafting clear, concise, and persuasive messages, which is
essential for email communication, chatbots, or chat interfaces.
2. Explain the concept of Computer Vision and its potential impact on various industries. Provide
three examples of its applications.
Answer: Computer Vision and Its Impact: Computer vision is a field of artificial intelligence
that enables computers to interpret and understand visual information from the world. Its
potential impact on various industries is substantial. Three examples of its applications are:

Healthcare: Computer vision can analyze medical images like X-rays and MRIs to
detect diseases and abnormalities, assisting doctors in diagnosis and treatment.
Retail: It can be used for cashier-less shopping experiences, where computer vision
tracks customers and their selected items for seamless, automated checkout.
Agriculture: Computer vision can monitor crop health, identify pests, and optimize
irrigation, leading to improved crop yields and sustainable farming practices.

3. Compare and contrast Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Intelligences, highlighting their

differences in understanding self and others.
Answer: Comparison of Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Intelligences:
Intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligences differ in their focus:
Intrapersonal Intelligence involves self-awareness and understanding one's own
emotions and motivations. It's essential for self-reflection and personal growth.

Interpersonal Intelligence relates to understanding and connecting with others,

empathizing, and effectively communicating. It's crucial for building relationships and
collaboration.

46
4. Describe the applications of Computer Vision in autonomous vehicles, emphasizing safety and
navigation features.
Answer: Applications of Computer Vision in Autonomous Vehicles: Computer vision
enhances safety and navigation in autonomous vehicles by:
Object Detection: It identifies pedestrians, other vehicles, and obstacles, enabling the
vehicle to react and avoid collisions.
Lane Detection: Computer vision recognizes lane markings and assists in steering and
lane-keeping.
Traffic Sign Recognition: It interprets traffic signs and signals, helping the vehicle
follow traffic laws.

5. Discuss the influence of Spatial Intelligence on fields like architecture and design. Provide an
example of a famous architectural marvel influenced by spatial understanding.
Answer: Influence of Spatial Intelligence in Architecture and Design: Spatial intelligence
plays a significant role in architecture and design. One famous example is the Sydney Opera
House. Its unique and iconic design, characterized by shell-like structures, showcases a deep
understanding of spatial relationships, resulting in a harmonious and innovative architectural
marvel.
6. Explain the concept of Multiple Intelligences theory by Howard Gardner. How does this
theory impact education and learning strategies?
Answer: Multiple Intelligences Theory by Howard Gardner: Howard Gardner's Multiple
Intelligences theory posits that individuals possess diverse forms of intelligence beyond just
academic or cognitive skills. This theory impacts education by emphasizing personalized
learning strategies that cater to different intelligences, acknowledging that people have varied
strengths and ways of learning. It encourages educators to tailor their teaching methods to
address these differences, fostering a more inclusive and effective learning environment.

CASE-BASED QUESTIONS [2 MARKS]

1. A school is implementing a new education system focusing on multiple intelligences. Discuss
how understanding different types of intelligences can enhance the learning experience for
students.
Answer: Understanding different intelligences can enhance the learning experience by tailoring
education to individual strengths. It increases engagement, improves comprehension, boosts self-
esteem, supports holistic development, emphasizes real-world application, and promotes
inclusive education. Students' diverse talents and contributions are valued, creating a more
engaging and effective learning environment.

47
 LONG ANSWER (LA) QUESTIONS [4 MARKS]
1. Explain the concept of Multiple Intelligences theory proposed by Howard Gardner. Discuss
the significance of recognizing diverse intelligences in the educational system.
Answer: Howard Gardner's theory proposes that intelligence is not singular but consists of
various distinct forms such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, and interpersonal intelligences.
Recognizing these diverse intelligences in education allows for personalized learning,
inclusivity, and holistic development. It enhances self-esteem, promotes skill diversity, and
engages students in a more meaningful way.
2. Describe the role of Interpersonal Intelligence in building strong interpersonal relationships
and resolving conflicts. Provide real-life examples.
Answers: Interpersonal intelligence, part of Gardner's theory, aids in mediating conflicts,
effective leadership, and exceptional customer service. It enables individuals to understand,
connect, and empathize with others, fostering positive relationships and resolving disputes with
empathy and effective communication.

DECISION MAKING.

1) Decision-making is a systematic process, step-by-step approach to identify and evaluate

alternatives in order to make a choice.
2) The decision is made according to the data we gather, past experience, knowledge or learning,
intuition, reasoning capability and self-awareness. In the absence of data or the correct form of
information, we would like searching a thing without a clue or maybe we are just guessing the
situation.
Steps in the Decision-making Process:
1. Identify the Problem.
2. Gather Information.
3. Generate Alternatives.
4. Evaluate Alternatives.
5. Make a Decision.
6. Implement the Decision.
7. Monitor and Evaluate.
What is a Decision Tree?
A decision tree is a flowchart-like tree structure where each internal node denotes the feature,
branches denote the rules and the leaf nodes denote the result of the algorithm.

48
 ROOT

DECISION DECISION
NODE NODE

LEAF LEAF LEAF

Root Node: This is the starting point of the decision tree and represents the initial decision or
question to be addressed.
Branches: Branches emanate from the root node and represent different options or choices related
to the initial decision.
Decision Nodes: These nodes, also known as internal nodes, are decision points where a choice
needs to be made.
Leaf Nodes: Leaf nodes are endpoints in the decision tree and represent the final outcomes or
decisions.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION [1 MARKS]
1. To decide a decision on multiple choices is called ___________
A. Intelligence B. Decision Making C. Modelling D. Programming
Ans: B. Decision Making
2. To make decision, _________ is required
A. Intelligence B. Decision Making C. Modelling D. Programming
Ans: A. Intelligence
3. The outcome from past experience, knowledge, data/information available, your intuition etc.
is called _________
A. Intelligence B. Decision Making C. Execution D. Programming
Ans: B. Decision Making
TRUE OR FALSE [1 MARKS]
1. Decision making is not choosing from many alternatives.
Ans: (False)
2. Artificial intelligence does not use data to make decision.
Ans: (False)
3. Decision-making is a systematic process that involves identifying, evaluating alternatives, and
making choices.
Ans: True
4. Decision trees are graphical representations commonly used in data analysis and machine learning to
visualize decision-making processes.
Ans: True
5. In a decision tree, branches represent different options or choices related to the initial decision.
Ans: True

49
 SHORT ANSWER TYPE [2 MARKS]

1. What is decision in making in AI?

Ans. Decision-making is a systematic process, step-by-step approach to identify and evaluate
alternatives in order to make a choice.
2. What is decision in making in AI?
Ans. Decision-making is a systematic process, step-by-step approach to identify and evaluate
alternatives in order to make a choice. The decision is made according to the data we gather, past
experience, knowledge or learning, intuition, reasoning capability and self-awareness. In the
absence of data or the correct form of information, we would like searching a thing without a
clue or maybe we are just guessing the situation.
3. What is the role of the root node in a decision tree?
Answer: The root node in a decision tree represents the initial decision or question to be
addressed. It is where the decision-making process begins, and it typically branches into various
options or choices.
4. How do decision nodes contribute to the decision-making process within a decision tree?
Answer: Decision nodes, also known as internal nodes, are points in a decision tree where
choices need to be made. They contribute by guiding the decision-making process, indicating
which path or option to follow based on the criteria or conditions being assessed.
5. In a decision tree, what is the significance of branches, and how do they relate to the
decision-making process?
Answer: Branches in a decision tree represent different options or choices related to the initial
decision (root node). Each branch signifies a different path or outcome, indicating the direction
of the decision-making process. These branches help navigate the tree, leading to the final
decisions represented by the leaf nodes.

LONG ANSWER TYPE [4 MARKS]

1. How can decision trees be applied in real-world scenarios, and what are their advantages and
limitations in decision-making processes?
Answer: Decision trees have a wide range of real-world applications, from medical diagnosis to
financial risk assessment. Their advantages include simplicity, ease of interpretation, and the
ability to handle both categorical and numerical data. Decision trees are particularly useful for
identifying critical decision points and providing clear explanations for decisions. However, they
may overfit data, meaning they capture noise in the data, and they can be unstable. Ensemble
methods like random forests can address this limitation by aggregating multiple decision trees. In
decision-making, they offer transparency and structured decision paths, but their effectiveness
depends on the quality of data and the complexity of the problem.

2. Explain how the decision-making process involving decision trees differs from traditional
decision-making methods, and what specific situations or industries benefit most from their use?
Answer: Decision trees differ from traditional decision-making methods as they offer a
systematic and visual approach to decision analysis. They break down complex problems into
simpler, more manageable steps, facilitating transparency and easy understanding of the decision
logic. Decision trees are particularly beneficial in scenarios involving classification, such as
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medical diagnoses, fraud detection in finance, and customer churn prediction in marketing.
These industries benefit from decision trees as they provide a clear and interpretable framework
for making critical decisions, often based on numerous factors and data points, leading to more
informed choices and improved outcomes.

WHAT IS A.I AND WHAT IS NOT A.I?

Definition of AI:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are
programmed to think and learn like humans.

Imagine "artificial intelligence" as a super-smart robot or computer program that we make. This
robot or program can think and learn things just like how people and animals do. It can make
decisions and solve problems, almost like it has a brain of its own! So, it's like making a smart
machine that acts a bit like a really clever person or animal.

Some examples of what AI is and can do, are:

AI, like humans, can find patterns in data and predict future events, such as farmers
forecasting rainfall based on temperature trends.
It can make decisions, like a robot choosing to stand up after a fall.
AI-powered self-driving cars make choices like stopping at red lights and avoiding
obstacles.
AI recognizes and understands images, identifying traffic violators or people's faces.
It can engage in natural language conversations, seen in virtual assistants like Siri and
Alexa.

\
GOOGLE ASSISTANT AMAZON ALEXA VIRTUAL REALITY HEADSET

SELF DRIVING CAR

WHAT AI IS NOT?
AI is not just automation. AI means the use of intelligence and not just the automation, e.g.,
modern day automated factories do not mean that AI is being used there

AI is not just automation. AI means the use of intelligence and not just the automation, e.g.,
modern day automated factories do not mean that AI is being used there.
For example, a smart washing machine can perform its repetitive work smartly and automatically
but it is not artificially intelligent as it cannot make decisions or learn from past mistakes.
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Smart TVs or smart ACs are capable of executing repetitive tasks efficiently. However, they are
considered smart appliances rather than intelligent ones, as they lack the ability to make
decisions based on data, whether it's provided or gathered over time, and continually improve
through learning and experience.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS [1 MARKS]

1. What is the primary characteristic of Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

a) Automation b) Learning and decision-making
c) Repetitive tasks d) Manual labour
Answer: b) Learning and decision-making

2. Which of the following is NOT considered a part of AI?

a) A spreadsheet software b) A virtual personal assistant like Siri
c) A self-driving car d) A traditional calculator
Answer: d) A traditional calculator

3. What distinguishes AI from simple automation?

a) AI doesn't involve computers. b) AI requires human intervention.
c) AI can make decisions and adapt. d) AI is slower than automation.
Answer: c) AI can make decisions and adapt.

4. Which of the following is an example of AI in everyday life?

a) A traditional alarm clock b) A smart thermostat that learns your temperature preferences
c) A bicycle d) A regular light switch
Answer: b) A smart thermostat that learns your temperature preferences

5. What aspect of AI allows it to recognize patterns in data and make predictions for the
future?
a) Emotional intelligence b) Repetitive tasks
c) Decision-making d) Pattern recognition
Answer: d) Pattern recognition

6. Which of the following best defines Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

A) Automation of repetitive tasks
B) The ability to reason and mimic human intelligence
C) Performing tasks without any human intervention
D) Creating digital magic using algorithms
Answer: B) The ability to reason and mimic human intelligence

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 7. Which of the following best describes automation?
A) The use of algorithms and data for decision-making.
B) Repetitive tasks performed without human intervention.
C) The ability to mimic human emotions.
D) Intelligent reasoning and problem-solving.
Answer: B) Repetitive tasks performed without human intervention.

8. Which of the following best defines AI's relationship with emotions?

A) AI can empathize like humans. B) AI possesses emotional intelligence.
C) AI can mimic human emotions but not feel them. D) AI has no connection to emotions.
Answer: C) AI can mimic human emotions but not feel them.

9. What is the foundation of AI?

A) Magic and illusions B) Complex algorithms and mathematics
C) Human emotions and intuition D) Random data generation
Answer: B) Complex algorithms and mathematics

10. Which statement best defines AI's role in decision-making?

A) AI decisions are random and unpredictable.
B) AI uses algorithms and data to make decisions.
C) AI can't make decisions; it only follows instructions.
D) AI decisions are based solely on emotions.
Answer: B) AI uses algorithms and data to make decisions.

ASSERTION AND REASONING [1 MARKS]

1. Assertion (A): AI is just about automating repetitive tasks.
Reason (R): AI involves intelligent decision-making and learning from data.
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
Answer: B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

2. Assertion (A): AI can understand and respond to human emotions.

Reason (R): AI possesses emotional intelligence like humans.

A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
Answer: B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

3. Assertion (A): AI is purely based on digital magic and illusions.

Reason (R): AI relies on mathematical algorithms, data, and feedback.

A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
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 D. A is false, but R is true.
Answer: D. A is false, but R is true.

4. Assertion (A): AI can operate effectively without continuous data input and feedback.
Reason (R): Data and feedback are crucial for AI's continuous learning and improvement.

A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
Answer: C. A is true, but R is false.
5. Assertion (A): AI systems can fully understand and experience human emotions.
Reason (R): AI possesses emotional intelligence similar to that of humans.

A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
Answer: B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.

FILL IN THE BLANKS [1 MARKS]

1. Unlike humans, AI lacks ____________ intelligence and cannot empathize.

Ans: emotional
2. Automation focuses on repetitive tasks performed without ___________ intervention.
Ans: human
3. A smart washing machine can perform tasks automatically but is not considered AI because it
lacks ____________and_______________.
Ans : decision-making , learning
4. AI systems like Siri and Alexa engage in natural language ____________with users.
Ans: conversations
5. AI is not based on magic but relies on mathematical_________________, and data.
Ans : algorithms

SHORT ANSWER TYPE [2 MARKS]

1. What distinguishes AI from automation?

Ans: AI stands apart from automation due to its capacity for intelligent decision-making and
adaptation. While automation excels at executing repetitive tasks without learning or problem-
solving abilities, AI uses data and algorithms to make informed choices and improve its
performance over time, making it more versatile and adaptable to various scenarios.

2. Why is data input and feedback essential for AI's continuous improvement?
Ans: Data input and feedback are vital for AI's continuous improvement because they provide
the necessary information for learning and refinement. Data fuels AI's decision-making and
pattern recognition, while feedback allows it to adjust and optimize its responses, ultimately
enhancing its performance and adaptability over time.

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3. Provide an example of an AI application that involves decision-making based on data.
Ans: One example of an AI application involving decision-making based on data is in
autonomous vehicles, like self-driving cars. These vehicles use sensors and data from cameras,
lidar, and radar to make real-time decisions about navigation, speed, and avoiding obstacles,
ensuring safe and efficient transportation.

4. What is the primary difference between a smart appliance (like a smart washing machine) and
an artificially intelligent one?
Ans: The primary difference lies in decision-making and adaptability. A smart appliance, like a
smart washing machine, can automate tasks but lacks decision-making and learning abilities. In
contrast, an artificially intelligent appliance can make decisions based on data, learn from past
experiences, and adapt to changing conditions, enhancing its functionality and versatility.

CASE BASED QUESTION [2 MARKS]

1. Imagine a family looking to make their home more energy-efficient. They are considering
investing in smart devices.
Which smart devices should the family consider installing in their home to improve energy
efficiency, and how will these devices help achieve that goal?
2. A city is exploring the introduction of autonomous vehicles as part of its public transportation
system.
What are the potential benefits and challenges associated with integrating self-driving cars into a
city's public transportation system?

LONG ANSWER TYPE[4 MARKS]

1. Difference between automation and artificial intelligence (AI).
Automation Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Automation refers to the use of technology to AI is a branch of computer science that focuses on
perform repetitive tasks or processes without creating systems capable of intelligent behavior,
human intervention. learning, and decision-making.
Automates specific tasks or processes based on Mimics human-like intelligence to make decisions,
predefined rules and instructions. adapt, learn, and solve complex problems.
Has the capability to learn from data and
Lacks learning ability; performs tasks as experiences, adapting behavior and improving
programmed, without improvement over time. performance.
Follows predefined rules and instructions
without the ability to make decisions beyond Can make autonomous decisions based on data,
those rules. patterns, and contextual information.
Limited flexibility; cannot handle tasks outside Adaptable to new and unforeseen situations,
of its programmed scope. capable of handling a wide range of tasks.
Best suited for repetitive and rule-based tasks Suitable for complex tasks that require reasoning,
with clear instructions. analysis, and problem-solving.
Examples include automated assembly lines, Examples include virtual assistants (e.g., Siri,
email filters, and automatic bill payments. Alexa), self-driving cars, and predictive analytics.

55
2. Differentiate between smart device and A.I device.
Smart Device AI Device
A device with connectivity and the ability to
perform automated tasks or respond to user A device that uses artificial intelligence (AI) to
commands. perform complex tasks, learn, and make decisions.
Smart devices automate specific functions or
tasks based on pre-set rules or user AI devices can automate tasks, make decisions, and
instructions. adapt based on data and learning from experiences.
Smart devices may make basic decisions AI devices have advanced decision-making
within predefined parameters but lack capabilities, often mimicking human-like reasoning
advanced reasoning abilities. and learning.
Smart devices do not typically learn from user AI devices can learn from user input and
interactions or adapt based on experience. experiences, adjusting their behavior over time.
Smart devices process data related to their AI devices process extensive data, allowing them to
specific functions, such as turning on lights or perform complex tasks, analyze patterns, and
adjusting thermostats. provide insights.
Smart devices may have varying degrees of
connectivity, such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, for
remote control or integration with other AI devices often require connectivity for data
devices. access, cloud-based services, and updates.
Smart devices have user interfaces like AI devices may have similar interfaces but often
touchscreens, mobile apps, or voice commands incorporate advanced natural language processing
for user interaction. (NLP) and voice recognition.
Smart devices include smart speakers (e.g., AI devices encompass virtual assistants (e.g., Siri,
Amazon Echo), thermostats (e.g., Nest), and Google Assistant), autonomous vehicles, and
lights (e.g., Philips Hue). advanced robots.

