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British Military Surveys of Palestine and Syria

1840-1841

Yolande Jones

To cite this article: Yolande Jones (1973) British Military Surveys of Palestine and Syria
1840-1841, The Cartographic Journal, 10:1, 29-41, DOI: 10.1179/caj.1973.10.1.29

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/caj.1973.10.1.29

Published online: 18 Jul 2013.

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 This paper draws attention to a survey operation whz'ch has
received little acknowledgement since 1870. The numerous
references to the survey published in the two decades succeeding
its completion are fragmentary and contradictory in nature.
They fail to treat the subject as a whole, omitting to place
it in the military context. Hitherto unexamined material is
used to augment existing information in order to trace the
history of the survey from inception to completion.
This paper was read in a shorter form to the Annual Technical
Symposium of the Society in September 1972, at the University
of Cambridge.

British Military Surveys of Palestine

and Syria 1840-1841
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Yolande Jones
Map Room, British Museum LondonI

Palestine has long been the scene of political controversy. de Velde, when compiling his own map in the 1850s,
In the nineteenth century another kind of dispute, politely remarked that Jacotin's map was grossly misleading, and
termed 'topographical arguments' by biblical scholars, he stated that the detailed topography "is for the greatest
reached a climax outside the country, in Europe and part the mere fancy-work of the draughtsman". 8
America. The accurate depiction of relief and drainage, the Van de Velde's map of the Holy Land (1858), at the
naming and positioning of settlements, became of para- scale of 1:315 000, is commonly held to be the first to
mount importance in the interpretation of biblical records. mark the transition from compilation to a more thorough
Unfortunately, the numerous travellers who went to original survey. This is a misleading concept as Van de
Palestine and Syria in order to reconstruct the topography Velde probably made use of more sources of information
of the Bible in maps, lacked the resources which would than any other person who compiled a map of the Holy
enable them to conduct a systematic instrumental survey. Land. Furthermore, it never was his intention to make a
The resulting maps were therefore variable in their "complete triangular survey" but "a survey of a more super-
standards of accuracy, and relied heavily on compilation ficial character, and yet satisfactory for the present times".
from several sources of information, the validity of which He continued, "chronometers, sextants or theodolite were
was rarely ascertained. out of the question as I had neither time nor intention for
astronomical observations". 9 Even so, the map which he
Landmarks in the modern mapping of Palestine produced was remarkable in one respect; much of it was
Recent papers1t2t3 on exploration and cartography in founded on the basis of theodolite triangulations which
Palestine have laid particular emphasis on the maps had been carried out almost eighteen years previously.
produced by }acotin4 in 1818, Van de Velde5 in 1858, and He acknowledged this in the title of his map, and the
by Kitchener and Conder6 in the years 1872-77. These accompanying memoir pointed out that a map in three
have long been regarded as the major landmarks in the sheets,10covering the whole of the eastern seaboard of the
development of the modern mapping of the area. }acotin's Mediterranean at the scale of 1:253 440, had been pro-
map, at the scale of 1:100 000, is regarded as the first duced from surveys undertaken by the Royal Engineers
attempt at any instrumental survey of the area. Although and other British army officers in 1840-41.
the map mainly covered Egypt, four sheets were relevant It is clear that the true significance of Van de Velde's
to Palestine, but there is no evidence to show that this part map lay in the material it incorporated. The fact that he
of the survey was done by theodolite triangulation. 7 Van acknowledged this so clearly makes it difficult to under-