3. What is not A.I

Answer: what is not AI includes systems that lack intelligence, learning, reasoning, problem-
solving abilities, and adaptability to new situations. Basic automation, systems following rigid
rules, and those without the capacity to improve and make decisions beyond their initial
programming fall outside the realm of AI.

What is not considered AI can be summarized as follows:

1. Non-Intelligent Automation: Basic automation, where machines or systems perform
repetitive tasks according to pre-defined rules, is not AI.
2. Lack of Learning and Adaptation: If a system does not have the capability to learn
from data or experiences and adapt its behavior over time, it is not AI.
3. Absence of Reasoning and Problem-Solving: Systems that do not possess reasoning
abilities or the capacity to solve complex problems independently are not AI.
4. No Understanding of Context: If a system cannot understand the context of a situation
or interpret nuances in language, it is not AI.
5. Lack of Adaptability to New Situations: Systems that cannot adapt to new or
unexpected situations without human intervention do not qualify as AI.
6. Limited to Pre-Programmed Tasks: Systems that perform only the tasks they were
explicitly programmed for and cannot generalize their knowledge to new tasks are not AI.

56
4. Explain the concept of "Smart Devices" in the context of modern technology.
Answer: Smart devices, in the context of modern technology, refer to everyday objects or
appliances that have been enhanced with computational power, sensors, and connectivity
features, enabling them to perform tasks autonomously, interact with users, and exchange data
with other devices or networks. These devices have brought about a significant transformation in
how we live, work, and communicate.
Examples of smart devices include smartphones, smartwatches, smart TVs, smart thermostats,
and smart home security systems, among others.

5. List 4 smart devices and 4 a.i devices

Ans: Smart Devices:
Smartphones: Multifunctional mobile devices for communication, web browsing, and
apps.
Smart Thermostats: Control heating/cooling in homes for energy efficiency.
Smart Speakers (e.g., Amazon Echo): Voice-activated assistants for tasks and questions.
Smart TVs: TVs with internet connectivity and app support.
AI Devices:
Virtual Assistants (e.g., Siri, Google Assistant): Voice-activated AI for tasks and
information.
Autonomous Vehicles (e.g., self-driving cars): Cars that can drive themselves using AI.
Advanced Robots (e.g., Boston Dynamics' robots): Robots with advanced AI for complex
tasks.
AI-Powered Healthcare Diagnostic Tools: Tools using AI for medical diagnosis and
analysis.

INTRODUCTION TO AI AND RELATED TERMINOLOGIES.

AI, ML, DL
What is Artificial Intelligence?
When a machine possesses the ability to mimic human traits, i.e., make decisions, predict the
future, learn and improve on its own, it is said to have artificial intelligence. In other words, you
can say that a machine is artificially intelligent when it can accomplish tasks by itself - collect
data, understand it, analyse it, learn from it, and improve it.

What do you understand by Machine Learning?

Machine Learning is a subset of Artificial Intelligence which enables machines to improve at
tasks with experience (data). The intention of Machine Learning is to enable machines to learn
by themselves using the provided data and make accurate Predictions/ Decisions.

What do you understand by Deep Learning?

Deep Learning is the most advanced form of Artificial Intelligence. In Deep Learning, the
machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it in training itself around the data.
Such machines are intelligent enough to develop algorithms for themselves.

57
 Artificial Intelligence

Machine Learning

Deep
Learning

Difference between Machine Learning and Deep Learning

Machine Learning Deep Learning

Machine Learning is a superset of Deep Deep Learning is a subset of Machine

Learning Learning
Training can be performed using the CPU A dedicated GPU (Graphics Processing
(Central Processing Unit). Unit) is required for training.
More human intervention is involved in deep learning requires less intervention
getting results. once it is running.
The results of an ML model are easy to The results of deep learning are difficult to
explain. explain.
Machine Learning is an evolution of AI. Deep Learning is an evolution of Machine
Learning. Basically, it is how deep is the
machine learning

Difference between Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Deep Learning

Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Deep Learning
AI stands for Artificial ML stands for Machine DL stands for Deep
Intelligence Learning. Learning
AI is the broader family ML is the subset of AI. DL is the subset of ML
consisting of ML and DL as
its components.
The aim is to basically The aim is to increase It attains the highest rank
increase chances of success accuracy not caring much in terms of accuracy when
and not accuracy. about the success ratio it is trained with large
amount of data.
Examples of AI applications Examples of ML Examples of DL
- applications include: Virtual applications include:
Powered Predictions, Personal Assistants: Siri, Sentiment based news
Ridesharing Apps Like Uber Alexa, Google, etc., Email aggregation, Image
and Lyft, Commercial Spam and Malware Filtering. analysis and caption
Flights Use an AI Autopilot, generation, etc.
etc.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS [1 MARKS]
1. What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
a) A type of machine learning b) A computer system with human-like intelligence
c) A programming language d) A robot with human emotions
Answer: b) A computer system with human-like intelligence
2. Which of the following is NOT a subfield of AI?
a) Natural Language Processing (NLP) b) Computer Vision
c) Data Analysis d) Robotics
Answer: c) Data Analysis
3. What is Machine Learning (ML) primarily focused on?
a) Replicating human intelligence b) Writing code to perform specific tasks
c) Allowing computers to learn from data d) Speech recognition
Answer: c) Allowing computers to learn from data
4. Which type of learning is associated with making predictions based on existing
data?
a) Supervised Learning b) Unsupervised Learning
c) Reinforcement Learning d) Deep Learning
Answer: a) Supervised Learning
5. Deep Learning (DL) is a subset of:
a) Machine Learning b) Natural Language Processing
c) Computer Vision d) Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
Answer: a) Machine Learning
6. What is the primary focus of Deep Learning algorithms?
a) Using shallow neural networks b) Processing structured data
c) Handling sequential data and unstructured data d) Solving symbolic reasoning
problems
Answer: c) Handling sequential data and unstructured data
7. Which technology is not typically associated with AI and ML?
a) Neural Networks b) Blockchain c) Support Vector Machines d) Decision Trees
Answer: b) Blockchain
8. In which field does Computer Vision play a significant role?
a) Natural Language Processing b) Image and Video Analysis
c) Robotics d) Speech Recognition
Answer: b) Image and Video Analysis
9. What is the primary goal of Reinforcement Learning (RL)?
a) Pattern recognition b) Making predictions
c) Learning from labeled data d) Training agents to take actions to maximize rewards
Answer: d) Training agents to take actions to maximize rewards
10. Which type of learning does not require labeled data during training?
a) Supervised Learning b) Unsupervised Learning
c) Reinforcement Learning d) Semi-Supervised Learning
Answer: b) Unsupervised Learning

ASSERTTION AND REASONING [1 MARKS]

1. Assertion: Machine Learning uses historical data for predictions.

Reasoning: Machine Learning identifies patterns in past data.
A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.
B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.
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 C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D. The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Answer: A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.
2. Assertion: AI encompasses NLP and Computer Vision.
Reasoning: AI deals with language and visual information.
A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.
B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.
C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D. The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Answer: A. Both true, and reasoning is correct

3. Assertion: Deep Learning is a subset of ML.

Reasoning: Deep Learning employs deep neural networks.
A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.
B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.
C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D. The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Answer: A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.

4. Assertion: Reinforcement Learning maximizes rewards.

Reasoning: Agents learn to make decisions in Reinforcement Learning.
A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.
B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.
C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D. The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Answer: A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.

5. Assertion: Computer Vision interprets images and videos.

Reasoning: Computer Vision understands visual data.
A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.
B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.
C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D. The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Answer: A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.

TRUE OR FALSE[1 MARKS]

1. Machine Learning uses historical data for predictions. In this context, historical data is
often referred to as_______________ data.
Answer: training

2. Computer Vision primarily focuses on the analysis and interpretation of __________ and
videos.
Answer: images
3. In the field of Artificial Intelligence, NLP stands for Natural Language ________.
Answer: Processing
4. Deep Learning is a subset of ________ Learning. It involves training deep neural
networks with many layers.

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Answer: Machine
5. Reinforcement Learning aims to train agents to take actions that maximize ________.
Answer: rewards

SHORT ANSWER TYPES[2 MARKS]

1. Question: What is the primary objective of Machine Learning?

Answer: The primary objective of Machine Learning is to enable computers to learn and make
predictions or decisions based on data without explicit programming.
2. Question: Can you provide an example of a real-world application of Natural Language
Processing (NLP)?
Answer: Yes, a common example of NLP is in chatbots, where NLP is used to understand and
generate human language for interactions with users.
3. Question: What distinguishes Deep Learning from traditional Machine Learning
approaches?
Answer: Deep Learning distinguishes itself by using deep neural networks with many layers to
handle complex and unstructured data, allowing it to automatically learn features from the data.
4. Question: In Reinforcement Learning, what is the role of the reward system?
Answer: In Reinforcement Learning, the reward system is used to provide feedback to the
learning agent. It indicates the desirability of the agent's actions and guides it to maximize
cumulative rewards over time.
5. Question: How does Computer Vision play a role in autonomous vehicles?
Answer: Computer Vision in autonomous vehicles enables them to interpret images and videos
from cameras and sensors to make decisions about navigation, obstacle detection, and other
critical functions.

LONG ANSWER TYPE [4 MARKS]

1. Question: Explain the concept of transfer learning in Machine Learning. How can it
benefit the development of AI models?
Answer: Transfer learning is a machine learning technique where a pre-trained model is used as
a starting point for a new, related task. This approach is beneficial in AI development as it allows
models to leverage knowledge from one task and apply it to another, often with less data and
computational resources. For example, a pre-trained image classification model can be fine-
tuned for a different image recognition task, reducing the need for extensive training data and
time.
2. Question: Describe the challenges and ethical considerations in deploying AI systems in
fields like healthcare. Provide examples of how AI can impact the healthcare industry
positively and negatively.
Answer: Deploying AI in healthcare presents several challenges, including data privacy
concerns, ensuring AI models are unbiased, and ensuring that AI systems do not replace human
decision-making entirely. Ethical considerations are crucial in healthcare AI. For example, AI
can positively impact healthcare by assisting in medical image analysis, early disease diagnosis,
and drug discovery. However, if not well-managed, AI can negatively impact patient privacy,
misdiagnose conditions, or exacerbate healthcare disparities.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS [2 MARKS]

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A retail company is considering implementing an AI-powered chatbot on their website to assist
customers with inquiries and support. The goal is to improve customer service and response
times. What potential benefits and challenges should the company be aware of when deploying
the AI chatbot?
Answer: The implementation of an AI chatbot in the retail company's website can offer several
benefits. It can provide 24/7 customer support, reduce response times, and handle a large volume
of inquiries simultaneously. It can also enhance the user experience and potentially increase
customer satisfaction.
However, there are challenges to consider. The chatbot's accuracy and ability to understand
natural language may require continuous improvement. Data privacy and security are significant
concerns, as chatbots handle customer information. There is also a risk of over-reliance on the
chatbot, potentially leading to customer frustration if complex issues are not adequately
addressed. Therefore, the company should ensure ongoing training and monitoring of the chatbot
and provide a seamless transition to human agents when necessary.

INTRODUCTION TO AI DOMAINS (DATA SCIENCES, CV & NLP)

Artificial Intelligence becomes intelligent according to the training which it gets. For training,
the machine is fed with datasets. According to the applications for which the AI algorithm is
being developed, the data which is fed into it changes.
With respect to the type of data fed in the AI model, AI models can be broadly categorized into
three domains:

A. Data Sciences: Data sciences is a domain of AI related to data systems and processes. The
system collects numerous data, maintains data sets, and derives meaning/sense out of them.The
information extracted through data science can be used to make a decision about it.
Examples of Data Science:
Price Comparison Websites: These websites are being driven by lots of data giving us the
convenience of comparing the price of a product from multiple vendors at one place.
PriceGrabber, Price Runner, Junglee, Shopzilla, DealTime are some examples of price
comparison websites.

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B. Computer Vision: Computer Vision (CV) is a domain of AI that depicts the capability of a
machine to get and analyze visual information and predict some decisions about it. The entire
process involves image acquiring, screening, analyzing, identifying and extracting information.
This extensive processing helps computers to understand any visual content and act on it
accordingly.
In computer vision, Input to machines can be photographs, videos and pictures from thermal or
infrared sensors, indicators and different sources.
Examples of Computer Vision:
Self-Driving cars/Automatic Cars
CV systems scan live objects and analyse them, based on whether the car decides to keep
running or to stop.
Face Lock in Smartphones
C. Natural Language Processing: Natural Language Processing (NLP), is a branch of artificial
intelligence that deals with the interaction between computers and humans using the natural
language.
It has two main components:
Natural Language Understanding (NLU): It is used for spoken or written language to provide
a link between natural language inputs and what they present. It analyses different aspects of
language.
Natural Language Generation (NLG): It helps to produce meaningful phrases and sentences
along with Text planning, Sentence planning, and Text realization.
Examples of Natural Language Processing:
Email filters: Email filters are one of the most basic and initial applications of NLP online. It
started out with spam filters, uncovering certain words or phrases that signal a spam message.
Smart assistants:
speech, then infer meaning and provide a useful response.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS [1 MARKS]
1. What is the primary goal of Data Science?
a) Creating data b) Extracting insights from data c) Ignoring data d) Storing data
Answer: b) Extracting insights from data

2. Which phase of Data Science involves the preparation and cleansing of data to ensure its
quality?
a) Data analysis b) Data visualization c) Data cleaning d) Data storage
Answer: c) Data cleaning

3. What does NLP stand for?

a) New Language Protocol b) Natural Language Processing
c) Neural Linguistic Programming d) Non-linear Language Parsing
Answer: b) Natural Language Processing
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4. Which NLP technique is used for dividing text into individual words or tokens?
a) Tokenization b) Sentiment Analysis
c) Machine Translation d) Part-of-Speech Tagging
Answer: a) Tokenization

5. Which domain of AI focuses on teaching machines to understand and generate human

language?
a) Machine Learning b) Natural Language Processing
c) Robotics d) Computer Vision

Answer: b) Natural Language Processing

6. What is the purpose of text normalization in NLP?

a) To make text more complex b) To make text more readable
c) To simplify text for analysis d) To add redundancy to text
Answer: c) To simplify text for analysis

7. What is the primary goal of Computer Vision (CV)?

a) Analysing audio data b) Interpreting visual data
c) Understanding written text d) Processing numerical data
Answer: b) Interpreting visual data
8. Which technique in CV is used to identify specific patterns or features within an image?
a) Image classification b) Object detection
c) Feature detection d) Image segmentation
Answer: c) Feature detection

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 .

ASSERTION AND REASON: [01 MARK]

1. Assertion: Data Science is primarily concerned with creating data.
Reason: Data Science involves extracting insights and knowledge from existing data.
a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Answer: c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.

2. Assertion: NLP can be used for sentiment analysis to determine the emotional tone of a text.
Reason: It involves classifying text as positive, negative, or neutral.
a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Answer: a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.

3. Assertion: Computer Vision is primarily concerned with analyzing audio data.

Reason: CV focuses on interpreting visual information from images and videos.
a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Answer: c)Assertion is true, but Reason is false

4. Assertion: Object detection is a more complex task than image classification in Computer
Vision.
Reason: Object detection not only involves identifying objects with an image but also
determining their precise locations.
a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Answer: b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of
the Assertion
5. Assertion: Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are commonly used in image
classification tasks.
Reason: CNNs are designed to automatically learn hierarchical features from images, making
them effective for tasks like object recognition.
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 a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
Answer: b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of
the Assertion.
TRUE AND FALSE: [01 MARK]
1. Data Visualization is an essential part of Data Science used to communicate findings
effectively.
Answer: True
2. NLP focuses on processing and understanding spoken language.
Answer: False
3. Part-of-Speech Tagging identifies the subject and predicate of a sentence.
Answer: True
4. Deep Learning, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), is commonly used in
Computer Vision.
Answer: True
5. Object recognition is a CV technique used to identify and locate objects within images or
videos.
Answer: True
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION: [02 MARKS]
1. Write any four applications of Data Science.
Answer: Business Analytics, Healthcare, Finance, E-commerce and Retail, Manufacturing and
Supply Chain, Social Media and Entertainment, Energy and Utilities, Transportation and
Logistics, Government and Public Policy, Environmental Science, Sports Analytics, Human
Resources, Marketing and Advertising, Education, Pharmaceuticals and Life Sciences, Fraud and
Risk Detection, Genetics & Genomics, Internet Search, Airline Route Planning.

2. Explain any two data formats for Data Science.

Answer:
1. CSV (Comma-Separated Values):
CSV files are plain text files where data is organized in rows and columns, with each column
separated by a comma (or another delimiter, such as a tab or semicolon).
2. XML (Extensible Markup Language):
XML is another text-based format used for storing structured data. It is often used in web
services and document storage, where data is tagged with descriptive elements.
3. Excel Spreadsheets (XLSX):
Excel files are commonly used for tabular data and can include multiple sheets.
Some other formats include- Database Formats (SQL), Text Documents (TXT, PDF, DOCX,
etc.), Image and Video Formats (JPEG, PNG, MP4, etc.)

3. Explain the concept of "text normalization" in NLP.

Answer: Text normalization in NLP is the process of converting text data into a standardized or
normalized form. It involves removing punctuation, converting all text to lowercase, and

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handling special characters. For example, normalizing "It's" to "it is" and "running" to "run" are
text normalization techniques.

4. What is an Image Classification? What is the goal of Image classification?

Answer: Image Classification problem is the task of assigning an input image one label from a
fixed set of categories. Or
Image classification in computer vision (CV) refers to the process of assigning a label or
category to an input image based on its content or features.
The goal of image classification is to teach a computer to recognize and categorize objects or
patterns within images accurately.

LONG ANSWER QUESTION: [04 MARKS]

1. Explain the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its significance in today's world.
Provide examples of how AI is being used in various fields.
ANS: Artificial Intelligence refers to the development of computer systems that can perform
tasks requiring human intelligence. AI is significant as it enhances efficiency and decision-
making across various sectors. For example, in healthcare, AI aids in medical diagnosis and drug
discovery. In self-driving cars, it enables autonomous navigation. In finance, AI is used for fraud
detection and algorithmic trading.

2. Explain the concept of Computer Vision and its significance in various industries. Provide
examples of how Computer Vision is transforming these industries.
ANS: Computer Vision is a branch of artificial intelligence that focuses on enabling machines to
interpret and understand visual information from the world, much like the human visual system.
It involves processing and analyzing images or video data to extract meaningful information and
make decisions based on what is seen. The significance of Computer Vision lies in its
transformative impact across various industries:
Healthcare: Computer Vision is being used for medical image analysis, allowing for the
detection of diseases like cancer from radiology scans (X-rays, MRIs, CT scans). It also
aids in surgical navigation, improving precision in procedures

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTION

Case: In a large healthcare organization, the diagnostic process for various medical conditions is
time-consuming and error-prone. Patients often wait for days to receive test results. How can AI
be applied to improve this situation, reducing diagnostic time and improving accuracy? Provide
specific examples of AI applications in healthcare.
Answer: In healthcare, AI can significantly improve the diagnostic process. AI-powered systems
can analyze medical images, such as X-rays and MRIs, to detect abnormalities and assist
radiologists in making faster and more accurate diagnoses. Additionally, AI can process patient
data and medical records to identify patterns and provide predictive insights, enabling early
diagnosis and personalized treatment plans.

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Case: A multinational corporation wants to improve its customer support by automating
responses to customer inquiries. How can NLP be employed to create a chatbot that understands
and responds to customer queries effectively? Describe the technology and data required for
building such a chatbot.

Answer: NLP can be applied to create chatbots for customer support. Chatbots use NLP models
to understand and respond to customer inquiries. These models require large datasets of customer
interactions and queries for training. Popular NLP models like BERT and GPT-3 can be fine-
tuned to specific domains. Deploying a chatbot involves integrating it into the company's
communication channels, such as websites and messaging apps.

APPLICATIONS OF AI A LOOK AT REAL-LIFE AI IMPLEMENTATIONS

1. Healthcare:
Medical Diagnosis: AI is used to analyse medical images (X-rays, MRIs, CT
scans) for the early detection of diseases.
Drug Discovery: AI models can predict potential drug candidates and their
effects, accelerating drug development.
2. Finance:
Algorithmic Trading: AI algorithms analyse market data to make rapid trading
decisions.
Credit Scoring: AI models assess credit risk by analyzing financial and non-
financial data.
3. Retail:
Recommendation Systems: Retailers like Amazon use AI to recommend
products to customers based on their browsing and purchase history.
Inventory Management: AI optimizes inventory levels, reducing stockouts and
overstocking.
4. Autonomous Vehicles:
Companies like Tesla, Waymo, and Uber employ AI for self-driving cars, using
computer vision, sensors, and machine learning for navigation and safety.
5. Customer Service:
Chatbots: AI-powered chatbots handle customer inquiries, provide information,
and resolve issues.
Voice Assistants: Virtual assistants like Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant use AI
to understand and respond to voice commands.
6. Manufacturing:
Quality Control: AI-based vision systems inspect products for defects on
assembly lines.
Predictive Maintenance: AI predicts when machines need maintenance to reduce
downtime.
7. Agriculture:
Precision Agriculture: AI helps farmers optimize crop yield by analyzing data
on soil, weather, and crop conditions.
Weed Detection: AI-powered drones identify and manage weeds in fields.
8. Energy:
Grid Optimization: AI manages energy grids to ensure efficient distribution.

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 Energy Consumption Analysis: AI identifies patterns in energy use to reduce
consumption.
9. Education:
Personalized Learning: AI adapts educational content to individual students'
needs and progress.
Language Learning: Language learning apps use AI for pronunciation and
grammar correction.
10. Cybersecurity:
Threat Detection: AI analyzes network traffic and system behavior to detect and
prevent cyber threats.
User Authentication: AI is used for biometric authentication, such as facial
recognition and fingerprint scanning.
11. Entertainment:
Content Creation: AI-generated art, music, and even writing is becoming more
common.
Video Games: AI is used for character behavior, game testing, and procedural
content generation.
12. Environmental Monitoring:
Wildlife Conservation: AI-powered cameras and sensors track and monitor
wildlife, aiding in conservation efforts.
Climate Prediction: AI analyzes climate data to make predictions about weather
patterns and climate change.
13. Smart Cities:
Traffic Management: AI optimizes traffic flow, reducing congestion and
emissions.
Waste Management: AI helps plan efficient waste collection routes.
14. Language Translation:
Services like Google Translate use AI for language translation and interpretation.
15. Space Exploration:
AI is used in autonomous spacecraft and rovers to conduct experiments and gather
data in space.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION[1 MARKS]

1: What is the primary application of AI in healthcare?
A. Managing hospital finances
B. Predictive maintenance of medical equipment
C. Medical diagnosis
D. Inventory control
Answer: C. Medical diagnosis

2: Which industry uses AI algorithms to analyze market data and make rapid trading decisions?
A. Retail B. Healthcare C. Finance D. Manufacturing
Answer: C. Finance

3: What is the main purpose of recommendation systems in the retail industry?

A. Tracking inventory levels B. Automating checkout processes

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C. Optimizing supply chain logistics D. Recommending products to customers
Answer: D. recommending products to customers

4: Autonomous vehicles use AI for:

A. Operating without any sensors B. Enhancing driver control
C. Analysing market trends D. Self-driving capabilities
Answer: D. Self-driving capabilities

Question 5: How does AI contribute to customer service in the form of chatbots?

A. By replacing human customer service agents
B. By providing personalized in-person assistance
C. By automating responses to customer inquiries
D. By handling inventory management
Answer: C. by automating responses to customer inquiries

6: What does AI-powered precision agriculture focus on?

A. Predicting stock market trends
B. Optimizing crop yield through data analysis
C. Monitoring traffic in urban areas
D. Managing supply chains
Answer: B. Optimizing crop yield through data analysis

7: In the field of cybersecurity, AI is primarily used for:

A. Tracking customer preferences
B. Predicting weather patterns
C. Threat detection and prevention
D. Language translation
Answer: C. Threat detection and prevention

8: What is the primary purpose of AI in the field of education?

A. Monitoring student attendance
B. Managing school budgets
C. Personalizing learning for individual students
D. Conducting standardized testing
Answer: C. Personalizing learning for individual students

9: AI-generated art, music, and writing is commonly associated with which industry?
A. Healthcare B. Entertainment C. Energy D. Manufacturing
Answer: B. Entertainment

10: How does AI contribute to environmental monitoring in the context of wildlife conservation?
A. It monitors global financial transactions
B. It tracks wildlife behaviour and movements

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 C. It predicts climate change
D. It manages waste collection routes
Answer: B. It tracks wildlife behaviour and movements
1 MARKS ASSERTTION AND REASONING
1. Assertion: AI-powered chatbots are used in customer service to improve response times and
efficiency.
Reasoning: Chatbots can handle a large volume of customer inquiries simultaneously and are
available 24/7.
Answer: A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.
2. Assertion: AI is applied in the field of medical diagnosis to detect diseases by analyzing
medical images.
Reasoning: AI uses machine learning algorithms to identify patterns and anomalies in X-rays
and MRIs, aiding in accurate diagnosis.
Answer: A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.

3. Assertion: AI plays a significant role in autonomous vehicles for self-driving capabilities.

Reasoning: Autonomous vehicles rely on AI algorithms, sensors, and computer vision to
navigate and make driving decisions.
Answer: A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.

4. Assertion: AI is used in the energy sector for grid optimization.

Reasoning: AI analyzes energy consumption patterns and helps in efficient energy distribution
and management.
Answer: A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.

5. Assertion: Recommendation systems in retail leverage AI to suggest products to customers.

Reasoning: AI algorithms analyze customers' browsing and purchase history to make
personalized product recommendations.
Answer: A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.

1 MARKS TRUE OR FALSE

1. AI is commonly used in the healthcare sector for medical diagnosis.
Answer: True
2. AI can perform tasks without any human intervention or guidance.
Answer: True
3. AI is not utilized in the financial industry for algorithmic trading and fraud detection.
Answer: False
4. Recommendation systems in e-commerce use AI to suggest products to users based on
their preferences.
Answer: True
5. AI is limited to only one specific industry and cannot be applied in various domains.
Answer: False
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2 MARKS SHORT ANSWER TYPES
1. What is the primary function of a recommendation system in e-commerce?
Answer: The primary function of a recommendation system in e-commerce is to suggest
products or content to users based on their preferences and browsing history, thereby enhancing
user experience and increasing sales.
2. How does AI contribute to traffic management in smart cities?
Answer: AI contributes to traffic management in smart cities by optimizing traffic flow,
reducing congestion, and improving overall transportation efficiency. It does this through real-
time data analysis and intelligent traffic signal control.
3. What is the main advantage of using AI in medical image analysis for diagnosing
diseases?
Answer: The main advantage of using AI in medical image analysis is its ability to rapidly and
accurately identify patterns and anomalies in medical images such as X-rays and MRIs, aiding in
early disease detection and improving diagnostic accuracy.
4. In autonomous vehicles, what is computer vision used for?
Answer: In autonomous vehicles, computer vision is used to process and interpret visual data
from cameras and sensors, enabling the vehicle to perceive its surroundings, detect obstacles, and
make informed driving decisions.
5. What is the role of AI in predictive maintenance in manufacturing?
Answer: AI in predictive maintenance analyses data from sensors and equipment to predict
when machinery is likely to fail. This enables maintenance to be scheduled proactively, reducing
downtime and maintenance costs.

4 MARKS LONG ANSWER TYPE

1. Describe how AI contributes to traffic management in smart cities and the benefits it
offers.
Answer: AI plays a crucial role in traffic management in smart cities by leveraging real-time
data and advanced algorithms. Smart city infrastructure is equipped with sensors, cameras, and
traffic monitoring systems that collect data on traffic flow, congestion, and vehicle movement.
AI processes this data to make real-time decisions regarding traffic signal control, route
optimization, and congestion management. This not only reduces traffic congestion and travel
times but also minimizes carbon emissions and fuel consumption. Benefits of AI-driven traffic
management in smart cities include reduced traffic accidents, improved transportation efficiency,
and a more sustainable urban environment.
2. Explain the concept of precision agriculture and provide examples of how AI is applied
in this field to improve crop yield and resource management.
Answer: Precision agriculture is a farming approach that uses technology to optimize crop
production while minimizing waste of resources. AI plays a vital role in precision agriculture by
analysing data from various sources, such as soil sensors, weather stations, drones, and satellite
imagery. AI algorithms process this data to provide insights and recommendations to farmers.
For example, soil sensors collect data on moisture levels and nutrient content, allowing AI to
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recommend precise irrigation and fertilization schedules. Drones equipped with cameras and
sensors monitor crop health and detect issues like pests or diseases, enabling targeted
interventions. AI-driven predictive analytics help farmers anticipate weather patterns and make
informed decisions on planting and harvesting times. These AI applications result in higher crop
yield, resource efficiency, and sustainability in agriculture.

CASE BASED
Case Scenario: Smart Grid Implementation
In a city, the local government has decided to implement a smart grid system to optimize energy
distribution and consumption. This smart grid will use advanced technologies, including AI and
IoT sensors, to monitor and manage the city's electricity grid. The goal is to reduce energy waste,
improve reliability, and promote sustainability.
Question: Discuss how AI and IoT sensors can work together in this smart grid system to
achieve the city's goals of energy optimization, reliability, and sustainability.
Answer: AI and IoT sensors play a critical role in the successful implementation of a smart grid
system for energy optimization, reliability, and sustainability in the city:
1. Real-Time Monitoring and Data Collection: IoT sensors are deployed throughout the
electricity grid to collect real-time data on energy usage, voltage, current, and system
performance. This data is continuously fed into AI algorithms for analysis.
2. Load Forecasting and Demand Response: AI, through machine learning algorithms,
can analyze historical data along with real-time data from IoT sensors to forecast energy
demand accurately. This enables the grid to proactively adjust supply and demand to
reduce energy waste and peak loads.
3. Anomaly Detection and Predictive Maintenance: AI algorithms can detect anomalies
in the grid's operation, such as voltage fluctuations or equipment malfunctions, based on
data from IoT sensors. Predictive maintenance schedules can be generated to address
these issues before they lead to service interruptions, thus improving grid reliability.
4. Optimized Distribution: AI can optimize energy distribution by dynamically rerouting
electricity to balance loads, minimize transmission losses, and improve the overall
efficiency of the grid. IoT sensors provide real-time feedback to the AI system, enabling
it to make these adjustments.
5. Sustainability and Renewable Integration: IoT sensors can provide information on the
availability and performance of renewable energy sources like solar panels and wind
turbines. AI can use this data to prioritize and integrate renewable energy into the grid,
reducing reliance on fossil fuels and promoting sustainability.
6. Grid Resilience: AI can continuously assess the grid's resilience and readiness for
potential disruptions, such as severe weather events. In the event of an outage or grid
instability, AI can help in the quick identification of issues and the rerouting of power to
maintain service.
7. Customer Engagement: AI-driven systems can provide real-time information to
consumers about their energy consumption, empowering them to make informed
decisions about energy use. IoT sensors can also enable demand response programs,
allowing consumers to reduce energy consumption during peak periods.
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 AI ETHICS

AI ethics is a set of moral guidelines and methods meant to guide the creation and ethical
application of artificial intelligence technologies.

AI ethics are the set of guiding principles that stakeholders (from engineers to government
officials) use to ensure artificial intelligence technology is developed and used responsibly. This
means taking a safe, secure, humane, and environmentally friendly approach to AI.

so is with AI Ethics

Organizations are beginning to create AI codes of ethics as AI has become ingrained in goods and
services.

These
days,
the Information Age is giving way to the Age of Artificial Intelligence. We now construct solutions
using intelligence gathered from the data rather than data or information. Even Netflix TV and
movie recommendations can be made using these technologies.

Data Privacy
Data is the center of the artificial intelligence. Every business, no matter how big or small, is
collecting data from as many sources as they can. The fact that more than 70% of the data acquired
to date was just gathered in the previous three years demonstrates how crucial data has grown in
recent years. The adage that data is the new gold is not untrue.

AI Bias
When outcomes in AI cannot be broadly generalised, bias occurs. We frequently imagine bias as
the product of preferences or exclusions in training data, but bias can also be introduced through
the methods used to collect data, the algorithms used to process it, and the methods used to interpret
the results of AI.

74
 AI Access
Not everyone can use artificial intelligence
because it is still a developing technology.
People who can afford AI-enabled technology
benefit from it to the fullest, while those who
cannot are left behind. Due to this, a gap
between these two social strata has developed,
and it is becoming wider due to the rapid
growth of technology.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS [1 MARKS]

1. Which of the following can be a simple objective system that depends on human judgement?
1. Logical Decision 3. Logical Data
2. Logical Input 4. Logical Access
Answer: 1. Logical Decision

2. If a smart self-driving car met an accident with a person on the road, who is responsible
morally?
1. The car owner 2. The person 3.The developer 4. All of these
Answer: The developer

3. The major ethics concerns are

1. issues, situations, choices 3. decisions, speeches, actions
2. feelings, thoughts, expressions 4. All of these
Answer: decisions, speeches, actions

4. Which of the more important concern related to data?

1. How does AI work? How does AI take decisions?
2. How AI collects data? How does AI represent data?
Answer: How does AI take decisions?

5. Amazon had been working on a secret AI recruiting tool. The machine-learning specialists
uncovered a big problem: their new recruiting engine did not like women. The system taught
itself that male candidates were preferable. It penalized resumes that included the word
an example of
1. Data Privacy AI access AI Bias Data Exploration
Answer: AI Bias

STATE TRUE OR FALSE [1 MARKS]

1. The AI system only performs the tasks exactly what they made for. (True/False)
2. AI systems are biased because they take decisions from the data and training material
provided to them. (True/False)
3. The system should be designed in such a manner that the data collection and purpose should
be unlimited. (True/False)

75
4. AI ethics is a blanket term used for dealing with all the ethical issues related to AI.
(True/False)
5. The AI system cannot have any negative adoptions. (True/False)

ASSERTION AND REASONING [1 MARKS]

1. Assertion: AI systems should be designed to be ethical and unbiased.
Reasoning: Ethical and unbiased AI systems promote fairness, reduce discrimination, and build
trust among users and stakeholders.
Answer: A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.

2. Assertion: Bias in AI systems can lead to unfair outcomes.

Reasoning: When AI systems are trained on biased data, they may perpetuate and amplify
existing biases, resulting in unfair decisions.
Answer: A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.

3. Assertion: AI bias can be addressed by carefully curating training data.

Reasoning: Ensuring that training data is diverse, representative, and free from bias is an
effective way to mitigate bias in AI systems.
Answer: A. Both true, and reasoning is correct.

4. Assertion: Ethical considerations are not important when developing AI systems.

Reasoning: Ethical considerations are crucial in AI development to ensure that AI benefits
society, respects privacy, and adheres to moral principles.
Answer: C. The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.

5. Assertion: AI ethics is primarily concerned with the ethical behavior of humans using AI
systems.
Reasoning: AI ethics encompasses both the ethical behavior of humans using AI and the ethical
behavior of AI systems themselves.
Answer: B. Both true, but reasoning is not the correct explanation.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE [2 MARKS]

1. What are the moral issues related to self-driving cars?

Self-driving cars are totally under the control of AI.
For example, an animal is crossing your way suddenly hit by a self-driving car. The animal
got hurt.
Who is responsible for this accident?
The following are some ethical concerns:
1.
2. The morality of the developer gets transferred into the machine as what according to
him/her is the right priority and hence would be the selection made by the machine.
3. Every person has their own perspective and he/she takes the decision according to their
moralities.

2. Why ethical practices should be followed while developing solutions using AI?
Ethical practices are very important while developing solutions using AI because the solution
is made to solve the problem or reduce the complexity of the problem.

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 If ethical practices are not followed properly then the solution might create more problems
and that leads to more problems.
Even unethical practices increase risk and damage to the surroundings. Which is not a good
cause for the problem solution.

3. What do you understand by Ethics?

The concerns related to good and ideal behaviour or manners and moral principles are known
as ethics.
In other words, ethics refers to what is right and what is wrong then teaches moral conduct.

4. In the coming years, AI-enabled machines will replace all the people who work as
Justify this statement.

As per one thought, AI makes our life easier.

People want most things in just one click and some platforms provide that too.
So AI enables machines or devices will do the task with just a click.
Where for the same task human being takes more time compared to AI machines.
So people who have little or no skills may be left out without jobs and AI takes charge.

5. Why AI models are biased in one or another way? Explain it.

As we are humans, have our own biases towards things.

Biases are not negative all the time.
Sometimes it is required to have a bias to control a situation and things working.
Similarly, machines can have intelligence but not their own bias.
Any bias can transfer from the developer to the machine through the algorithm.
So they are working according to the algorithm. So they are biased in one or another way.