29
 stand why the achievements of the British military surveyors Major R. C. Alderson was still in Madrid when he received
in Palestine and Syria in the 1840s should have been given orders to proceed to Syria on the 30th October. He left
only passing mention by writers at the end of the last Madrid on the same day that Acre was taken, 3rd November.
century and by present day authors. Indeed, had not this Lieut. J. F. A. Symonds had just arrived at Woolwich,
military survey partially embraced Palestine (Figure 1), having taken a distinguished part in Col. Pasley's operations
thus attracting the attention of biblical scholars, it is to salvage the wreck of the Royal George, which had been
possible that the operations might have passed unnoticed. sunk off Spithead in 1782.13 He had to get to Gibraltar in
Thus the reconstruction of the story which lies behind time to embark for Syria with Major Alderson on 24th
these military surveys has established that they fore- November.
shadowed, more than any other work in Palestine or Syria This second detachment, which included ten rank and
before 1872, the improved standards of accuracy and file, under the immediate orders of Symonds, arrived in
completeness attained in the surveys of Kitchener and Beirut on the 13th December. He was then sent to Acre
Conder for the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) in the to reinforce the sappers who were already there, and to
1870s. Kitchener and Conder surveyed the area with a assist in repairing the breaches in the fortifications <..aused
dense network of first and second order triangulation, by enemy action. At this time, Sir Charles Smith, who was
conducted separate levelling operations and carried out now a Major-General, became too ill to command the
systematic topographical surveys, producing a map at the Ordnance Corps, and departed for England on 15th
scale of one inch to the mile. December, leaving in his place Alderson, who had been
promoted to the army rank of Colonel.
The historical background Alderson, who was now the officer in charge of the
The development of cartography in the nineteenth engineers, was never given any official notice of his duties,
century owes much to the great impetus given by the and so decided that one of the most useful ways in which
military surveyors, who, with the increased sophistication his officers could be employed, would be in making plans
of their artillery, saw even more clearly than before the of the fortresses along the coast.14
need for accurate maps. Within the military this enormous When the plague broke out at Acre, Symonds went to
responsibility devolved upon the Ordnance and Staff Jaffa with a small party of men, and at this time too,
Officers, who were quite capable, by 1840, of undertaking Brig. Gen. Michell died, and Aldrich, in the words of
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a general triangulation of a country, using a theodolite, Alderson "was returned to normal duties-employed in
levelling and filling in the topographical detail by accom- taking plans of the fortified places like the other officers."15
plished hill drawing. The military surveyor abroad, by the It was now February 1841, Lieut. C. F. Skyring, R.E.
nature of his profession, could only operate where duty arrived from Ceylon via England, and the engineer party
called, and so it is in the areas of colonisation and political was complete. It must be said that up until now their
strife that the wealth of nineteenth century military surveying work was not out of the ordinary, and would
cartography is to be found. have excited no attention outside military circles had it
In 1840, Syria and Palestine were again a scene of such gone no further; but in February, Aldrich and Symonds
strife. The Pasha of Egypt, Mehmet Ali, had for some went to Jerusalem, to be followed later by Skyring.
years made himself almost independent of the Turkish
Sultan, Mahmoud II, and had annexed the whole of Syria. The Survey of Jerusalem
His adopted son, Ibraham Pasha, repeatedly defeated the I lifted up mine eyes again, and looked,
Ottoman forces, overran the larger part of the Turkish and behold a man with a measuring line in
dominions in Asia and even threatened Constantinople. his hand. Then said I, Whither goest thou?
On 1st July 1839, the Turkish Sultan died, and a few days And he said unto me, To measure Jerusalem,
later, his Lord High Admiral, Achmet, deserted to Mehmet to see what is the breadth thereof, and
Ali with the whole of the Turkish fleet. The Ottoman what is the length thereof.
empire was about to topple when England, Austria, Zechariah 2: 1-2
Prussia and Russia intervened.
At this point it became necessary to send forces to Syria The result of the visit to Jerusalem was a plan of the city
under the command of Admiral Sir Robert Stopford, drawn at the scale of 1:4800 in March 1841. The plan was
£60 000 being allocated to the operation.ll With the Royal to be the subject of great controversy in the next decade.
Navy was a small contingent of Royal Engineers together Canon George Williams, in his book on the Holy City,16
with hand-picked cavalry, artillery and staff corps officers, published in 1849, referred to the survey in glowing terms,
who had embarked from Gibraltar on the 7th August "The publication. of the first accurate Plan of the Holy
1840, under the command of Col. Sir Charles Smith, City may justly be regarded as an era in the literature of
R.E., accompanied by Lieut. E. Aldrich. The War Office the subject",!7 His eulogies were perhaps excessive, "a
Returns12 show that he was sent on 'secret service', to single glance at its beautiful outline sufficed to convince
do active duty with the fleet. The Royal Sappers and me that the character which the Ordnance Office has
Miners, under the orders of Aldrich, landed at Beirut on established at home for precise accuracy of observation ...
the 10th September. Aldrich was also at this time the had been maintained on that distant survey." He somewhat
Assistant Military Secretary to Brigadier General Michell, misleadingly referred to the plan as the "Ordnance Survey
who was the Consul General in Beirut, and then Com- of Jerusalem". None of the officers belonged to the Ord-
manding Officer of the forces in Syria. Sidon and Tyre nance Survey of the United Kingdom at the time, but
were taken on the 25th and 26th September, and both they were responsible to the Board of Ordnance, and were
Smith and Aldrich were present at Beirut when it was commonly styled "Ordnance Corps". It was, however, a
captured in October. significant misnomer, in that this plan was to remain one
Not all the future surveyors had yet arrived in Syria. of the more acceptable available until officers seconded

30
 :from the Ordnance Survey, under the direction 01 Captain make no mention of his having been to 1erusaiem at the time.
(later Sir) Charles Wilson, surveyed Jerusalem at the It must be remembered that the British had achieved
scale of 1:2500 in 1864-65.18 considerable military successes on the coast of Syria. They
Williams described how Aldrich surveyed the exterior were therefore able to travel further inland not only without
of the city with a 5! inch theodolite and a 100 ft chain, threat of attack from the population, but actually gaining
while Symonds surveyed the interior with a Schmalcalder their cooperation. In spite of this, the officers thought it
compass (prismatic surveying compass). He also stated wiser, while in Jerusalem, not to enter the Haram19 in
that Col. Alderson surveyed the castle himself, but this is case they offended the Moslems. This decision was signifi-
doubtful as Alderson's reports to the Board of Ordnance cant, because the only point about the plan which was really
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(~~.~ti
Figure 1. Map of Syria, sheet 3, 1846, 1:253 440, compiled from the surveys of the British army
officers, 1840-41. By courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum.