LONG ANSWER TYPE [4 MARKS]

1. "Can you provide a detailed example of how AI is transforming the healthcare industry, and
what benefits and challenges it brings to patient care?"

Answer: AI has had a profound impact on healthcare. One notable application is in medical
image analysis. AI-powered algorithms can quickly and accurately detect anomalies in X-rays,
MRIs, and CT scans, aiding in early disease diagnosis. Moreover, predictive analytics enable
healthcare providers to anticipate patient needs and allocate resources efficiently. While AI
offers the potential for improved patient care, challenges such as data privacy and regulatory
compliance must be addressed. Striking a balance between embracing AI's capabilities and
ensuring ethical use is crucial. Overall, AI is revolutionizing healthcare by enhancing diagnostic
accuracy, treatment planning, and patient outcomes.

2. "How is AI being employed in the financial industry, and what are the advantages and
potential risks associated with its use?"

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Answer: AI is significantly reshaping the financial industry. In areas like algorithmic trading, AI
analyzes vast datasets to make rapid, data-driven trading decisions. It's also utilized in credit
scoring to assess credit risk more accurately. While AI offers benefits such as improved
efficiency, reduced fraud, and better risk management, there are potential risks like algorithmic
bias and data security. Algorithmic biases can lead to unfair or discriminatory decisions, and the
security of financial data is paramount. Striking a balance between reaping the benefits of AI-
driven finance and addressing these risks is critical to harness AI's potential for financial
innovation responsibly.

CCT BASED QUESTIONS

1. A well-known news channel broadcasts information on a wide range of topics, including

politics, government, foreign affairs, sports and the latest movie and television news. Reporters
are in charge of gathering, evaluating and transmitting information about current events.
Furthermore, the news channel permits people to submit breaking news, which is subject to
tween real
news and fake news, which can lead to confusion among readers and threaten a news

audience has a high level of trust in the news channel?

(i) Computer Vision (ii) Matrices (iii) Natural Language Processing (iv) Data Science
Ans: (iii) Natural Language Processing

2. A school uses an AI-based system to manage the learning process by delivering customized
study materials. To assign appropriate subjects to students, the system takes into consideration
all the factors such as gender, race, on going learning, economic level, minority status and
previous educational institute.However, because it ignores a fundamental aspect of learning as an

en.What is the significance of this scenario?

(i) Deep fakes (ii) Algorithm bias (iii) Safety concerns (iv) Explainable AI
Ans: (ii) Algorithm bias
UNIT 2: AI PROJECT CYCLE
INTRODUCTION TO AI PROJECT CYCLE

AI Project Cycle
In Project Cycle, we are going to deal with the steps involved in creating a project, starting from
the given problem till the project is created and tested.

AI Project Cycle Stages

AI Project Cycle Class has the following main stages:

1. Problem Scoping -- Understanding the Problem

2. Data Acquisition Collecting accurate and reliable data
3. Data Exploration Arranging the data uniformly
4. Modelling Creating Models from the data
5. Evaluation Evaluating the project
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Problem Scoping
Problem Scoping refers to understanding a problem finding out various factors which affect the
problem, define the goal or aim of the project.
Important aspects of problem scoping
The following are few key points:
When you start with an AI project or model you need to do problem scoping first.
It the process of figure out the problem and what are the solutions.
The AI project must have problem statement with required clarity
Data Acquisition
Data Acquisition is the process of collecting accurate and reliable data to work with. Data can be
in the format of the text, video, images, audio, and so on and it can be collected from various
sources like internet, journals, newspapers, and so on
Features of Data: Data features refer to the type of data you want to collect. It should be
relevant to the problem statement. For example, while analysing the weakness of a batsman, you
will have data features such as Speed of ball, type of dismissal, type of bowler, Type of swing,
Type of spin number of balls faced etc.

Data Exploration Data Exploration is the process of arranging the gathered data uniformly
for a better understanding. Data can be arranged in the form of a table, plotting a chart, or
making a database.

Modelling
Modelling is the process in which different models based on the visualized data can
be created and even checked for the advantages and disadvantages of the model.
Training, Testing and Validation of Data
Training set: The data where the model is trained on
Validation set: Data the model has not been trained on and used to tune hyperparameters
Test set: In principle the same like the validation set, just used at the final end after the model
has been tailored.
1. Training Data A subset required to train the model
2. Testing Data A subset required while testing the trained the mo

Evaluation
Evaluation is the method of understanding the reliability of an API (Application Programming
interface) Evaluation and is based on the outputs which are received by feeding the data into the
model and comparing the output with the actual answers.

PROBLEM SCOPING
It mainly has 5 ordered stages which distribute the entire development in specific
and clear steps: These are

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1. Problem Scoping,
2. Data Acquisition,
3. Data Exploration,
4. Modeling
5. Evaluation.
Components of Project Cycle

Components of the AI Project Cycle:

Problem Scoping Understanding the problem

Data Acquisition Collecting accurate and reliable data

Data Exploration Arranging the data uniformly

Modeling Creating Models from the data

Evaluation Evaluating the project

Problem Scoping
The first stage of the AI project cycle. In this stage of AI development, problems will be
identified. It is then followed by designing, developing, or building, and finally testing the
project.
4Ws of Problem Scoping
The 4W's of Problem Scoping are Who, What, Where and Why. These Ws helps in identifying and understanding
the problem in a better and efficient manner
1. Who - "Who" part helps us in comprehending and categorizing who all are affected directly and indirectly with
the problem and who are called the Stake Holders
2. What - "What" part helps us in understanding and identifying the nature of the problem and how do we get to
know what helps to get us know the evidence.
3. Where - "Where" does the problem arises, situation and the location.
4. Why - "Why" is the given problem worth solving?

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The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations Member States in
2015, provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and
into the future. At its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an
urgent call for action by all countries - developed and developing - in a global partnership. They
recognize that ending poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that
improve health and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth all while tackling
climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests.

The SDGs build on decades of work by countries and the UN, including the UN Department of
Economic and Social Affairs

Importance of Sustainable Development

1. Using the available resources judiciously and working towards maintaining the ecological
balance.
2. To prevent degradation of the environment and laying emphasis on protecting the
environment.
3. To prevent overexploitation of resources.

Objectives of Sustainable Development

1. Economic Growth: For creating an economy that is sustainable and growing in the right
direction.
2. Protecting the Environment: This objective focuses on contribution by humans towards
protecting and enhancing the natural environment, by minimizing pollution and waste, also
working towards reducing the global carbon footprint.
3. Social Inclusion: This objective focuses on providing the facility of housing for future
generations and assisting in creating healthy, strong and vibrant global communities.
The goals are as follows:

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S.
SDG Description
No.
People are said to be living in poverty if they do not have
access to basic services such as healthcare, security and
1 NO POVERTY
globally by 2030.
SDG 2 states that by 2030 we should end hunger and all
2 ZERO HUNGER forms of malnutrition, achieve food security and promoter
sustainable agriculture.
SDG 3 aims to achieve universal health coverage, and
GOOD HAELTH AND
3 reduce common killers which associated with child and
WELL-BEING
maternal mortality.

SDG 4 aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality

4 QUALITY EDUCATION education at the primary level for both boys and girls and
promote lifelong learning opportunities to all.

SDG 5 is stand-alone goal, which aims at ensuring that

5 GENDER EQUALITY
women receive the same opportunities as men.

sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. It

CLEAN WATER AND
6 has 8 targets and 11 indicators which will be used to
SANITATION
monitor the progress towards the targets. The first three
targets are related to drinking water supply and sanitation.
AFFORDABLE AND SDG 7 aims to make affordable sustainable reliable and
7
CLEAN ENERGY modern energy available to all
SDG 8 aims to attain at least 7 % annual growth in gross
domestic product (GDP) THROUGH the promotion of
DECENT WORK AND
8 sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth for
ECONOMIC GROWTH
all. Another target of the goal is to reduce youth
unemployment.

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 SDG 9 aims to provide employment to the people in the
INDUSTRY, INNOVATION manufacturing industry, along with creating resilient
9
AND INFRASTRUCTURE infrastructure, promoting sustainable industrialization and
fostering innovation.

40% of the population at higher rate than the national

10 REDUCING INEQUALITY
within and among
countries.
SDG 11 aims to make cities and human settlements safe,
SUSTAINABLE CITIES
11 sustainable and resilient, thus ensuring that everyone has
AND COMMUNITIES
access to safe and affordable housing.
RESPONSIBLE SDG 12 aim to use eco- friendly production methods and
12 CONSUMPTION AND promote sustainable consumption, thus reducing the amount
PRODUCTION of waste.
SDG 13 aim to take action against global warming and
13 CLIMATE ACTION combat climate change by regulating emissions and
promoting development in renewable energy.
SDG 14 aim to create effective strategies to reduce the
14 LIFE BELOW WATER adverse effects of increased ocean acidification and protect
marine biodiversity.
SDG 15 aim to protect, restore and promote sustainable use
of terrestrial ecosystem, which include managing forests,
15 LIFE ON LAND
reducing desertification, halting and reversal of land
degradation and reducing biodiversity loss.
SDG 16 aim to target violent crime, forced labor, child
PEACE, JUSTICE AND abuse and all forms of violence against children. It aims to
16
STRONG INSTITUTION promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable
development providing access to justice to all.
SDG 17 aim to ensure that countries and organization
cooperate and develop multi-stakeholder partnership to
PARTNERSHIP FOR THE
17 share knowledge, technology, and financial support in order
GOALS
to strengthen the implementation of the goals and revitalize
the global partnership for sustainable development.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION[1 MARKS]

1. Which one of the following is the first stage of an AI project cycle?
a) Data Exploration b) Data Acquisition c) Modelling d) Problem Scoping
2. Which one of the following comes under problem scoping?
a) System mapping b)4Ws Canvas c) data features d) web scraping
3. Which of the following is not a part of the 4Ws problem canvas?
a) Who? b) Which? c) Why? d) What?
4. Problem Scoping gives a clear vision of otherwise Problem.
a) Distinct b) Large c) Specific d) Undefined
5. What does SDG stand for?
a) Sustainable Development Goal c) Single Development Goal
b) Sustain Development Goal d) Sustainable Design goal

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 6. Sustainable Development, Goal 13 deals With
a) Climate Change b) Communities c) Water d) Energy
7. In which year did the govt. of India launch the smart cities mission?
a) 2015 b) 2002 c) 2013 d) 2017

1 MARKS ASSERTTION AND REASONING

1. A: The use of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) is banded throughout the world.
R: CFC is supposed to be main reason for ozone depletion.
a) Both assertion(A) and reason(R) are correct and reason(R) is the correct explanation of the
assertion(A).
b) Both assertion(A) and reason(R) are correct but reason(R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion(A).
c) Assertion(A) is correct but reason(R)is incorrect.
d) Assertion(A) is incorrect but reason(R)is correct.
Answer: b) Both assertion(A) and reason(R) are correct but reason(R) is not the correct
explanation of assertion(A).

2. A: the crude oil reserves are going down for the entire world and countries need to find
sustainable fuel for crude oil.
R: A country that depended upon importing crude oil will demand more crude oil in the future.
a) Both assertion(A) and reason(R) are correct and reason(R) is the correct explanation of the
assertion(A).
b) Both assertion(A) and reason(R) are correct but reason(R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion(A).
c) Assertion(A) is correct but reason(R)is incorrect.
d) Assertion(A) is incorrect but reason(R)is correct.
Answer: b) Both assertion(A) and reason(R) are correct but reason(R) is not the correct
explanation of assertion(A).

3.
R: Sustainable development ensures that environment friendly measures are adopted for carrying
out the production process.
a) Both assertion (A) and reason(R) are correct and reason(R) is the correct explanation of the
assertion(A).
b) Both assertion (A) and reason(R) are correct but reason(R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion(A).
c) Assertion (A) is correct but reason(R) is incorrect.
d) Assertion(A) is incorrect but reason(R)is correct
Answer: a) Both assertion(A) and reason(R) are correct and reason(R) is the correct explanation
of the assertion(A).

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 1 MARKS TRUE OR FALSE
1. SDG 10 aims to reduce inequalities within and among countries.
Ans: True
2. SDG 2 aims to end hunger and all forms of malnutrition.
Ans: True
3. Problem Scoping is the Third stage of Project AI Cycle.
Ans: True

2 MARKS SHORT ANSWER TYPES

1. What is Problem Scoping?
Ans: It's the initial phase in project management where project objectives and boundaries are
defined.
2. What are the 4Ws in problem canvas?
Ans: What, Why, Who, When these elements clarify the problem.
3. What are the various stages involved in AI project cycle?
Ans: Problem Scoping, Data Collection, Model Development, Testing, Deployment, and
Monitoring.
4. Who, when taken the initiative of SDGs?
he United Nations took the initiative to establish the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The SDGs were adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as part of the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development, reflecting a global commitment to address a range of
social, economic, and environmental challenges.
5. Write the importance of SDGs.
Ans: They offer a global framework to tackle key challenges, promote collaboration, guide
decision-making, track progress, and create a better, more sustainable world.

4 MARKS LONG ANSWER TYPE

1. Why Sustainable Development Goal is important?
Ans: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are crucial for several reasons:
Global Challenges: They address pressing global issues such as poverty, inequality,
climate change, and environmental degradation, providing a comprehensive framework
to tackle these challenges.
International Cooperation: The SDGs promote international collaboration and
collective action, as they are adopted and pursued by countries around the world.
Guidance: They guide governments, organizations, and individuals in making
sustainable and equitable decisions, helping align efforts towards common objectives.
Accountability: The SDGs serve as a measure of progress, holding stakeholders
accountable for their contributions to the goals.
Future Well-being: Achieving the SDGs leads to a more inclusive, sustainable, and
prosperous world for current and future generations, making them of paramount
importance.

2. Create a 4W canvas for people leaving at a remote place and facing the problem of
transportation. Prepare a complete problem statement template using 4W canvas.
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 Ans: 4W Canvas for Transportation Problem in Remote Areas:
What: Lack of accessible transportation in remote areas.
Why: Hinders access to services, limits economic opportunities, and isolates residents.
Who: Remote area residents, local authorities, transportation providers.
Where: Remote or underserved areas with inadequate transportation.

CASE BASED

1. Suppose you are working as a librarian in ABC Public School. Your duty is to organize books by

mixed up. Thus, you encounter several problems when looking for a particular book. In order to
find a book, the library requires an effective technique. So you recommend to the management for
the creation of a database of books, after which the books are categorized into shelves so that
students can quickly search for them. Taking this as a problem, choose which of the following
would be the ideal problem statement template.

a) Librarian and students are facing problem regarding searching for books in a library. An ideal
solution would be to assign a duty to the student to find books in the library.
b) Librarian and students are facing problem regarding searching for books in a library. An ideal
solution would be to create a database of books and place books on shelves according to category.
c) Librarian and students are facing problem regarding searching for books in a library. An ideal
solution would be to restrict the entry of students in the library.
d) Librarian and students are facing problem regarding searching for books in a library. An ideal
solution would be to close the library.
Ans: b) Librarian and students are facing a problem regarding searching for books in a
library. An ideal solution would be to create a database of books and place books on
shelves according to category.

DATA ACQUISITION

DATA ACQUISITION: Data acquisition is the process of collecting accurate and

reliable data to work with.

Two types of datasets are there one is TRAINING DATA SET and another is TESTING DATA
SET
Training data set is used for training the model
Testing data set is used for testing the model after it is trained
Big data it includes data with sizes that exceed the capacity of traditional software to
s or
dimension of big data VOLUME, VELOCITY and VARIETY.
To acquire the data there are several technologies. Web scraping, sensors, cameras,
API, observations surveys.

TYPE OF DATA:

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 TYPES OF DATA

STRUCTURED UN-STRUCTURED SEMI STRUCTURED

Structured Data:
Structured data is well-organized and follows a specific format or structure.
It is typically stored in databases or spreadsheets, making it easy to search, analyze, and
process.
Examples of structured data include:
Excel spreadsheets with rows and columns of information.
Databases with organized tables of data.
Web forms that collect information in a structured way.
Unstructured Data:
Unstructured data lacks a specific format and is not organized neatly like structured data.
It can be more challenging to process because it doesn't fit into predefined categories.
Examples of unstructured data include:
Textual data, such as paragraphs of text from books, articles, or social media.
Images, videos, and audio recordings.
Email messages and social media posts.
Semi-Structured Data:
Semi-structured data is partially organized and may have a loose structure, but it doesn't
follow a well-defined, rigid format like structured data.
It often includes labels or tags that help identify elements within the data, providing some
level of structure.
Semi-structured data can be easier to work with than completely unstructured data.
Examples of Semi-Structured Data:
1. XML (Extensible Markup Language
2. JSON (JavaScript Object Notation):
3. NoSQL Databases.
4.
TYPES OF DATA SOURCE:
Primary Data Source:
A primary data source refers to data that is collected directly from the original source or first
hand by the researcher for a specific research purpose. It involves the gathering of new, original
data tailored to the researcher's needs.
Some key points about primary data sources include:
1. Data Collection Process: Researchers design and conduct surveys, experiments,
interviews, observations, or other data collection methods to gather primary data.
2. Purpose-Specific: Primary data is collected with a particular research question or
objective in mind, and the data collection process is customized accordingly.
3. Control over Data Quality: Researchers have control over the data collection process,
ensuring data quality and relevance to the research objectives.
4. Time and Resource-Intensive: Collecting primary data can be more time-consuming
and resource-intensive compared to using existing data.