31
c
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Figure 2. Jerusalem, 1:7200. C. F. Skyring's draft, lithographed at the Horse Guards in 1841. The Haram is the open area in the
east of the city. By courtesy of the Trustees of the British Musewn.

disputed was the way in which the western wall of the Jerusalem 24 years later. The new survey showed con-
Haram was depicted. The controversy arose because the clusively that the disputed re-entrant angles did not exist.
engineer officers had given the wall two re-entrant angles This meant that Symonds and Aldrich had positioned the
where formerly there were supposed to be none. This was western wall of the Haram several feet too far to the west,
a crucial discrepancy, but Williams emphatically denied thus causing some of the interior buildings to be shown
all the accusations of inaccuracy: "the officers are indisput- out of alignment. In addition, Warren was also able to
able authorities, and the accuracy of their plan in other state several years later that while the outline of the city
respects does not permit us to suspect it of incorrectness and the depiction of the relief were accurate, there were
here".20 Williams' book was cited as a "controversial further discrepancies in the interior. 25 In view of the fact
work" ,21 but it is only fair to say that his opinion was that the officers did not have access to the inner side of
naturally strongly influenced by information gained from the wall, and because the exterior continuation was difficult
correspondence with Alderson and Symonds, especially to trace through the adjoining houses, perhaps excessive
since Symonds had kept his field books and sketches, and criticism of this point would now be out of place, especially
after re-examining them was able to state, "I am happy to since only a month was given to the survey. It seems
inform you that we are perfectly right with regard to the probable, moreover, that contemporary scholars strove to
disputed angle(s)".22 Symonds undoubtedly was right, but find more detail, and greater accuracy than was ever
the point seems to have been missed that this was not an intended to be shown by the military surveyors.
error of measurement, but an error of interpretation. The Some sources, such as Conder's volume on Jerusalem, 26
angles did exist as parts of private buildings, not as part give' the publication date of the plan as 1849. This was the
of the western wall of the Haram. year that it appeared in Williams' work, but prior to this a
When Van de Velde was compiling his plan of Jerusalem, trace of the plan was sent to the Board of Ordnance in June
he disagreed with the shape of the western wall of the 1841.It was drawn in transfer lithography, reduced in scaleto
Haram as shown by Aldrich and Symonds. He therefore 1:7200, and printed at the Horse Guards in August (Figure
modified this part to coincide with the outlines shown on 2). It was subsequently published in an even more re-
Catherwood's plan,23 on the grounds that Catherwood duced state to accompany a note by Col. Alderson in the
had been inside the Haram, and was likely, therefore, to Professional Papers of the Royal Engineers in 1845.27Then
be the more accurate of the two. It was Van de Ve1de's followed its publication in the second edition (1849) of
opinion, however, that the rest of the plan was sound. 24 William's book and was also featured as an inset to Van de
It would appear that this once famous controversy was Velde's map. In addition, versions of both these appeared
soon forgotten with the advent of the Ordnance Survey of later in other publications.

32
Downloaded by [] at 13:25 24 June 2016

Figure 3. J. F. A. Symonds, Plan of the Town and Defences of Sidon, 1841, 1:2400, ms. A marginal note reads "The contours
are assumed to be about 2 feet apart". Public Record Office, Crown Copyright.

33
 jerusaiem having been surveyed. in the March of 1841, follows: (a) the northern part of Palestine and Syria was
the party returned to Beirut in April and was quarantined entrusted to Majors Scott, Robe (87th Foot), and Wilbra-
because the plague was widespread at this time. Lieut. ham (7th Foot), (b) the main survey of Palestine was the
Skyring had finished his plan of Beirut at the end of April, responsibility of Symonds, and in addition, Alderson,
and so far Acre, Jerusalem, Sidon (Figure 3) and Beirut Aldrich and Skyring, with other army officers were to
had been surveyed in some detail. Symonds had also make local topographical surveys of a more superficial
finished his plan of the works at Jaffa, but further work on nature to fill in the detail of the triangulations. Ultimately,
Caiffa [Haiffa] and Tyre was delayed until the plague all this work was to be gathered together by Rochfort
moved on. Many of these plans were later published in Scott to enable him to compile the finished map. As far
the Professional Papers of the Royal Engineers.28 In the as can be ascertained, this map contained no other material
meantime the engineers set up camp at Mount Carmel and than that provided by the military surveys done at this
cordoned it off for quarantine purposes. time. This in itself was remarkable and rendered the
printed map unique in this respect, until the surveys of
The general survey the Palestine Exploration Fund.
At the onset of hostilities in Syria, it was never envisaged
that a more thorough survey of the country, if indeed The survey of Palestine
anything beyond reconnaissance with compasses, should Symonds' triangulations covered the area of Palestine
take place. Nevertheless, when Lieut. Symonds was from 31° 40' to 33°. Two sets of measurements were
billetted at Acre with Major C. Rochfort Scott (Royal involved: the first triangulation extended from Acre to
Staff Corps.), the two must have discussed the subject Lake Tiberias via Safed, the second from Jaffa to the
seriously and in some detail. As a result, Symonds wrote29 Dead Sea via Jerusalem, the two triangulations being con-
about his ideas to his father, Sir William Symonds, an nected by various intermediate points. It is worth noting
Admiral and then Surveyor of the Fleet. The possibility that these two lines of measurements were almost identically
of a survey of Syria evidently interested Sir William for he followed by Kitchener and Conder's lines of levels in the
showed the letter to Lord Palmerston, Secretary of State 18705. This was because they were chosen expressly for
for Foreign Affairs and under whose orders the expedition the purpose of ascertaining the true levels of Lake Tiberias
to Syria was taking place. Palmerston also thought it and the Dead Sea.
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would be a good idea to conduct a survey of the country: Alderson's letter to the Board of Ordnance included a
". . . it is desirable that advantage be taken of the present list of the surveying instruments which Symonds required
state of affairs to obtain a correct map of Syria". 30 He for the General Survey, but this list is no longer extant.
accordingly issued an order to this effect to Col. Hugh In spite of the lack of instruments, work had already
Rose, the Commanding Officer in Beirut.31 In the order commenced by the beginning of May: "the survey will not
he suggested that Symonds and Scott were probably the however be delayed until their arrival as a base has been
best qualified men to undertake such a survey, but modified measured near Acre, and they can work on for some time
his statement by saying "Her Majesty's Government do without them". 36 It is not known exactly how. Symonds
not expect a minute survey of the country which would measured his base lines. A reference is to be found in
require more time and hands than could be given to such Warren's revision of Frome's Trigonometrical Survey,37
a service". The results show, however, that the subsequent where, in the chapter on measuring base lines, it is stated
survey was in fact more thorough than any that had yet that "Lieut. Symonds ... when commencing the survey
been undertaken for Palestine or Syria. of Syria, measured two bases of about two miles each
It is easy to understand the utter astonishment of (see Figure 4), the extent of the survey from north to south
Alderson on receiving Palmerston's order from Rose. being about 200 miles". It is perhaps reasonable to assume
These were in fact the first written orders he had received that he would have chained the lengths three times and then
since being in Syria. Symonds was, furthermore, the most used the mean.38 The accuracy of Symonds' base line
junior officer under his command (he would have only measurement was to be later questioned by a fellow officer,
been 26 or 27 at the time). 32 The orders concerning him and it is therefore unfortunate that no more information
had completely bypassed the Board of Ordnance who were appears to be available for the methods he used.
the normal authority for such procedures. With all this The surveyjng instruments finally arrived at the end
in mind, Alderson wrote33 in some irritation to the Board of the month, and Symonds was at last able to set out. In
of Ordnance, sayjng that in his opinion, Symonds was not the meantime he had incurred considerable expense in
the only officer capable of undertaking the 'General equipping himself. In a letter39 to Maj. Gen. Ellicombe,
Survey', as it had then become known. He fully agreed detailing his expenses, he complained "The performance
with the idea of the survey, however, the more so since of this duty [the survey] entailed heavy expenses upon
during the time they had already been in Syria he had me, . . . in having to purchase several horses to enable me
directed all his officers, "in travelling between different to carry it on properly .... I purchased them for £130 and
posts, to survey the road with the small calder compass,34 only sold them for £23 lOs". His survey pay was rated at
as the maps of this country are extremely inaccurate". 13s 8d a day.
Alderson had also told the Board of Ordnance that Thus the first triangulation of the northern part of
Symonds could not undertake the general survey until he Palestine was begun using a five inch theodolite, heights
had finished drawing up his plans of the coastal fortifications also being obtained trigonometrically. It was obvious that
and he estimated that this would take until the end of May. Symonds was dissatisfied with much of this because he
Symonds was obviously eager to get on with what he apparently revised several points on the arrival of a seven
considered to be the more important work, however, inch theodolite, of which he told Mr Hamilton, who was
because he was ready by 8th May.35 President of the Royal Geographical Society, "finding the
The work of the survey was apparently divided up as instrument sufficiently nicely divided in its vertical arc,

34
Downloaded by [] at 13:25 24 June 2016

Dead Sea

F£gure 4. Diagram to show the triangulation of Palestine by J. F. A. Symonds. Based on F. Robe's

manuscript copy, 1: 126 720, in the Public Record Office.