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Common examples of primary data sources include:
Surveys and Questionnaires
Interviews
Experiments
Observations:
Secondary Data Source:

Secondary Data Source:

A secondary data source involves using data that was previously collected by someone else for
purposes other than the researcher's current study. Researchers access and analyse existing data
that has been published or made available by other organizations or researchers.
Key characteristics of secondary data sources include:
1. Data Already Exists: Secondary data is data that has already been collected, processed,
and stored by others for their own purposes.
2. Cost and Time-Efficient: Using secondary data can be more cost-effective and time-
efficient compared to collecting new data, as the data is readily available.
3. May Lack Specificity: The data may not be as specific or tailored to the researcher's
exact needs, and it may require some adaptation or validation.
4. Multiple Uses: Secondary data can serve multiple research purposes, not just the one for
which it was originally collected.
Common examples of secondary data sources include:
Government Databases
Academic Research Papers
Company Reports
Historical Records

TYPES OF DATA
1. Nominal Data: Categories or labels without any inherent order.
Example: Colors (red, green, blue)
2. Ordinal Data: Categories with a meaningful order but uneven intervals.
Example: Educational levels (high school, college, graduate)
3. Interval Data: Values with order and equal intervals but no true zero point.
Example: Temperature in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit
4. Ratio Data: Values with order, equal intervals, and a true zero point.
Example: Age, height, weight, income
5. Categorical Data: Data that represents categories.
Example: Animal types (cats, dogs, birds)
6. Numerical Data: Data that represents numbers.
Example: Scores on a test (85, 92, 76)
7. Discrete Data: Separate, distinct values.
Example: Number of students in a classroom (25, 30, 28)
8. Continuous Data: Infinite values within a range.
Example: Temperature (20.5°C, 22.3°C, 21.8°C)
9. Time Series Data: Data collected at successive time intervals.
Example: Daily stock prices (e.g., for a year)
10. Spatial Data: Data related to geographic locations.
Example: Coordinates of cities on a map
11. Text Data: Unstructured textual information.
Example: A paragraph of text from a book or article

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 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION [1 MARKS]
Question 1: What is the purpose of a training data set in data acquisition?
A) To test the model after it is trained.
B) To collect new, original data tailored to the researcher's needs.
C) To store data in databases or spreadsheets.
D) To train a model for future analysis.
Answer: D) To train a model for future analysis.
Question 2: Which of the following is an example of structured data?
A) A paragraph of text from a book.
B) Images from a social media feed.
C) Excel spreadsheet with rows and columns of information.
D) Daily stock prices.
Answer: C) Excel spreadsheet with rows and columns of information.
Question 3: What defines the properties or dimensions of big data as "3V's"?
A) Velocity, Validity, and Variety. B) Volume, Velocity, and Variety.
C) Value, Veracity, and Volume. D) Variety, Viscosity, and Velocity.
Answer: B) Volume, Velocity, and Variety.
Question 4: Which of the following is NOT a technology used to acquire data?
A) Web scraping. B) Cameras.
C) SQL databases D) Observations and surveys.
Answer: C) SQL databases.
Question 5: What type of data lacks a specific format and can be more challenging to process?
A) Structured data. B) Semi-structured data.
C) Nominal data. D) Unstructured data.
Answer: D) Unstructured data.
Question 6: Which type of data is characterized by having order and equal intervals but no true
zero point?
A) Nominal data. B) Ordinal data. C) Interval data. D) Ratio data.
Answer: C) Interval data.
Question 7: Which data source involves using data collected directly by the researcher for a
specific research purpose?
A) Secondary data source. B) Tertiary data source.
C) Primary data source. D) Unstructured data source.
Answer: C) Primary data source.
Question 8: Which type of data represents categories or labels without any inherent order?
A) Ordinal data. B) Nominal data. C) Ratio data. D) Categorical data.
Answer: B) Nominal data.
Question 9: Which type of data represents values with order, equal intervals, and a true zero
point?
A) Ordinal data. B) Interval data. C) Nominal data. D) Ratio data.
Answer: D) Ratio data.
Question 10: Which data source involves using data that was previously collected by someone
else for purposes other than the researcher's current study?
A) Primary data source. B) Unstructured data source.
C) Secondary data source. D) Categorical data source.
Answer: C) Secondary data source.

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 ASSERTION AND REASONING [1 MARKS]
1: Assertion: Training data sets are used for training machine learning models.
Reasoning: These data sets typically consist of labelled examples to teach the model to make
accurate predictions.
A) Both the assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning is the correct explanation of the
assertion.
B) Both the assertion and reasoning are true, but the reasoning is not the correct explanation of
the assertion.
C) The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D) The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Answer: A) Both the assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning is the correct
explanation of the assertion.

2: Assertion: Unstructured data can be more challenging to process than structured data.
Reasoning: Unstructured data lacks a specific format and predefined categories, making it
harder to analyse.
A) Both the assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning is the correct explanation of the
assertion.
B) Both the assertion and reasoning are true, but the reasoning is not the correct explanation of
the assertion.
C) The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D) The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Answer: A) Both the assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning is the correct
explanation of the assertion.

3: Assertion: Primary data sources involve collecting data directly for a specific research
purpose.
Reasoning: Researchers use primary data sources to gather new, original data tailored to their
needs.
A) Both the assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning is the correct explanation of the
assertion.
B) Both the assertion and reasoning are true, but the reasoning is not the correct explanation of
the assertion.
C) The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D) The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Answer: A) Both the assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning is the correct
explanation of the assertion.

4: Assertion: Interval data has equal intervals, but it lacks a true zero point.
Reasoning: In interval data, values can be ordered, but the concept of zero doesn't indicate the
absence of the measured attribute.
A) Both the assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning is the correct explanation of the
assertion.
B) Both the assertion and reasoning are true, but the reasoning is not the correct explanation of
the assertion.
C) The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D) The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Answer: A) Both the assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning is the correct
explanation of the assertion.
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5: Assertion: Secondary data sources are cost-effective and time-efficient.
Reasoning: Researchers use existing data published by others, saving time and resources.
A) Both the assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning is the correct explanation of the
assertion.
B) Both the assertion and reasoning are true, but the reasoning is not the correct explanation of
the assertion.
C) The assertion is true, but the reasoning is false.
D) The assertion is false, but the reasoning is true.
Answer: A) Both the assertion and reasoning are true, and the reasoning is the correct
explanation of the assertion.

TRUE OR FALSE [1 MARKS]

Question 1: Structured data is typically well-organized and follows a specific format.
Answer: True
Question 2: Big data is characterized by the 3Vs: Volume, Velocity, and Validity.
Answer: False
Question 3: Semi-structured data is completely disorganized and lacks any structure.
Answer: False
Question 4: Primary data sources involve gathering new, original data tailored to the
researcher's needs.
Answer: True
Question 5: Interval data has values with order, equal intervals, and a true zero point.
Answer: False

SHORT ANSWER TYPE [2 MARKS]

Question 1: What are the three defining properties or dimensions of big data?
Answer: The three defining properties or dimensions of big data are Volume, Velocity, and
Variety.
Question 2: What is the key characteristic that distinguishes structured data from unstructured
data?
Answer: Structured data is well-organized and follows a specific format, whereas unstructured
data lacks a specific format and is not neatly organized.
Question 3: Give an example of semi-structured data.
Answer: An example of semi-structured data is a JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) file, which
has a loose structure with labeled elements.
Question 4: What is the primary purpose of a training data set in machine learning?
Answer: The primary purpose of a training data set is to train a machine learning model to make
accurate predictions or classifications.
Question 5: Name a common technology used for data acquisition through direct observation.
Answer: Direct observations are a technology for data acquisition, where researchers collect
data by directly observing subjects or events.
Question 6: What is the main advantage of using secondary data sources in research?
Answer: The main advantage of using secondary data sources is that they are cost-effective and
time-efficient because the data has already been collected by others.
Question 7: Provide an example of nominal data.
Answer: An example of nominal data is the category of colors (e.g., red, green, blue).
Question 8: How does interval data differ from ratio data?
Answer: Interval data has order and equal intervals but lacks a true zero point, while ratio data
has order, equal intervals, and a true zero point.
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Question 9: What is the primary difference between primary data sources and secondary data
sources in research?
Answer: Primary data sources involve collecting new, original data tailored to the researcher's
specific research purpose, while secondary data sources involve using data that was previously
collected by others for different purposes.
Question 10: Give an example of spatial data.
Answer: An example of spatial data is geographic coordinates representing the locations of
cities on a map.

LONG ANSWER TYPE [4 MARKS]

Question 1: Explain the concept of "Big Data" and discuss the 3Vs that define the properties of
big data.
Answer: Big Data refers to data sets that are so large and complex that they cannot be
effectively processed using traditional data management and analysis tools. The concept is
characterized by the 3Vs:
1. Volume: This refers to the sheer size of the data. Big data encompasses vast amounts of
information that exceed the capacity of conventional software and hardware to manage.
Examples include social media data, sensor data, and astronomical observations. The
volume of big data can range from terabytes to petabytes or more.
2. Velocity: Velocity relates to the speed at which data is generated, collected, and
processed. Big data is often produced in real-time or near-real-time, such as social media
updates, financial transactions, or sensor data from IoT devices. Managing and analyzing
data at this rapid pace presents a challenge.
3. Variety: Variety refers to the diversity of data types and sources. Big data can include
structured, unstructured, and semi-structured data. This encompasses everything from
text, images, and videos to sensor readings, log files, and more. The varied nature of data
requires advanced tools and techniques for processing and analysis.

Question 2: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using secondary data sources in
research, and provide examples of situations where secondary data sources are particularly
useful.
Answer: Advantages of Using Secondary Data Sources:
1. Cost-Effective: Secondary data is readily available, reducing the costs associated with
primary data collection.
2. Time-Efficient: Researchers can save time as the data already exists, eliminating the
need for data collection.
3. Historical Analysis: Secondary data often includes historical records, making it valuable
for longitudinal studies and trend analysis.
4. Large Sample Sizes: Secondary data may provide access to extensive datasets that
would be challenging to collect on your own.
5. Multiple Research Purposes: Secondary data can serve various research objectives
beyond the original data's scope.
Disadvantages of Using Secondary Data Sources:
1. Lack of Control: Researchers have limited control over how the data was collected and
its quality.
2. Data Quality Concerns: Data may not be specific to the researcher's exact needs and
may require validation.
3. Data Incompatibility: Data formats and standards may vary, requiring effort to integrate
and analyze the data.
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 4. Potential Bias: The data source's original purpose may introduce bias, affecting its
suitability for the research.
Examples of Situations Where Secondary Data Sources Are Useful:
Historical research: Analyzing historical records, archives, and documents.
Market research: Using industry reports, consumer surveys, or market data.
Public health studies: Analyzing epidemiological data, disease registries, or government
health statistics.

CASE BASED STUDY [2 MARKS]

Case 1: Scenario: You are a data scientist working for a retail company. Your company is
interested in collecting data to improve the shopping experience for customers. Describe two
different methods of data acquisition that you would recommend and explain why you would
choose them.
Answer: Two methods of data acquisition for improving the shopping experience could be:
1. Customer Surveys: Conducting online or in-store surveys to gather direct feedback from
customers. This method provides valuable insights into customer preferences,
satisfaction, and areas for improvement.
2. Point-of-Sale (POS) Data Analysis: Analyzing data from the POS system, such as
transaction records, to understand purchasing patterns, popular products, and peak
shopping times. This data can help optimize inventory management and store layout.

CASE 2: Scenario: You are a researcher studying climate change. You need to collect data on
temperature fluctuations over the past century. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
using primary data sources versus secondary data sources for your research.
Answer:
Primary Data Sources:
Advantages: You can design data collection methods to suit your specific research
needs. This allows for greater control over data quality and relevance.
Disadvantages: Collecting primary data can be time-consuming and resource-
intensive, and it may not cover a century of historical data.
Secondary Data Sources:
Advantages: Secondary data sources, such as historical climate records, are
readily available, cost-effective, and time-efficient. They may cover the required
time span.
Disadvantages: The data may not be tailored to your exact research needs, and
you may need to deal with data quality and consistency issues.

DATA EXPLORATION:
In Data exploration stage we try to interpret some useful information out of the data we have
acquired. For this function we need to explore the data and try to put it equivalently for a better
understanding. This stage deals with validating or verification of the collected data and to
analyze that.
In this stage Data can be arranged in the form of a table, plotting a chart or making database.

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SUB-STAGES OF DATA EXPLORATION

DATA CLEANING: Data cleaning is the process of fixing or removing incorrect, corrupted,
incorrectly formatted, duplicate or incomplete data within a data set when combining multiple
data sources.
It mainly helps in getting rid of commonly found errors and mistakes in a data set.
This are the 3 commonly found errors in data.
OUTLIERS - Data points existing out of the range. It eat it is something that behaves
differently the combination or collection of the data.
MISSING DATA - Data points missing at certain places.
ERRONEOUS DATA - Incorrect data points.
Erroneous data is test data that falls outside of what is acceptable and should be rejected by the
system.

DATA VISUALIZATION:
Data visualization is the graphical representation of information and data. By using visual
elements like charts, graphs, and maps, data visualization tools provide an accessible way to see
and understand trends, outliers, and patterns in data.

Why we need to explore data through visualization?

We want to quickly get a sense of the trends relationships and patterns contained
within the data
It helps us define strategy for which model to use at a later stage
Visual representation is easier to understand and communicate to others

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DATA VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES:
Area Graph
An area graph, also known as a stacked
area chart, uses filled areas under lines to
represent the cumulative contribution of
different data categories over time or along
a continuous axis.

Histogram
A histogram displays the distribution of
continuous data by dividing it into bins
or intervals and showing the frequency of
data points within each bin.

Bar Chart
A bar chart represents data using
rectangular bars of varying heights to
show comparisons between different
categories or discrete data points..

Line Graph
A line graph connects data points with
lines to depict trends or changes in a
dataset over a continuous range, such as
time.

Pie Charts
A pie chart sometimes called as a circle chart is a way of summarizing a set of nominal data or
displaying the different values of a given variable.

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 1 MARKS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Which of these is not used for visualization in AI?
A. Pie chart B. Scatter plot C. Ruler D. Bar chart
Ans: C. Ruler
2. Match the best choice of graph for the data below.
1. Chart to show the number of students in a school over past 5 years.
2. Chart to show the temperature on each day of the week.
3. Chart to show percentage of each sale of ticket type at a concert

i) ii) iii)

a) 1 -> i) ; 2 -> ii) ; 3 -> iii)

b) 1 -> ii) ; 2 -> iii) ; 3 -> i)
c) 1 -> iii) ; 2 -> i) ; 3 -> ii)
d) 1 -> iii) ; 2 -> ii) ; 3 -> i)
Ans: c) 1 -> iii) ; 2 -> i) ; 3 -> ii)
3. What are the different reliable sources to collect the data in AI?
a. Surveys & Web Scraping b. Sensors & Cameras
c. Observations & API d. All of the above
Ans: d. All of the above
4. The method of collecting correct and dependable data to work with is known as ___________.
a. Problem Scoping b. Data Acquisition
c. Data Exploration d. Modeling
Ans: b. Data Acquisition
5. ________ is a collection of data in tabular format.
a. Dataset b. Structured Data c. Unstructured Data d. None of the above
Ans: b. Structured Data
6. Data can be visualized using?
a) Graph b) Charts c)Maps d) All of the above
Ans: d) All of the above
1 MARKS ASSERTTION AND REASONING

1. Assertion (A): A pie chart is divided into segments to represent values of Different sizes.
Reason (R): Pie Chart is very effective when we have so many data series

A. (A) is false but (R) is true

B. (A) is true but (R) is false
C. Both (A) and (R) are true
D. Both (A) and (R) are false

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2. Assertion (A): System maps tool helps figure out the relationship of elements with the

Reason (R): Positive arrows determine a direct relationship of elements while the negative
arrows show an inverse relationship of elements.

A. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

B. Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
C. A is correct but R is incorrect
D. A is incorrect but R is correct
3. Assertion (A): A self-driving car is made up of a combination of sensors, cameras, radar and
AI.
Reason (R): The owner is liable if a self-driving car is involved in an accident

A. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

B. Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
C. A is correct but R is incorrect
D. A is incorrect but R is correct

1 MARKS TRUE OR FALSE

1. You can also adopt some sophisticated statistical methods for data exploration.
(True/False)
2. Graphs help users to better conclusions. (True/False)
3. You can also adopt some sophisticated statistical methods for data exploration. (True/False)

2 MARKS SHORT ANSWER TYPES

1. What do you mean by data exploration?
Ans: In data exploration stage of AI project cycle we try to interpret some useful
information out of the data we have acquired for this purpose we need to explore the data
and try to put it uniformly for a better understanding.
This stage deals with validating or verification of the collected data and to analyze that:
1. the data is according to the specification decided
2. the data is free from errors
3. the data is meeting our needs
2. What are the different types of sources of data from where we can collect reliable
and authentic datasets?
Ans: Data can be a piece of information or facts and statistics collected together for
reference or analysis. Whenever we want an AI project to be able to predict an output we need to
train the first using data. There could be many ways and sources from where we can collect
reliable and authentic data set namely surveys web scraping sensors cameras observations research
investigation and API etc.

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 3. Draw the graphical representation of regression AI model and explain in brief.
Ans: Regression is the process of finding a model for distinguishing the data into
continuous real values instead of using discrete values. It can also identify the distribution
movement depending on the historical data.

4 MARKS LONG ANSWER TYPE

1. How does data exploration play a critical role in the early stages of an AI project cycle, and
what are some common techniques used for this purpose?
Answer: Data exploration is fundamental in AI projects as it helps understand the quality and
characteristics of the dataset. By performing exploratory data analysis (EDA), data scientists can
uncover trends, outliers, and potential issues that impact model performance. Common
techniques include statistical summaries, data visualization, and feature engineering. EDA assists
in selecting the most relevant features, addressing missing values, and ensuring data is
appropriately pre-processed. This ensures a strong foundation for subsequent steps like model
selection and training, ultimately improving the chances of AI project success.

2. Can you elaborate on the iterative nature of data exploration within the AI project cycle and its
role in refining machine learning models over time?
Answer: Data exploration isn't a one-time task in AI projects but an iterative process. Initially, it
helps identify data quality issues, and as models are developed and tested, exploration continues.
Insights gained from early models guide the refinement of features, model selection, and
hyperparameter tuning. Over time, data exploration helps address overfitting, improve model
generalization, and adapt to changing data patterns. This iterative approach ensures that AI
models remain relevant and effective in a dynamic data environment, contributing to the long-
term success of the project.

CASE BASED
Case: Imagine you are leading an AI project for a retail company. The company wants to
develop a recommendation system for its online store to boost sales. You have gathered a large
dataset of customer behavior, product views, and purchase history. You're in the early stages of
the project.
Question: How would you approach the data exploration phase of this AI project, considering
the specific requirements and challenges of creating a recommendation system for an online
retail store? What types of data analysis and insights would you prioritize?
Answer: In the data exploration phase for this retail recommendation system project, I would
focus on several key aspects:
1. Data Profiling: Begin by understanding the structure and quality of the data. This
involves assessing data types, identifying missing values, and dealing with outliers.
2. Customer Segmentation: Segment customers based on their behavior, demographics,
and purchase history. This helps tailor recommendations to specific user groups.
3. Product Analysis: Analyze product attributes, such as category, price, and popularity.
Identifying which features influence customer choices is crucial.

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 4. Historical Data Trends: Investigate trends over time, like seasonal buying patterns and
product life cycles, to make dynamic recommendations.
5. User Interaction Analysis: Examine how users interact with the recommendation
system and respond to recommendations. This can inform feedback loops and model
updates.

MODELLING
INTRODUCTION TO MODELLING
Topic Modeling: Know about the different machine learning algorithms used to train AI models:
Introduction to Rule Based & Learning Based AI Approaches
Modeling:
In an AI project cycle, it is the fourth stage. The data is made understandable for humans in the
earlier stage by using a graphical representation so that we may identify trends and patterns.
However, when it comes to accessing and analyzing data, computers require that the information
be provided in the most basic form of numbers (binary, or 0s and 1s), and when it comes to
identifying patterns and trends in the data, machines turn to mathematical representations of the
information.
The following classifications can be used to categorize AI models:

Rule-based AI: These models rely on predefined rules and logic to make decisions or perform
tasks. They follow a set of if-then statements to determine the appropriate action.
2. Learning-based AI: These models learn from data and improve their performance over time.
They can be further categorized into:
A. Supervised learning: These models are trained on data that has labels and known input-
output pairings. Decision trees, logistic regression, and linear regression are a few examples of
supervised learning models.
1. Classification is a supervised learning task where the goal is to predict the class or
category of an input based on its features. It involves training a model on labeled data,
where the input samples are associated with their corresponding class labels.

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 2. Regression, on the other hand, is also a supervised learning task but focuses on
predicting continuous or numerical values. Linear regression, polynomial regression, and
random forest regression are some common regression models.

B. Unsupervised Learning: These models are developed using unlabeled data, in which the
input and output have no assigned labels. Unsupervised learning models include dimensionality
reduction and clustering etc.

1.Clustering: is the process of

grouping related objects within a
machine learning system. AI models
benefit from grouping related
objects into clusters.

2. Dimensionality Reduction: The method

of lowering the number of features in a
dataset while maintaining as much
information as feasible is known as
dimensionality reduction. This can be done
to reduce the complexity of the model,
increase the effectiveness of a process of
learning, or make visualization of
information simpler.

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 C. Reinforcement learning: These models learn through
interaction with an environment. They receive feedback
in the form of rewards or penalties based on their actions
and use this feedback to improve their performance over
time. Reinforcement learning models are commonly used
in applications such as game playing and robotics.

1 MARKS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q1) What is the stage of Modelling in the AI project cycle?
a) 1st b) 2nd c) 4th c)5th
Q2) Which of the following represent Dimensionality reduction in unsupervised learning?

a) C)

B) D)

a) Classification b) Clustering c) Regression d) Dimensionality Reduction

Q4) What is the role of modeling in an NLP based AI model?
a) Modeling in NLP helps in processing of AI model
b) Modeling is required to make an AI model
c) In NLP, modeling requires data pre-processing only after which the data is fed to the machine.
d) Modeling is used in simplification of data acquisition
Q5) The supervised learning problems can be grouped as
A. Regression problems C. classification problems
C. Both A and B D. None of the above
Q6) The unsupervised learning problems can be grouped as _______.
A. Clustering B. Dimensionality Reduction
C. Both A and B D.None of the above

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Q7) ________________________ refers to the AI modeling where the machine learns by
itself.
a) Learning Based b) Rule Based c) Machine Learning d) Data Sciences
Answers of MCQs:
Q1) C Q2) A Q3) A Q4) C Q5)C Q6) C Q7) A

1 MARKS ASSERTTION AND REASONING

Q1) Assertion: In supervised learning, a labeled dataset is required for training.
Reason: Labeled data provides the algorithm with examples of correct outputs, enabling it to
learn the underlying patterns in the data.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
(b)Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
(c) A is True but R is False
(d)A is false but R is True

Q2 ) Assertion: In supervised learning, the goal is to minimize the error between predicted and
actual values on a test dataset.
Reason: Minimizing this error ensures that the model generalizes well to unseen data.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
(b)Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
(c) A is True but R is False
(d)A is false but R is True

Q3) Assertion: Clustering is a common task in unsupervised learning.

Reason: Clustering algorithms group similar data points together based on some similarity
measure.
D. Both the assertion and reason are false.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
(b)Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
(c) A is True but R is False
(d)A is false but R is True

Q4) Assertion: Rule-based learning can be computationally expensive for problems with a large
number of features.
Reason: In rule-based systems, the number of rules and combinations of features can grow
significantly with the feature dimensionality.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
(b)Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
(c) A is True but R is False
(d)A is false but R is True

Q5) Assertion: In regression, the target variable is categorical, and the goal is to classify data
into different classes.
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Reason: Regression models aim to predict continuous values, making them suitable for tasks like
predicting prices or quantities.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
(b)Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
(c) A is True but R is False
(d)A is false but R is True
Answers of Assertion & Reason Questions:
1) A 2) A 3) A 4) A 5) D
1 MARKS TRUE OR FALSE
Q1)Regression is not a supervised learning task used to predict continuous numeric values, such
as predicting house prices or stock prices.
Q2) Clustering is a common task in unsupervised learning, where similar data points are grouped
together based on some similarity measure.
Q3) Classification is a type of unsupervised learning where the goal is to assign data points to
predefined categories or classes.
Q4) When using dimensionality reduction, it's possible to lose some information from the
original data.

Q5) The goal of dimensionality reduction is to decrease the number of features while preserving
the most relevant information.
Answers of True/False Questions:
1) False 2) True 3) False 4) True 5) True
2 MARKS SHORT ANSWER TYPES
Q1) what are the two different approaches for AI modelling? Define them.
AI-Based Modeling: In AI-based modeling, the system uses techniques and algorithms
to learn from data and adapt its behavior. This can include machine learning and deep
learning methods that allow the model to generalize from data and make predictions or
decisions based on patterns it has learned.
Rule-Based Modeling: Rule-based modeling involves defining explicit rules and
conditions that guide the system's behavior. These rules are typically handcrafted by
experts and can be based on logical if-then statements or other conditional structures. The
system operates by following these predefined rules.

Q2) Draw the graphical representation of the Classification AI model. Explain in brief.

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Classification Model: Classification is a supervised learning task
where the model categorizes data into predefined classes or
categories. It learns from labelled examples and assigns new,
unlabelled data to one of these classes based on patterns and
features in the data. It's commonly used for tasks like spam email
detection or image recognition.

Q3) Draw the graphical representation of the Regression AI model. Explain in brief.

Ans: Regression is another supervised learning task, but it's used for
predicting continuous numerical values. The model learns to establish a
relationship between input features and the target variable, allowing it to
make predictions. Regression is used in applications like predicting
house prices based on features like size and location.

Q4) Draw the graphical representation of the Clustering AI model.

Explain in brief.

Clustering is an unsupervised learning task where the model groups

data points into clusters based on their similarity or proximity to
each other. It helps discover hidden patterns or structures within
data. Clustering can be used for customer segmentation, anomaly
detection, or organizing data

Q5) Differentiate between supervised learning and unsupervised learning.

Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning

Labeled data Unlabeled data
Learn a mapping from input to output labels Discover hidden patterns or structures without
predefined categories or target values
Model receives feedback in the form of correct Model does not receive feedback in the form of
output labels correct labels
Classification, regression Clustering, dimensionality reduction, anomaly
detection, and exploratory data analysis

4 MARKS LONG ANSWER TYPE

Q1) Differentiate between rule-based and learning-based AI modelling approaches.

Rule-Based Modeling Learning-Based Modeling

Utilizes explicit, predefined rules and Learns from data and adapts its behavior based on
conditions that guide the system's behavior patterns it discovers

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 Predominantly depends on expert knowledge Reduces the dependency on explicit rules and
to define rules instead relies on data and algorithms
Less flexible in adapting to changes or More adaptable and can handle dynamic or
evolving data patterns evolving data scenarios
Requires manual rule creation and Requires data for training but can learn
maintenance by experts autonomously without explicit rules
Expert systems, decision support, where Machine learning, deep learning, for tasks like
rules are well-defined image recognition or natural language processing
Q2) Differentiate between classification and clustering algorithms with the help of suitable
examples.

Classification Algorithm Clustering Algorithm

Assigns data points to predefined categories or Groups similar data points into clusters based
classes on their inherent similarity
Spam email detection, where emails are Handwriting recognition, where characters are
categorized as spam or not classified into letters or numbers
Customer segmentation in retail, where Document clustering, where articles are
customers are grouped based on buying behavior grouped by topics without predefined
categories
Requires labeled data for training with known Works with unlabeled data and doesn't need
categories predefined categories
Provides class labels for data points Organizes data into clusters without predefined
labels

CASE BASED
Q1) Ramesh works for an e-commerce company, and you want to build a recommendation
system to suggest products to users based on their browsing and purchase history. Explain how
supervised learning can be applied in this scenario.

Answer: Supervised learning in this scenario involves using historical data with labeled
user interactions (e.g., viewed, added to cart, purchased) to train a model. This model can then
predict and recommend products to users based on their past behavior and preferences.

Q2) You are analyzing customer data for a retail store and want to discover hidden patterns or
segments among your customers. How can unsupervised learning techniques like clustering help
you achieve this?

Answer: Unsupervised learning techniques like clustering can help discover hidden
customer segments by grouping customers with similar behaviours, preferences, or

105
characteristics together. This allows retailers to understand their customer base better and tailor
marketing strategies, product recommendations, and services to specific customer segments.

INTRODUCTION TO NEURAL NETWORK

A neural network is a series of algorithms that endeavours to recognize underlying relationship in

a set of data through a process that mimics the way the human brain operates.

A neural network is a network or circuit of neurons, or in modern sense, an Artificial Neural

Network (ANN) which is composed of artificial neurons or nodes.

Thus, a neural network is either a biological neural network made up of real biological neurons, or
an artificial neural network for solving Artificial Intelligence (AI) problems.

A neural network is a branch of machine learning called deep learning. Deep learning is one of
many machine-learning algorithms that enables a computer to perform a plethora of tasks such as
the following:

Predictions of a certain kind, for example stock prediction, salary predictions, or whether a person
is eligible for a job or not.
Classification, for example classifying images of different animals or whether an employee is good
or bad for the company.

TYPES OF NEURAL NETWORKS

Perceptron (P)
The perceptron model is also known as a
single-layer neural network. This neural net
contains only two layers Input layer and Output
layer. In this type of neural network, there is no
hidden layer. It takes an input and calculates
the weighted input for each node. Afterwards,
it uses an activation function for classification purpose.
Applications: Classification, Encode Database (Multiplayer Perceptron), Monitor Access Data
(Multiplayer
Perceptron)

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Feed Forward (FF)
A feed forward neural network is an artificial neural
network in which the nodes do not ever form a cycle.
In this neural network, all of the perceptrons are
arranged in layers where the input layer takes in input
and the output layer generates output.

The hidden layer has no connection with the outer

world, that's why it is called hidden layer. In this,
every perceptron in one layer, is connected with each
node in next layer. Therefore, all the nodes are fully
connected.

Applications: Data Compression, Pattern Recognition, Computer Vision, Sonar Target

Recognition, Speech Recognition, Handwritten Character Recognition.

Radial Basis Network (RBN)

Radial basis networks are generally used for function
approximation problems. They can be distinguished
from other neural networks because of their faster
learning rate and universal approximation.

Applications: Function Approximation, Time Series

Prediction, Classification, System Control.

Deep-Feed Forward (DFF) Network

It is a feed forward network that uses more than one
hidden layer. The main problem with using only one
hidden layer is the one of overfitting. Therefore, by
adding more hidden layers, we may achieve reduced
overfitting and improved generalisation.

Applications: Data Compression, Pattern

Recognition, Computer Vision, ECG Noise Filtering.

Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)

Recurrent neural network is a variation to feed-
forward (FF) networks. In this type, each of the
neurons in hidden layers receives an input with a
specific delay in time. We use this type of neural
network where we need to access previous information
in current iterations. For example, when we try to

107
predict the next word in a sentence, we need to know the previously used words first.

Applications: Robot Control, Times Series Prediction, Speech Recognition, Rhythm Learning.
Music Composition.

APPLICATIONS OF NEURAL NETWORK

Neural networks are changing how people and organisations interact with system and solve
problems. They are also helping them make better decisions and predictions.

Neural networks can be used for:

Character recognition
Image compression
Stock market prediction
Voice recognition systems
Self-driving cars, and many more.

FEATURES OF NEURAL NETWORK

Neural network systems are modelled on the human brain and nervous system.
They are able to automatically extract features without input from the programmer.
Every neural network node is essentially a machine-learning algorithm.
Neural networks are useful in solving problems for which the data sets are quite large.

Advantages of Neural Network

A neural network can perform task that a conventional computer program cannot It leams and does
not need to be reprogrammed.
It can be implemented in any application
It can be performed without any problem.
It has the capacity of fault tolerance.
It has numerical strength that enables it to perform more than one job at the same time.

LIMITATIONS OF NEURAL NETWORK

A neural network needs training to operate.
he architecture of a neural network is different from that of microprocessors. Thus, a neural
network needs to emulate a human neural network.
A large neural network requires a high processing time.

ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN)

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an efficient computing system whose central theme is
borrowed from the analogy of biological neural networks. ANNs are also named as "artificial
neural systems" or "parallel distributed processing systems" or "connectionist systems".

108
The prime purpose of an artificial neural network is to recognise patterns and do predictions. Their
design is inspired by human brain. All the data interpreted by a neural network is in numerical
form

STRUCTURE AND WORKING OF AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

Artificial neural network is typically organised in layers. Layers are being made up of many
interconnected 'nodes' which contain an 'activation function'.

A neural network may contain the following 3 layers:

1. Input Layer: This layer receives the initial data, which can be in the form of features or
attributes. Each node in the input layer represents one feature, and they pass the data to the
subsequent layers.
2. Hidden Layers: These layers, which can vary in number, perform the actual processing of
the data. Each node in a hidden layer processes the input data using weighted connections
and an activation function. Multiple hidden layers allow for more complex representations
of the data.
3. Output Layer: The output layer provides the final result or prediction. The number of nodes
in the output layer depends on the nature of the task. For example, in a binary classification
task, there might be one output node, while in multi-class classification, there could be
multiple output nodes, each representing a class.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION [1 MARKS]

(i) ANN stands for:
A. Artificial neural network. C. Artificial network neural.
B. Algorithm neural network. D. Artificial neural neuron.
(ii) Which of the following is true about neural networks?
A. Neural networks tend to perform better with larger amounts of data.
B. Neural networks tend to perform poorer with larger amounts of data.
C. Neural networks tend to perform better with smaller amounts of data.
D. Neural networks need no data.
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(iii) Which of these statements is not true about the human brain?
A. We can develop and train our brain to go beyond its actual capabilities.
B. The brain can never be trained as per our wishes.
C. Learning may stimulate new dendrite connections between neurons.
D. Brain cells have dendrites and nuclei.
(iv) A neural network is a branch of machine learning called:
A. abstract learning C. artificial learning
B. shallow learning D. deep learning
(v) ______________ Network topology is also known as a single-layer neural network.
A. Feed forward C. Perceptron
B. Deep feed forward D. Recurrent
(vi) Which of the following networks are generally used for function approximation
problems?
A. Deep feed forward C. Recurrent
B. Radial basis D. Perceptron
(vii) Neural networks can be used for.......
A. character recognition C. stock market prediction
B. Self-driving cars D. All of the above
(viii) Which layer gets data which it passes on to the nodes in the hidden layer?
A. Output Input
B. Both input and output one of above
(ix) Layers of ANN are made up of many interconnected:
A. layers C. arcs
B. nodes D. networks
(x) Which of these is not an advantage of an artificial neural network?
A. It learns and does not need to be reprogrammed.
B. If it is large, then it requires a high processing time.
C. It can be implemented in any application.
D. It can be performed without any problem.

1 MARKS ASSERTTION AND REASONING

1. Assertion (A): Artificial neural networks can be used for image recognition.
Reason (R): Neural networks consist of layers of interconnected nodes that can learn to
recognize patterns and features in data.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
(b)Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
(c) A is True but R is False
(d)A is false but R is True
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
2. Assertion (A): Deep learning models often require a large amount of data for training.
Reason (R): Deep neural networks have many parameters, and training them effectively
usually demands a substantial dataset.

110
 (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
(b)Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
(c) A is True but R is False
(d)A is false but R is True
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
3. Assertion (A): Overfitting is a common issue in neural network training.
Reason (R): Overfitting occurs when a neural network fits the training data too closely
and fails to generalize to unseen data.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
(b)Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
(c) A is True but R is False
(d)A is false but R is True
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
4. Assertion (A): Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are suitable for processing sequential
data.
Reason (R): RNNs have loops that allow them to maintain information over time steps,
making them ideal for tasks like natural language processing and time series analysis.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
(b)Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
(c) A is True but R is False
(d)A is false but R is True
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
5. Assertion (A): Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are often used in computer
vision.
Reason (R): CNNs are designed to automatically and adaptively learn spatial hierarchies
of features from image data.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A
(b)Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation for A
(c) A is True but R is False
(d)A is false but R is True
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A

1 MARKS TRUE OR FALSE

1. The labelled examples are provided in the process of training. (True/False)
2. The traditional Machine Learning algorithm cannot improve the performance of the
model after certain levels and then saturation will start. (True/False)
3. Large ANN performs better than as Medium and Small Neural Network datasets.
(True/False)
4. A neural network is used to solve problems using a large data set. (True/False)
5. An artificial neural network is inspired by the way biological neural networks in the
human kidney process information. (True/False)

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 2 MARKS SHORT ANSWER TYPES
1. Define the term 'neural network'.
Ans. A neural network is a series of algorithms that endeavours to recognize underlying
relationship in a set of data through a process that mimics the way the human brain operates.
A neural network is a network or circuit of neurons, or in modern sense, an Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) which is composed of artificial neurons or nodes.
2. Explain the relation between data size and model performance of an Artificial Neural
Network.
If we observe the given figure, we find that the large
neural networks having larger amount of data perform
better than medium or small neural networks. But the
traditional ML algorithms do not have improved
performance after a certain point of saturation.

3. Name the different types of neural network topologies.

ANS: Perceptron (P), Feed Forward (FF), Radial Basis Network (RBN), Deep-Feed Forward
(DFF) Network, Recurrent Neural Network (RNN).