35
 [I] was able to ascertain the relative levels of various points be found in published sources. In a letter from Dr Eli
with great accuracy". 40 Smith to Dr Robinson, for example, the former stated
This last statement cannot be regarded as true for the "1 am happy to inform you that the altitude (depression)
Acre-Lake Tiberias measurements, because a major and of the Dead Sea has been ascertained by exact trigono-
unaccountable error seems to have crept into his height metrical measurement . . . he [Lieut. Symonds] found the
calculations at this point. This was perhaps the result of Dead Sea to be 1337 feet below the Mediterranean ....
his having used an inferior instrument to start with, and These numbers he gave me himself and at the same time
his having failed to correct all the inaccuracies upon his showed me his calculations". The same source quoted the
subsequent measurements. The figures he eventually height for Lake Tiberias as -84 feet. The figures -1311.9
arrived at for the level of Lake Tiberias were only 328.29 feet for the Dead Sea and -328 feet for Lake Tiberias
feet below the level of the Mediterranean. Even in those appear in a note in the Edinburgh New Philosophical
days this was half the amount arrived at by barometric Journal~ 1843;46the source there quoted for these values
measurements, while the value of the bench mark at was Mr Hamilton's Anniversary Address to the Royal
Tiberias, fixed by the PEF surveys was -682.5 feet. Geographical Society (R.G.S.) in 1842.47 In 1843, Mr
Another possible source of error could lie in the mirages R. I. Murchison gave an Address48 on presenting the
which were a frequent hazard to surveYing in the summer, Patron's Gold Medal of the R.G.S. to Symonds for his
and which caused some incorrect measurements to be work in determining the level of the Dead Sea for the first
made in the PEF surveys 30 years later. 41 time by theodolite triangulation. It was a fitting reward
An error in a feature of such importance was most for a long-awaited scientific achievement which had been
unfortunate, because it was immediately seized upon by finally accomplished by a British surveyor. The heights
Symonds' antagonists, notably Dr Robinson, who sought given in this Address were -1312.2 feet for the Dead Sea
to discredit his entire work on this point, but according to and -328.98 for Lake Tiberias, but in the same volume,
Van de Velde, "he [Robinson] has gone too far in throwing Lake Tiberias is quoted as being -328.1 feet.
doubts upon the value of Lieut. SYmonds' operations in There seems to be no explanation for the values given by
get:leral . . . and that subsequent observations by Lieut. Dr Smith. It is possible that SYmonds changed his mind
Lynch's expedition at the Dead Sea have sufficiently on re-examination of his calculations, for the figures on
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proved the worth of SYmonds' triangulations, notwith- the manuscript triangulation diagram correspond with
standing the error in the level of the Galilean Sea". 42 those given in Mr Murchison's Gold Medal Address.
SYmonds' work in northern Palestine was, in fact, of It is therefore reasonable to accept these as the official
great value in that it established certain positions which results.49, 50, 51
had until then been disputed. An example is to be seen in The correspondence between SYmonds, Williams and
his positioning of Safed, which had formerly been placed Smith indicates that Symonds kept his field notebooks and
too close to the northern shores of Lake Tiberias. When sketches. This would partially account for the apparent
Rochfort Scott was compiling the final map, however, he disappearance of much of his material today. Nevertheless,
did not make full use of Symonds' positions and so the many of his manuscripts were still at the Board of Ordnance
error was again perpetrated and Safed was again wrongly in the 1840s because they were extensively used in the
placed, although the error did not exist in the manuscript production of a fine relief model of the Holy Land. This
records according to those who had access to them at the model incorporated the hypsometric profiles that Symonds
time. The route from Jebel Jurmuk and Acre to Tiberias had drawn (Figure 5).
also contained many points which were fixed for the first SYmonds did try to check his own work by calculating
time by SYmonds' triangulation, and which were to prove the value for the highest point on the Jerusalem Range
invaluable to Van de Velde in the compilation of his map. (Neby Samvil) by two different routes through his triangula-
Additionally, the topographical work which had been done tion, and he found the difference in his measurements to be
in the vicinity of Mount Carmel43provided much informa- negligible. From this point, SYmonds took two lines of
tion which had formerly been lacking in this area, in spite levels to the head of the Dead Sea, but the difficult terrain
of Jacotin's surveys at the beginning of the century.
The measurement of the Jordan depression posed a
seemingly insoluble hypsometric problem in the early part
of the nineteenth century, and Dr Robinson had said that
it could only be solved by a line of levels, carried from the
Mediterranean to the Dead Sea by triangulation.44 Although
Symonds did not carry out independent spirit levelling
operations, he was the first person to use a theodolite to
determine the heights in this area. His southern base was
measured on the plain to the east of Jaffa, and from here
he worked eastwards across difficult country to the Dead
Sea. The figure he eventually arrived at for the level of
this sea was 1312.2 feet (the modern value is -1299.2 feet)
below the Mediterranean. Other contemporary data,
obtained from barometric readings varied between -598.5
feet to -1400 feet, hence Symonds' trig height was accepted
by most as the only plausible solution.
Figure 5. Extract from Relievo Map of Palestine or the Holy
There was considerable confusion with regard to the Land ..• constructed from M.S. Documents in the Office of·the
heights that Symonds arrived at for both Lake Tiberias Board of Ordnance, published by Dobbs, Bailey & Co., 1845.
and the Dead Sea, for at least t~ree different versions can By courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum.

36
 prevented his taking the two lines independently of each The distance that he covered on this southern triangula-
other. Mr Hamilton's Anniversary Address stated that the tion was only 52 miles, or four days march from Jaffa, but
difference in level between the heights for the Dead Sea it took him ten weeks. That he completed the work at all
so obtained amounted to only "11 or 12 feet." It is tempting is a tribute to his endurance and determination. He was
to think that if Symonds had chosen a value of -1300.2 virtually alone in these operations, and additionally, by this
feet instead of 1312.2 feet that he would have been very time all the engineers, including Symonds, had been ill
close to the modern value of - 1299.2 feet. with fever, and had suffered considerable hardships. Col.
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Figure 6. Extract from Map of the country between Beirut and the Valley of the Bekaa, 1:63 360, InS. C. Rochfort Scott, 1841.
Public Record Office, Crown Copyright.