4. Define the following:

i. Radial basis network
ANS: Radial basis networks are generally used for function approximation problems. They can
be distinguished from other neural networks because of their faster learning rate and universal
approximation.
ii. Deep feed forward network
ANS: It is a feed forward network that uses more than one hidden layer. The main problem with
using only one hidden layer is the one of overfitting. Therefore, by adding more hidden layers,
we may achieve reduced overfitting and improved generalisation.
iii. Recurrent neural network
ANS: Recurrent neural network is a variation to feed-forward (FF) networks. In this type, each
of the neurons in hidden layers receives an input with a specific delay in time. We use this type
of neural network where we need to access previous information in current iterations. For
example, when we try to predict the next word in a sentence, we need to know the previously
used words first.

5. Write the features of neural network.

Neural network systems are modelled on the human brain and nervous system.
They are able to automatically extract features without input from the programmer.
Every neural network node is essentially a machine-learning algorithm.

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Neural networks are useful in solving problems for which the data sets are quite large.

6. Mention any three advantages and three limitations of neural networks.

A neural network can perform task that a conventional computer program cannot it leans and
does not need to be reprogrammed.
It can be implemented in any application
It can be performed without any problem.
It has the capacity of fault tolerance.
It has numerical strength that enables it to perform more than one job at the same time.

4 MARKS LONG ANSWER TYPE

i. Explain the Structure and Working of an Artificial Neural Network

Ans: Artificial neural network is typically organised in layers. Layers are being made up of many
interconnected
'nodes' which contain an 'activation function'.

A neural network may contain the following 3 layers:

1. Input Layer: This layer receives the initial data, which can be in the form of features or
attributes. Each node in the input layer represents one feature, and they pass the data to
the subsequent layers.
2. Hidden Layers: These layers, which can vary in number, perform the actual processing
of the data. Each node in a hidden layer processes the input data using weighted
connections and an activation function. Multiple hidden layers allow for more complex
representations of the data.
3. Output Layer: The output layer provides the final result or prediction. The number of
nodes in the output layer depends on the nature of the task. For example, in a binary
classification task, there might be one output node, while in multi-class classification,
there could be multiple output nodes, each representing a class.

CASE BASED
A. An Al model uses input only from the dynamic environment that does not include any
labelled data. It uses a behavioural learning model and improves as it learns about the
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 environment. As the learning agent interacts with the environment while moving from one
state to another, it is rewarded for success but penalised for failure. Identify the learning
model.
i. Supervised Learning ii. Unsupervised Learning
iii. Reinforcement Learning iv. All of the above
B. A teacher instructs the students to draw and colour five geometric objects in different
colours. The sheets provided by the children are then put into an Al machine which is then
sorted, based on similar shapes and colours. The model is able to predict if the image is a red
circle, a green rectangle, or a white square, etc. This is an example of:

i. Neural Networks ii. Supervised Learning

iii. Unsupervised Learning iv. Reinforcement Learning
C. A network can be trained on the data of students and marks. After training, the network will
be able to calculate the marks based on various elements like the length of the answer, correct
facts written in the answers, comprehension length etc. Which of the following type of
learning networks is used here?
i. Supervised Learning ii. Unsupervised Learning
iii. Reinforcement Learning iv. All of the above
D. Google Translate is Google's free service that instantly translates words, phrases, and web
pages between English and over 100 other languages. Google translate uses

i. 4W problem canvas ii. Neural Networks

iii. KWLH chart iv. System maps

EVALUATION
Model evaluation is the last stage of the AI Project development cycle.
It is the stage of testing the model where testing data is given to the system and the output
generated is evaluated with the actual result to see the accuracy of the output and
reliability of the AI Model.

IMPORTANCE OF EVALUATION:
To ensure that the model is operating correctly and optimally.
An initiative to understand how well it achieve its goals.

REASON OF INEFFICENCY OF AI MODEL:

Lack of Training Data
Unauthenticated Data/ Wrong Data
Inefficient coding/ Wrong Algorithm
Not Tested
Not Easy
Less Accuracy

Terminologies of Model Evaluation:

Prediction : Output given by the AI Model using Machine Learning algorithm.
Reality : real scenario of the situation for which the prediction has been made.
114
Confusion Matrix:
A Confusion Matrix is a table that is often used to describe the performance of a classification
model (or "classifier") on a set of test data for which the true values are known.
Prediction and Reality can be easily mapped together with the help of this confusion matrix.

1 MARKS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1. ___________ is the process of understanding the reliability of any AI model, based on
outputs by feeding
test dataset into the model and comparing with actual answers.
a. Evaluation b. Problem Scoping c. Data acquisition d. Data Exploration
Ans (a) Evaluation

2. If model will simply remember the whole training set, and will therefore always predict
the correct label for any point in the training set. This is known as ____________.
a. Overfitting b. Overriding c. Over remembering d. None of the above
Ans. (a) Overfitting
3. The result of comparison between the prediction and reality can be recorded in what we
call the __________.
a. Overfitting b. Problem Scoping c. Confusion Matrix d. Data acquisition
Ans. (c) Confusion Matrix
4. The _____________ allows us to understand the prediction results.
a. Overfitting b. Problem Scoping c. Confusion Matrix d. Data acquisition
Ans(c) Confusion Matrix
5. _________ is defined as the percentage of correct predictions out of all the observations.
a. Overfitting b. Accuracy c. Confusion Matrix d. Data acquisition
Ans. (b) Accuracy
6. _______ is defined as the percentage of true positive cases versus all the cases where the
prediction is true.
a. Overfitting b. Accuracy c. Precision d. Data acquisition
Ans. (c) Precision
7. ___________ can be defined as the fraction of positive cases that are correctly identified.
a. Recall b. Accuracy c. Precision d. Data acquisition
Ans (a) Recall
8. ___________ can be defined as the measure of balance between precision and recall.
a. Recall b. Accuracy c. Precision d. F1 Score
Ans (d) F1 Score
1 MARKS ASSERTTION AND REASONING
1. Assertion (A): Model evaluation is an essential stage in the AI project development cycle.
Reason (R): Model evaluation tests the system with testing data to ensure the accuracy
and reliability of the AI model's output.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A.

115
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A.

2. Assertion (A): One reason for the inefficiency of an AI model can be the lack of training
data.
Reason (R): Inadequate training data can result in the model's inability to learn patterns
effectively.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A.

3. Assertion (A): The Confusion Matrix is a valuable tool for assessing the performance of
classification models.
Reason (R): The Confusion Matrix allows mapping predictions and actual results, aiding in the
evaluation of model accuracy.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A.

4. Assertion (A): Model evaluation is the last stage in the AI project development cycle.
Reason (R): Model evaluation is primarily focused on understanding how well the AI model
achieves its goals.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
Answer: (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A.

5. Assertion (A): Inefficient coding or the wrong algorithm can lead to the inefficiency of an
AI model.
Reason (R): Choosing the right algorithm and coding practices are critical for the optimal
performance of AI models.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation for A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation for A.

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 1 MARKS TRUE OR FALSE
1. Model Evaluation is not an important stage in AI Model. (F)
2. The lack of training data could lead to inefficiency of the AI Model. (T)
3. The testing data and the training data should be totally different. (T)
4. Prediction and Reality are two important parameters for Model Evaluation. (T)
5. Flase Negative is also called Type 1 Error. (F)

2 MARKS SHORT ANSWER TYPES

Q1. What is model evaluation? Why it is important to evaluate a model?
Ans: Model evaluation assesses a machine learning model's performance using metrics to
determine its suitability for a specific task. It is vital to ensure the model's reliability,
effectiveness, and real-world applicability.
Q2. Give an example where high Accuracy is not useful?
Ans: In rare disease diagnosis, a model achieving high accuracy by classifying everyone as non-
affected is not useful as it misses actual cases.
Q3. Give an example where High Precision is not useful?
Ans: In email spam detection, high precision might lead to rejecting important emails, making it
less useful in real-world email scenarios.
Q4. List down the importance of the Evaluation Process?
Ans: Ensures quality, allows model comparison, supports continuous improvement, detects
overfitting, optimizes parameters, drives business impact, and promotes transparency and
accountability.
4 MARKS LONG ANSWER TYPE
Q1. Differentiate between Prediction and Reality?
Prediction: Prediction is an estimate or forecast of what is expected to happen in the
future based on available information and models. It's a hypothesis or educated guess.
Reality: Reality is the actual state of things as they exist or occur, irrespective of
predictions. It represents what truly happens in the real world, often differing from
predictions.
Q2. Which evaluation metric would be crucial in the following cases? Justify your answer.
a) Mail spam
b) Gold Mining
c) Viral Outbreak
Ans: a) Mail spam: For mail spam detection, the Precision metric is crucial. High precision
ensures that most emails labeled as spam are indeed spam, reducing false positives and the risk
of important emails being marked as spam.
b) Gold Mining: In gold mining, Sensitivity or Recall is crucial. It is essential to identify as many
gold deposits as possible to maximize the yield. Missing a deposit (false negatives) can be costly.

117
c) Viral Outbreak: In the case of a viral outbreak, F1 Score is crucial. It balances precision and
recall, which is important because false negatives (missing infected individuals) and false
positives (misclassifying healthy individuals) both have significant consequences.
Q3. Give 3 reasons for AI Model inefficiency?
Ans: 1. Insufficient Data: AI models require large and diverse datasets for training. Inefficiency
can result from having too little data, data that is not representative, or data that is noisy.
2. Poor Feature Selection: Inefficient models may arise from selecting irrelevant or redundant
features. Feature engineering and selection are critical for model performance.
3. Inappropriate Model Selection: Choosing the wrong type of model for a specific problem
can lead to inefficiency. For instance, using a complex model when a simpler one suffices can
result in inefficiency and overfitting.

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 UNIT 6: NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING
Introduction to Natural Language Processing

Data Processing:
Since we all know that the language of computers is Numerical, the very first step that
comes to our mind is to convert our language to numbers.
This conversion takes a few steps to happen. The first step to it is Text Normalisation.
Text Normalisation:
The process of converting or normalising the text to a lower level i.e. reducing the
complexity of the actual text for the computer to understand is known as Text
Normalisation.
Here we will be working on the text from multiple documents.
Terminologies related to text:-
1. Token:-
or special character occurring in a sentence.

are
2. Sentence:- A sentence is a collection of tokens ending with full stop(.)

3. Document:- A document is a collection of sentences which is also known as a paragraph.

4. Corpus:- The term used for the whole textual data from all the documents altogether is
known as corpus.

can easily
5. Corpora:- A group of corpus is called Corpora.

NLP uses a hierarchy to determine which groups of words and sentences belong to each
other.

Corpora

Corpus

Document

Sentence

Token

119
 Steps of Text Normalisation:-

Step 1: Step 3: Step 4:

Step 2: Step 5: Step 6:
Sentence Stopward Converting Text
Tokenaisation Stemming Lemmatisation
Segmentation removal to common case

Step 1: Sentence Segmentation

Under sentence segmentation, the whole corpus is divided into sentences.
Each sentence is taken as a different data so now the whole corpus gets reduced to sentences.
Example:
BEFORE SEGMENTATION AFTER SEGMENTATION
Humans interact with each other very easily. For Sentence 1: Humans interact with each other
us, the natural languages that we use are so very easily.
convenient that we speak them easily and Sentence 2: For us, the natural languages that
understand them well too. we use are so convenient that we speak them
easily and understand them well too.
Step 2: Tokenisation
After segmenting the sentences, each sentence is then further divided into tokens.
It is the process of dividing the sentences into tokens.
Under tokenisation, every word, number and special character is considered separately
and each of them is now a separate token.
After this step we get a List of tokens.
Example:

Humans interact with each other very easily.

Step 3: Stopward Removal

Stopwords: Stopwords are the words that occur very frequently in the corpus but do not
add any value to it.
Humans use grammar to make their sentences meaningful for the other person to
understand. But grammatical words do not add any essence to the information which is to
be transmitted through the statement hence they come under stopwords.
Every language has its own set of stopwards. In English some of the stopwards are - a,
an, and, are, as, for, it, is, into, in, if, on, or, such, the, there, to etc.
In this step, the tokens which are not necessary are removed from the token list. To make
it easier for the computer to focus on meaningful terms, these words are removed.

120
 Along with these words, a lot of times our corpus might have special characters and/or
numbers.
Example:
After tokenization: with ]
After removing stopwards and from the above list:

Step 4: Converting text to common case

We convert the whole text into a similar case, preferably lowercase.
This ensures that the case sensitivity of the machine does not consider the same words as
different just because of different cases.
Example: After converting all tokens to lower case:

Step 5: Stemming
Stemming is a technique used to extract the base form of the words by removing affixes from
them. It is just like cutting down the branches of a tree to its stems.
Example:

These
Stemmed
words are not
meaningful

easi

Note: - In stemming, the stemmed words (words which are we get after removing the affixes) might not
be meaningful.

Step 6:- Lemmatisation

Stemming and lemmatization both are alternative processes to each other as the role of
both the processes is same removal of affixes.
Lemmatization makes sure that lemma (the word after removing affixes) is a word with
meaning and hence it takes a longer time to execute than stemming.

121
Example:

Now all the

Root words are
meaningful.

easy

Note: - In lemmatisation, the lemma (words which are we get after removing the affixes) will always
be a meaningful word.

With this we have normalised our text to tokens which are the simplest form of words present in
the corpus. This process is done throughout the corpus for all the documents.

Stemming Vs. Lemmatisation:

Stemming Lemmatisation
The stemmed words might not be The lemma word is a meaningful one.
meaningful.
E.g. E.g.

BAG OF WORDS MODEL

Our goal is to convert the natural languages to numbers so that the computer can understand.
With text normalisation we have reduced the complexity of the text. Now it is time to convert the
tokens into numbers. For this, we would use the Bag of Words algorithm.

Bag of Words (BoW):

It is a Natural Language Processing model which helps in extracting features out of the
text which can be helpful in machine learning algorithms.
In bag of words, we get the occurrences of each word and construct the vocabulary for
the corpus.

122
 The BoW algorithm returns to us the unique words out of the corpus and their occurrences in
it.
Thus, we can say that the bag of words gives us two things:
1. A vocabulary of words for the corpus
2. The frequency of these words (number of times it has occurred in the whole corpus).

Ans. the sequence of sentences or tokens

does not matter in this case as all we need are the unique words and their frequency in it.

Bag of Words (BoW) algorithm:

Step 2: Step 4:
Step 3:
Step 1: Create the document
Create Create Document
Text Normalisation vector for all the
Dictionary Vector
documents

Here is the step-by-step approach to implement bag of words algorithm:

1. Text Normalisation: Collect data and pre-process it
2. Create Dictionary: Make a list of all the unique words occurring in the corpus.
(Vocabulary)
3. Create document vectors: For each document in the corpus, find out how many times
the word from the unique list of words has occurred.
4. Create document vectors for all the documents.
Example: Let us understand the algorithm with an example.
Step 1: Collecting data and text normalisation
Raw Data Processed Data After Normalisation
[ aman , and , anil , are , stressed ]
[ aman , went , to , a , therapist ]
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 Anil went to download a health [ anil , went , to , download , a
health , chatbot ]

Note: - No tokens have been removed in the stopwords removal step. It is because we have very little
data and since the frequency of all the words is almost the same, no word can be said to have lesser
value than the other.

Step 2: Creating Dictionary

Dictionary in NLP means a list of all the unique words occurring in the corpus.
If some words are repeated in different documents, they are all written just once while
creating the dictionary.
Dictionary:

Note: - Some words are repeated in different documents, they are all written just once, while creating
Step 2: Creating
the dictionary, we acreate
Document
a list ofVector
unique words.

The document Vector contains the frequency of each word of the vocabulary in a particular
document.
In the document, vector vocabulary is written in the top row.
o Now, for each word in the document, if it matches the vocabulary, put a 1 under it.
o If the same word appears again, increment the previous value by 1.
o And if the word does not occur in that document, put a 0 under it.

aman and anil are stressed went download health chatbot therapist a to
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Step 2: Creating a Document Vector Table for all documents

Now we select another normalised document form the corpus.
Then create the document vector for that like in step 2.
Repeat the same process for all the document in the corpus and we get Document Vector
Table.

aman and anil are stressed went download health chatbot therapist a to
Document 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
Document 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
2
Document 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
3
In this table, the header row contains the vocabulary of the corpus and three rows correspond to
three different documents.

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 Finally, this gives us the document vector table for our corpus.
Note: - We have still not achieved our goal i.e. converting the tokens to number. For this we have to
apply another algorithm after this called TFIDF. It stands for Term Frequency & Inverse Document
Frequency. (This part is optional in our syllabus)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION [1 MARKS]
Q1. __________ is a term used for any word or numbers or special character occurring in a sentence.
(Token/Punctuators)
Q2. __________ is the process of converting the stemmed words to their proper form to keep them
meaningful.
a) Stemming b) Tokenization c) Lemmatization d) Segmentation
Q3. __________ Algorithm is used to extract features of text in the corpus.
a) Bag of words b) Corpus of words c) Bag of corpus d) Term frequency
Q4. Simplification of human language in order to be easily understood by the computer is called?
a) Sentence Planning b) Text Normalisation c) Text realization d) None of these
Q5. What does TF-IDF stands for?
a) Total Frequency Inverse Document Frequency
b) Total Frequency Invertible Document Frequency
c) Term Frequency - Inverse Document Frequency
d) None of these
Q6. The term sentence segmentation is
a) The whole corpus is divided into sentences
b) To undergo several steps to normalize the text to a lower level
c) In which each sentence is then further divided into tokens
d) The process in which affixes of words are removed.
Q7. Manav is learning to create NLP based AI model. He is having a corpus which contains email
several email IDs. Now while normalizing the text which of the following he should not perform
with the text.
a) Removing stop words b) Removing Special Characters
c) Segmentation d) Lemmatisation
Q8. While Normalising Text, Manav used the following words:

And the program returned:

Which of the following technique did he used in his program?

a) Stemming b) Bag of Words c) Lemmatisation d) Tokenisation
Q9. Consider the following document vector table:

aman and anil are stressed went download health chatbot therapist a to
Document 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
Document 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
2
Document 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
3

a) 3 b) 1 c) 2 d) 0
Q10. A corpus contains 12 documents. How many document vectors will be there for that corpus?
a) 12 b) 1 c) 24 d) 1/12

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 ANSWERS
1. c) 2. Token 3. b) 4. a) 5. b) 6. c) 7. a) 8. b) 9. a) 10. c)
11. a)

1 MARKS ASSERTTION AND REASONING

Q1. Assertion: Text normalization is an essential pre-processing step in Natural Language
Processing (NLP).
Reasoning: Text normalization helps standardize text data by converting it to a common
format, making it easier to analyse and process.
A. Assertion is true, and reasoning is true, and the reasoning is the correct explanation of the
assertion.
B. Assertion is true, and reasoning is true, but the reasoning is not the correct explanation of the
assertion.
C. Assertion is false, but reasoning is true.
D. Assertion is true, but reasoning is false.