37
 Rose, in wrItIng to Earl Aberdeen in December 1841, that Robe constructed a triangulation founded on tw~
said "I have the honour to add that every officer o{ the bases for the northern part of Syria. One base was measured
Corps of Royal Engineers serving in Syria has suffered on a plain a few miles south west of Aleppo, and the other
from sickness produced by the climate, and all but one was taken near Beirut. He was later interrupted in the
severely". Illness and miserable conditions were then the measurement of a third base on the plain north east of
constant companions of Europeans in Palestine and Syria. Tripoli, when he received orders to return to England. He
Only the Acre-Lake Tiberias triangulation was to be therefore admitted that his triangulations were not con-
used in the compilation of the third or southern sheet of structed with an accuracy that would satisfy himself. He
the final map, but when Major Robe was coordinating had made use of numerous observations of latitude,
his own observations with those of Symonds and the other "taken very carefully to reconcile the differences", and he
officers in Palestine, he attempted to check Symonds' work. was himself sure that he had avoided any serious errors,
He did this by testing some of the measurements against having linked the northern part of his survey with points
selected observations provided by Capt. Graves, R.N. that were determined by the Euphrates Expedition of
Graves obtained his figures for the coast on a steamer which 1837.59He did not determine his altitudes by theodolite, but
was equipped with several chronometers, expressly for used instead "two excellent barometers by Troughton and
determining the geographical coordinates of several points Sim". He must, however, have experienced marked
on the Syrian coast. Robe stated "that the arc of the frustration when taking his measurements, because his
earth's surface between Jaffa and Acre, given Graves' coadjutant, who was supposed to record the fluctuations of
measurements, on reduction to statute miles gives a the lower instrument, while Robe observed the upper one,
measurement of 62.330 miles, whereas by Lieut. Symonds' was absent most of the time, having been seconded to other
diagram it is but 59.446 miles, being in defect 2.884 duties. He failed in many of his readings as a result.
miles".54 Major Robe also worked in the part of Palestine that was
It is difficult to make an independent assessment of the surveyed by Lieut. Symonds, but since there were no
accuracy of Symonds' work, not only because it is not triangulations for the area south of Jaffa, towards Gaza
available today, but also because it was incorrectly used in and Hebron, the work Robe did here was entirely carried
the printed map. Even the triangulation diagram that has out with pocket instruments. It is clear from his letters to
survived is a copy of Symonds' original made by Major the Quarter Master General, that hi spite of the small
Downloaded by [] at 13:25 24 June 2016

Robe, and according to Van de Velde it was not constructed coastal inaccuracies which he claimed to have found in
as accurately as the original measurements warranted: "I Symonds' work, he did utilise many of the points fixed by
believe that . . . points are laid down with less correctness Symonds' triangulation. Even so, Robe had no great
than those of which the calculation was given". 55 Robe confidence in his own surveys; he thought, for example,
conjectured reluctantly that the discrepancy between the that his measurements would place Gaza and Hebron two
observations could be accounted for by an error in Symonds' miles north of the positions normally assigned to them,
base measurements, "a conclusion which, from my know- and he therefore failed to implement the results of his own
ledge of that officer's industry and talents I should be very observations in this case. This was in spite of the fact that
sorry to hazard". 56If indeed there were any error of this he had found so many errors on the maps he had hitherto
kind, another possible cause may be that the northern and used, "on all the published maps of the country to which
southern triangulations were connected by ill-conditioned I have had access. . . . I have found abundant reason for
triangles (see Figure 4). questioning them". GO
While little can be traced of Symonds' original material,
there are still some good examples extant of the work done The final compilation
by Majors Scott and Robe, although these are scarcely While the job of coordinating the various surveys was
referred to in subsequent literature. A small map by Robe entrusted to Majors Robe and Rochfort Scott, it is apparent
of the source of the River Jordan at the scale of 1:400 000, that the final compilation of the map which was to be
was published in Ritter's Erdkunde.57 Major Rochfort printed, was the responsibility of Rochfort Scott. This was
Scott was recognised as a highly competent officer in obviously not a straightforward task because the officers
reconnaissance techniques, and he was a close friend of concerned had been sent .to different stations on the
Major Basil Jackson, who was Professor of Surveying at the termination of their work in SYriaand Palestine in January
Honourable East India Company's Military College at 1842. Robe did not send his drawings home from Gibraltar
Addiscombe. They had been in the Royal Staff Corps until April 1845, Symonds sent some of his to the Board of
together since 1812, and had collaborated in a biography of Ordnance in 1842 from Malta,61 and Aldrich had gone on
Wellington. Jackson, in his well known Course of Military to Hong Kong. The result was a long delay in assembling
Surveying, 52 first published in 1838 (which was still a the material. Rochfort Scott had been sent to Carmarthen
standard text in the 1870s), used some of Scott's maps and on what he thought was a temporary duty, but by the time
descriptions taken while in Spain, as an example of how he had been there for four years he realised his mistake,
reconnaissance should be done. (An example of his work and decided in 1846 that if he did not attempt to finish
is shown in Figure 6). the map then, it never would be printed. He wroteG2 to
London requesting all the outstanding material to be sent
The survey of Northern Syria to him, so that he could finish the work in his spare time.
Most of the northern surveys in Syria were undertaken It is clear from the correspondence (1846) between
by Majors Rochfort Scott and Robe. No one appears to Rochfort Scott and the Board of Ordnance, that the map
have investigated their calculations for this area, pre- had already been started at the Horse Guards. It had been
sumably because interest was centred mainly on Palestine. partially laid down in lithographic chalk apparently in
It is evident, both from the printed map and from his some detail. This approach was obviously too much for
letters to Sir Willoughby Gordon (Quarter Master General), Scott to cope with in his leisure time. He therefore re-