Q2. Assertion: In the bag of words (BoW) model, word order is not considered.
Reasoning: BoW represents text as a collection of individual word occurrences without
considering their sequence.
A. Assertion is true, and reasoning is true, and the reasoning is the correct explanation of the
assertion.
B. Assertion is true, and reasoning is true, but the reasoning is not the correct explanation of the
assertion.
C. Assertion is false, but reasoning is true.
D. Assertion is true, but reasoning is false.

Q3. Assertion: In text normalization, stemming and lemmatization are two common techniques
used to reduce words to their base or root form.
Reasoning: Stemming is a more aggressive technique than lemmatization and may result in
non-dictionary words.
A. Assertion is true, and reasoning is true, and the reasoning is the correct explanation of the
assertion.
B. Assertion is true, and reasoning is true, but the reasoning is not the correct explanation of the
assertion.
C. Assertion is false, but reasoning is true.
D. Assertion is true, but reasoning is false.

Q4. Assertion: when we look at the text, we take frequent and rare words into consideration and
remove the stop wards.
Reasoning: The words which have highest occurrence in all the documents of the corpus, they are
said to have negligible value hence they are termed as frequent words.
A. Assertion is true, and reasoning is true, and the reasoning is the correct explanation of the
assertion.
B. Assertion is true, and reasoning is true, but the reasoning is not the correct explanation of the
assertion.

126
C. Assertion is false, but reasoning is true.
D. Assertion is true, but reasoning is false.

Q5. Assertion: Text Normalisation is a process of lowering the complexity of the text/corpus.
Reasoning: For a machine to understand our languages it first needs to be converted into numerical
values.
A. Assertion is true, and reasoning is true, and the reasoning is the correct explanation of the
assertion.
B. Assertion is true, and reasoning is true, but the reasoning is not the correct explanation of the
assertion.
C. Assertion is false, but reasoning is true.
D. Assertion is true, but reasoning is false.

ANSWERS
1. a) 2. a) 3. b) 4. d) 5. a)

1 MARKS TRUE OR FALSE

Q2. Lammatisation takes the context of the word into consideration. (True/False)
Q3. In Bag of words algorithm sequences of the words does matter. (True/False)
Q4. Text Normalisation converts the text into numerical form. (True/False)
Q5. Dictionary is a list words in the corpus. (True/False)

ANSWERS
1. TRUE 2. FALSE 3. FALSE 4. FALSE 5.FALSE

2 MARKS SHORT ANSWER TYPES

Q1. What will be the results the process of stemming
and lemmatization?
Ans.
Token After Stemming After Lemmatisation

Q2. What is the importance of eliminating stop words and special characters during Text Normalization
process?
Ans.
Frequency of stop words are more in comparison to other word present in corpus.
They pose unnecessary processing efforts
Hence they need to be eliminated.
Q3. What is Tokenization? Count how many tokens are present in the following statement:

Ans. Tokenization:
o It is the process of dividing the sentences into tokens.
o Under tokenization, every word, number and special character is considered
separately and each of them is now a separate token.
127
 o After this step we get a List of tokens.
In the statement, "I find that the harder I work, the more luck I seem to have," if we apply
tokenization, we break down the text into individual tokens or words based on spaces and
punctuation and put it in a list. Here's the tokenized version of the statement:
[ "I" ,"find", "that" , "the" , "harder" , "I" , "work" , ",", "the" , "more" , "luck" , "I" , "seem" , "to"
, "have" , "." ]

So, there are a total of 16 tokens in the given statement after tokenization.
Q4. Kiara, a beginner in the field of NLP is trying to understand the process of Stemming. Help
her in filling up the following table by suggesting appropriate affixes and stem of the words
mentioned there:

S. Word Affixes Stem

No.
i. Tries
ii. Learning
Ans.

S. Word Affixes Stem

No.
i. Tries Trie
ii. Learning Learning

Q5. Explain the following picture which depicts one of the processes on NLP. Also mention the
purpose which will be achieved by this process.

Ans.
Purpose: In Text Normalization, we undergo several steps to normalize the text to a lower level.
After the removal of stop words, we convert the whole text into a similar case, preferably lower
case. This ensures that the case-sensitivity of the machine does not consider same words as
different just because of different cases.
Q6. What is Document Frequency?
It is also known as Term frequency of TF.
Document Frequency is the number of documents in which the word occurs irrespective of
how many times it has occurred in those documents.
128
 Example:
o Consider the following document vector table

aman and anil are stressed went to

Document 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Document 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
Document 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 1

aman and anil are stressed went to

Term/Document 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
Frequency

Q7. What is Inverse Document Frequency..

In case of inverse document frequency, we need to put the document frequency in the
denominator while the total number of documents is the numerator.
So,
IDF (token)
Example:
o Consider the following document vector table
With Total Number of Documents = 3

aman and anil are stressed went to

Document 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
Document 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
Document 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 1

aman and anil are stressed went to

Term/Document 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
Frequency
IDF

Q8. What is TFIDF? Write its formula.

Term frequency inverse document frequency, is a numerical statistic that is intended to
reflect how important a word is to a document in a collection or corpus.
129
 The formula of TFIDF for any word W becomes:
TFIDF (W) = TF (W) * log (IDF (W))
Q9. Does the vocabulary of a corpus remain the same before and after text normalization? Why?
Ans. No, the vocabulary of a corpus does not remain the same before and after text
normalization. Reasons are

minimum vocabulary since the machine does not require grammatically correct
statements but the essence of it.
zation Stop words, Special Characters and Numbers are removed.

form.
So, after normalization, we get the reduced vocabulary.
Q10. Differentiate between Human Language and Computer Language.

Human language Computer Language

Human language is made up of letters, Machine/computer understands the
words and sentences depending on the language of numbers (binary numbers-
languages. to the
machine has to be converted to numbers.
It is very easy for humans to process and For machines understanding and generating
communicate in natural languages like natural languages is very complex process.
English, Hindi etc.
Our brain keeps on processing the sounds Computer uses NLP techniques like Text
that it hears around itself and tries to make Normalisation, Bag of words to convert the
sense out of them all the time. text to numbers for it to process.

4 MARKS LONG ANSWER TYPE

Q1. What do you mean by Bag of words in NLP? Differentiate between stemming and
lemmatization. Explain with the help of an example.
Ans. (Answer is in the notes above)

Q2. Create a document vector table from the following documents by implementing all the four
steps of Bag of words model. Also depict the outcome of each step.
Document 1: Sameera and Sanya are classmates.
Document 2: Sameera likes dancing but Sanya loves to study mathematics.
Ans.
Step 1: Text Normalization

Step 2: Creating Dictionary

Step 3: Creating document vectors

Document Vector 1:
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 Sameera Sanya classmate like dance love study mathematics
Document 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1
Document Vector 2:

Sameera Sanya classmate like dance love study mathematics

Document 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
4: Creating Document Vector Table

Sameera Sanya classmate like dance love study mathematics

Document 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Document 2 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

Q3. Consider the text of the following documents:

Document 1: Sahil likes to play cricket.
Document 2: Sajal likes cricket too
Document 3: Sajal also likes to play basketball.
Apply all the four steps of Bag of words model of NLP on the above given document and
generate the output.

Ans. [Similar to Q2. Try to do this on your own.]

Q4. Perform all of Text Normalization operation on the following text and write reduced text at
the end of operation. Show output of each step during the process.

Ans. Step 1: Sentence Segmentation

Since there is only once sentence.
Output: -
Step 2: Tokenization
Output:-

Step 3: Eliminating stop words

Output: -
Step 4: Converting text to a common case
Output: -
Step 5: Stemming and Lemmatization
Output: -
Q5. Samiksha, a student of class X was exploring the Natural Language Processing domain. She
got stuck while performing the text normalization. Help her to normalize the text on the segmented
sentences given below:
Document 1: Akash and Ajay are best friends.
Document 2: Akash likes to play football but Ajay prefers to play online games.
Ans.
Step 1. Tokenisation
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 [Akash, and, Ajay, are, best, friends, Akash, likes, to, play, football, but, Ajay,
prefers, to, play, online, games]
Step 2. Removal of stopwords
[Akash, Ajay, best, friends, Akash, likes, play, football, Ajay, prefers, play,
online, games]
Step 3. Converting text to a common case
[akash, ajay, best, friends, akash, likes, play, football, ajay, prefers, play, online,
games]
Step 4. Stemming/Lemmatization
[akash, ajay, best, friend, akash, like, play, football, ajay, prefer, play, online,
game]

CASE BASED
"Imagine you are working on a project to analyze customer reviews for a popular e-commerce
website. You are given a dataset containing these reviews in their raw form. The reviews are
diverse, with variations in capitalization, punctuation, and common spelling mistakes. Your goal
is to preprocess the text data before applying the Bag of Words model for sentiment analysis.
1. Explain how the Bag of Words model works and how you would implement it on the
preprocessed text data. What are the potential advantages and limitations of using this model for
sentiment analysis in this scenario?
Ans: The Bag of Words model is a simple yet effective approach for text analysis. It works by creating a
vector representation of the text based on the frequency of words. Here's how I would implement it:

Vocabulary Creation: Create a vocabulary by compiling a list of unique words from the
preprocessed text. Each word in this vocabulary becomes a feature.
Feature Extraction: For each document (customer review), count the frequency of each
word in the vocabulary. This results in a numerical representation of the text.
Advantages:
Simplicity: BoW is easy to implement and understand.
Efficiency: It can handle large datasets efficiently.
Interpretability: The resulting vectors can be easily interpreted and visualized.
Limitations:
Loss of Word Order: BoW doesn't consider the order of words, which can lead to
a loss of contextual information.
Dimensionality: The vocabulary can be very large, leading to high-dimensional
data.
Sparse Matrix: The resulting feature vectors are often sparse, which can be
computationally expensive.

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 UNIT 7: EVALUATION
Introduction to Model Evaluation
Evaluation is the process of understanding the reliability of any AI model, based on outputs by
feeding test dataset into the model and comparing with actual answers.
There can be different Evaluation techniques, depending of the type and purpose of the model.

Note: - If at the time of evaluation we use the data we used to build the model i.e.
Training Data = Testing Data,
then it will always predict the correct label for any point in the training set.
This is known as overfitting.

Model Evaluation Terminologies:

There are various new terminologies which come into the picture when we work on evaluating

Case study 1:- Cancer Detection Model

Overview: This model takes the MRI scan image of a patient and detects weather that patient
has cancer or not! ALSO it detects the cancer area in the scanned image if that person is having
a cancer.

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 On a multipara metric MRI scan of a patient's prostate,
a cancer-suspicious area (red) is highlighted by an AI
model developed by Dr. Turkbey.
Credit: Courtesy of Stephanie Harmon, Ph.D.

There exist two conditions which we need to ponder upon: Prediction and Reality.
The prediction is the output which is given by the machine.
The reality is the real scenario in the forest when the prediction has been made.
Now let us look at various combinations that we can have with these two conditions.
Case 1: Does the patient has cancer?
(True Positive)

Here, we can see in the MRI scan image of a patient that

the patient has a brain tumor. The model predicts a Yes
which means the patient has cancer. The Prediction
matches with the Reality. Hence, this condition is termed
as True Positive.

Case 2: Does the patient has cancer?

(True Negative)

Here, we can see in the MRI scan image of a

The model predicts a No. The Prediction matches

with the Reality. Hence, this condition is termed as
True Negative.

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 Case 3: Does the patient has cancer?
(False Positive)

Here, we can see in the MRI scan image of a

But the model predicts a Yes. The Prediction does

not matches with the Reality. Hence, this condition
is termed as False Positive. It is also known as
Type 1 error.

Case 4: Does the patient has cancer?

(False Negative)

Here, we can see in the MRI scan image of a patient

that the patient has a brain tumor. But the model
predicts a No. The Prediction does not matches with
the Reality. Hence, this condition is termed as False
Negative. It is also known as Type 2 error.

Summary:

Confusion Matrix:

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 visualization
is always good.
In each of the cells (like TP, FN, FP and TN) we write a number that represents the count
of the particular cases found in the test data set after comparing the prediction with the
reality.
It's not an evaluation metric rather it helps in evaluation.
Confusion matrix is a method of recording the result of comparisons between the
prediction and the reality based on the results of training dataset for an AI model in a 4*4
matrix.

Example:

MCQS :( 10 QUESTIONS EACH HAVING 01 MARKS)

Q1. Raunak was learning the conditions that make up the confusion matrix. He came across a
scenario in which the machine that was supposed to predict an animal was always predicting not
an animal. What is this condition called?
(a) False Positive (b) True Positive (c) False Negative (d) True Negative

Q2. The output given by the AI machine is known as ________ (Prediction/ Reality)
Q3. _____________ is used to record the result of comparison between the prediction and
reality. It is not an evaluation metric but a record which can help in evaluation.
(a) Reliability Matrix (b) Comparison Matrix (c) Confusion Matrix (d) None of these
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Q4. Prediction and Reality can be easily mapped together with the help of:
a) Prediction b) Reality c) Accuracy d) Confusion Matrix
Q5. _________________ is the last stage of the AI project Life cycle.
a) Problem Scoping b) Evaluation c) Modelling d) Data Acquisition
Q6. Which of the following statements is true for the term Evaluation?
a) Helps in classifying the type and genre of a document.
b) It helps in predicting the topic for a corpus.
c) Helps in understanding the reliability of any AI model
d) Process to extract the important information out of a corpus.
Q7. Differentiate between Prediction and Reality.
a) Prediction is the input given to the machine to receive the expected result of the reality.
b) Prediction is the output given to match the reality.
c) The prediction is the output which is given by the machine and the reality is the real scenario
in which the prediction has been made.
d) Prediction and reality both can be used interchangeably.
Q8. When the model predicts No for a situation and the Prediction does not matches with the
Reality, The condition is termed as
a) True Positive b) False Positive c) True Negative d) False Negative
Q9. For a True Positive which of the following is true:
a) Prediction Reality b) Prediction = 1 c) Reality = 0 d) Reality = Yes
Q10. When we use the training data for testing the model, the model is said to be
a) Overfitting b) Under fitting c) Perfectly fit d) None of these
ANSWERS
1. c) 2. 3. b) 4. d) 5. b) 6. c) 7. c) 8. d) 9. b),d)
Prediction
10. a)

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:

Q1. What is purpose of Evaluation stage? Discuss briefly.
Ans.
To check the reliability of the model
To calculate the accuracy
To compare it with other models
Q2. Which two parameters are considered for Evaluation of a model?
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Ans. Prediction and Reality are the two parameters considered for Evaluation of a model.

is the real scenario, when the prediction has been made

Q3. What is True Positive?
The predicted value matches the actual value
The actual value was positive and the model predicted a positive value
Q4. What is True Negative?
The predicted value matches the actual value
The actual value was negative and the model predicted a negative value
Q5. What is False Positive?
The predicted value was falsely predicted
The actual value was negative but the model predicted a positive value
Also known as the Type 1 error
Q6. What is False Negative?
The predicted value was falsely predicted
The actual value was positive but the model predicted a negative value
Also known as the Type 2 error
Q7. What is meant by Overfitting of Data?
Overfitting is "the production of an analysis that corresponds too closely or exactly to a
particular set of data, and may therefore fail to fit additional data or predict future
observations reliably".
Models that use the training dataset during testing, will always results in correct output.
This is known as overfitting.

Q8. Let us assume that for training of a cancer detection model there are total 100 data points in
our training dataset of cancer patients and out of that 4% patients actually have cancer. Now after
the completion of training it has been seen that the number of true positive and true negative
cases are 2 and 95 respectively.
Draw the confusion matrix.
Ans.

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Q9. Define Evaluation.
Ans. Moving towards deploying the model in the real world, we test it in as many ways as
possible. The stage of testing the models is known as EVALUATION.
Q10. Which evaluation metric would be crucial in the following cases? Justify your answer.
a. Mail Spamming
b. Gold Mining
c. Viral Outbreak
Ans. Here, Mail Spamming and Gold Mining are related to FALSE POSITIVE cases which are
expensive at cost. But Viral Outbreak is a FALSE NEGATIVE case which infects a lot of people
on health and leads to expenditure of money too for checkups.
So, False Negative case (VIRAL OUTBREAK) are more crucial and dangerous when compared
to FALSE POSITIVE cases.
a. If the model always predicts that the mail is spam, people would not look at it and
eventually might lose important information. False Positive condition would have a high
cost. (Predicting the mail as spam while the mail is not spam)
b. A model saying that there exists treasure at a point and you keep on digging there but it
turns out that it is a false alarm. False Positive case is very costly.(predicting there is a
treasure but there is no treasure)
c. A deadly virus has started spreading and the model which is supposed to predict a viral
outbreak does not detect it. The virus might spread widely and infect a lot of people.
Hence, False Negative can be dangerous.
LONG ANSWER TYPE/CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS :
Q1. What is a confusion matrix? Explain in detail with the help of an example.
Ans. [can be found in the notes above]
Q2. Imagine that you have come up with an AI based prediction model which has been deployed
on the roads to check traffic jams. Now, the objective of the model is to predict whether there
will be a traffic jam or not. Now, to understand the efficiency of this model, we need to check if
the predictions which it makes are correct or not. Thus, there exist two conditions which we need
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to ponder upon: Prediction and Reality. Traffic Jams have become a common part of our lives
nowadays. Living in an urban area means you have to face traffic each and every time you get
out on the road. Mostly, school students opt for buses to go to school. Many times, the bus gets
late due to such jams and the students are not able to reach their school on time.
Considering all the possible situations make a Confusion Matrix for the above situation.
Ans.

Case 1: Is there a traffic Jam?

Prediction: Yes Reality: Yes
True Positive
Case 2: Is there a traffic Jam?
Prediction: No Reality: No
True Negative
Case 3: Is there a traffic Jam?
Prediction: Yes Reality: No
False Positive
Case 4: Is there a traffic Jam?
Prediction: No Reality: Yes
False Negative

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