38
 started it, "adopting a style that admitted of greater of the delays in payment, Symonds indefatigably an-
rapidity of execution", (Le. pen and ink, the relief hachured nounced that, given the opportunity, his next task would
in the vertical style. This was the method in which Scott be to ascertain the level of the Caspian Sea, and so settle
excelled) while admitting that the work "is one which another undetermined hypsometric problem.
required to be executed with the utmost accuracy and In the civilian context, it is worth recalling Carl Ritter's
considerable minuteness". He added a further important opinion of the survey, "Valuable as have been the labours
qualifying remark, "the sudden recall of myself and the of Von Schubert, de Bertou, Russeger, Moore, Beke, de
other officersemployed on the survey of Syria prevented its Molineux and Von Wildenbruch, they can be regarded as
being completed". 63 The map was eventually printed on merely preliminary to the perfected efforts of the English
the scale of 1:253 44064 by John Arrowsmith in 1846, for Government" .68 In the military context, the standard of
the private use of the Foreign Office. It was therefore the operation is perhaps more truly summarised by Roy's
never published except for sheet 2, which was reproduced famous comment, "in a theatre of war, each individual has
in Churchill's book on Mount Lebanon.65 repeated opportunities of contributing . . . and these
observations being ultimately collected, a map is sent
Conclusion forth into the world, considerably improved indeed, but
The survey of Syria, although incomplete in the eyes of which still being defective, points out the necessity of
those who undertook it, was the first attempt at a systematic something more accurate being undertaken, when times
instrumental survey of the country. Its proper place in the and circumstances may favour the design". 69
history of the mapping of the area has been neglected for a
number of reasons; the fragmentary and contradictory ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
nature of the published material led to confusion with The idea for this paper arose from a chance enquiry by the
regard to the operation as a whole. Symonds and Rochfort Rev. Dr J. W. Parkes, who, having seen Aldrich and Symonds'
Scott were singled out in the critical appreciations that map of Jerusalem in Williams, The Holy City, (1849), wished to
followed, primarily because Scott had· drawn the map of know more about the background of the 1841 survey of the city.
His enquiry was passed through the Palestine Exploration Fund
Syria and Symonds had ascertained the level of the Dead
to Mr Peter Clark, who realised that the Survey of Jerusalem was
Sea. It was never realised that the idea for the survey was connected with the Survey of Syria. It was at his suggestion that
theirs, or more probably, the brainchild of Symonds, whose the research into these operations was undertaken. The writer
Downloaded by [] at 13:25 24 June 2016

qualities of leadership, initiative and t~nacity of purpose gratefully acknowledges her indebtedness to Mr Clark for his
had already made him well known amongst his fellow constant supply of ideas, advice and encouragement, and also to
her colleagues in the Map Room for their invaluable help in
officers. He was ambitious, and must have felt the need to criticising the manuscript.
equal the achievements of both his father, who was an
Admiral and Surveyor of the Fleet, and his elder brother REFERENCES
William Cornwallis, the founder of Auckland,66 New 1 I. W. J. Hopkins, "Nineteenth Century Maps of Palestine:
Zealand. It was against this background that Symonds had Dual Purpose Historical Evidence". Imago Mundi, XXII, (1968),
set out to survey Palestine, but it was his father's influence 30-36.
2 I. D. Hart, "Surveys of Palestine", World of the Bible,
with Lord Palmerston that enabled the survey to take place Victoria and Albert Museum, Palestine Exploration Fund,
at all. London, 1965, 13-16.
The attention of biblical scholars was focused on the 3 Yehosua Ben-Arieh, "The Geographical Exploration of the
outcome of the survey, and many of their comments were Holy Land", Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly, (July-Decem-
ber 1972), 81-92.
adversely critical. It was, after all, a sophisticated military 4 M. Jacotin, Carte Topographique de l'Egypte et de plusieurs
reconnaissance, even though it included theodolite tri- parties des pays limitrophes ... Paris, 1818. 47 she
angulations. As such, it was typical of its time, but its 5 C. W. M. Van de Velde, Map of the Holy Land ... , Justus
critics assumed a standard of accuracy that was never Perthes, Gotha, 1858, 8 she
6 Map of Western Palestine in 26 sheets, from Surveys con-
admitted by the surveyors "themselves. The new sets of
ducted for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, by
figures which it produced were therefore bound to cause Lieuts. C. R. Conder and H. H. Kitchenerduring the years 1872-1877,
controversy when compared with the results obtained by London, 1880.
those who had spent years compiling maps of the Holy 7 Memorial du Service Geographique de l'Armee. Tome VI.
Land. Had Scott's map been published, it is likely that Description Geometrique des Etats du Levant. Service Geographique
de l'Armee, Paris, 1932.
interest in the survey would have continued to the present 8 C. W. M. Van de Velde, Memoir to Accompany the Map of
day, but instead it was totally eclipsed by the later surveys the Holy Land, Justus Perthes, Gotha, 1858, 15.
of the PEF. This, together with the uncertainty about the 9 Van de Velde, Opecit., 3.

overall accuracy of the work has obscured the major 10 Map of Syria, constructed from surveys ... of the under-
significance of the survey. It was entirely original and mentioned officers ... Major C. R. Scott ... F. H. Robe ... J. F. A.
Symonds, [London, 1846].3 she
embodied the first theodolite triangulation of Palestine; U P.R.O. W.O. 44. 288.
the levels of the Dead Sea and Lake Tiberias were fixed 12 P.R.O. W.O. 54. 254.

for the first time by this method, an operation which was 13 T. Connolly, History of the Royal Corps of Sappers and
not to be superseded until 30 years later, in 1872, by the Miners, 2nd edition, Longman etc. London, 1856. 2 vols.
14 P.R.O. W.O. 44. 288.
PEF. 15 P.R.O. W.O. 44. 288.
The administrative aftermath of the survey dragged on 16 George Williams, The Holy City, second edition, J. W.
until 1846.67 The Foreign Office was reluctant to assume Parker, London, 1849,2 vols.
financial responsibility for the work, the Board of Ordnance 17 Williams op. cit., p. xv.
18 Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem, by Capt. C. W. Wilson under
declared that it had not known about the orders for the
the direction of Colonel Sir H. James, Ordnance Survey, South-
survey until after they were issued by Lord Palmerston. ampton, 1865. -
The Officers' claims for expenses were still being sub- 19 EI-Haram Esh-Sherif, known as the Noble Sanctuary.

mitted in 1846, before they were finally settled. In spite 20 Williams, Ope cit., 32.

39
 21 Col. C. R. Conder, The City of Jerusalem;, John Murray, 55 Van de Velde, op. cit., p. 6.
London, 1909, 334. (List of controversial books at the end of the 56 P.R.O. M.R. 161.
volume). 57 Carl Ritter, "Walcott's Entdeckung in PaHistina", Monats-
22 Williams, op. cit., 33. berichte aber die Verhandlung des Gesellschaft far Erdkunde zu
23 Plan of Jerusalem (from an actual survey); by F. Catherwood, Berlin, (Mai 1842-43), 124-127.
New York, 1835. 58 Jackson, op. cit.

24 C. W. M. Van de Velde, Narrative of a Journey through 59 F. R. Chesney, Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition carried

Syria and Palestine in 1851 and 1852, William Blackwood & Sons, on by Order of the British Government during the years 1835-1837,
Edinburgh and London, 1854.2 vols, (pp. 252 and 253;, vol. 2). Longmans & Co., London, 1868, xviii, 564.
25 Capt. Wilson, R.E., Capt. Warren, R.E., The Recovery of 60 P.R.G. M.R. 161.

Jerusalem, Richard Bentley, London, 1871, 554. 61 P.R.O. W.O. 44. 288.

26 Col. Sir Charles Warren and Capt. Claude Regnier Conder, 62 P.R.O. W.O. 44. 288.

The Survey of Western Palestine, Jerusalem, Palestine Exploration 63 P.R.O. M.R. 161.

Fund, London, 1884,542. 64 The scale was wrongly quoted as 1:500 000 in H. Fischer,

27 Lieut.-Col. Alderson, R.E., "Addition to 'Notes on Acre'," "Geschichte der Kartographie von PaHistina", Zeitschrift des
Papers on Subjects connected with the Duties of the Corps of Royal Deutschen Paliistina-Vereins, 63, (1940), I-III, 56.
Engineers, VII, (1845), 46-47. 65 Col. Churchill, Mount Lebanon, a Ten Year's Residence
28 Lieut.-Col. Alderson, R.E., "Notes on Acre and some of the from 1842 to 1852. Saunders and Otley, 1853, 3 vol.
Coast Defence of Syria", Papers on su~;ects connected with the 66 D.N.B., which also refers to W. C. Symonds as 'Surveyor
Duties of the Corps of Royal Engineers, VI, (1843), 19-62. General of the Island', but William Hobson, first Governor
29 P.R.O. W.O. 44. 288. of New Zealand is usually quoted as the founder of Auckland. It
30 P.R.O. W.O. 44. 288. seems probable that W. C. Symonds laid out the town. lowe this
31 Col. Bridgeman had succeeded Brig. Gen. Michell, but had suggestion to Mr John Barr.
himself died after a couple of months to be succeeded by Rose. 67 P.R.O. W.O. 44. 288.
32 J. F. A. Symonds was one of a family of four. The two elder 68 Carl Ritter, The Comparative Geography of Palestine and
brothers are mentioned in D.N.B., the second son being born in the Sinaitic Peninsula, Translated . . . by William L. Gage,
1813. J. F. A. Symonds was therefore 26 or 27 at the most in 1840. T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1846, 3 vols. 1, 85.
33 P.R.O. W.O. 44. 288. 69 Capt. William Mudge and Isaac Dalby, An Account of the
34 Alderson must have meant the Schrnalcalder compass. For Operations carried on for accomplishing a Trigonometrical Survey
a full description of this instrument see Major Basil Jackson, of England and Wales, W. Faden, London, 1799, 3 vols, vol. 1, 1.
A Course of Military Surveying, John Nichols, London, 1838, 2.
35 P.R.O. W.O. 44. 288.

36 P.R.O. W.O. 44. 288.

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37 Lieut.-Gen. Frome, Outline of the Method of Conducting a

Trigonometrical Survey, fourth edition, revised and enlarged by
Capt. Charles Warren, R.E.,Lockwood & Co., London, 1873,317. ApPENDIXA
38 Instructions for measuring base lines by chaining in this way
List of manuscript plans relating to the 1840-41 surveys of Syria
are given in Jackson, op. cit., 58.
39 P.R.O. W.O. 44. 288.
and Palestine.
40 Hamilton, "Anniversary Address", Journal of the Royal Plan of Djebail, the ancient Byblus, C. Rochfort Scott, [1841],
Geographical Society, XU, (1842), !xi. 18 ins to 1 mile. P.R.O. M.R. 161. (6).
41 Lieut. C. R. Conder, R.E., and Lieut. H. H. Kitchener, R.E.,
Plan of the town and defences of Beirut, C. F. Skyring, [1841],
The Survey of Western Palestine, Palestine Exploration Fund, 1 in. to 400 feet. P.R.O. M.R. 161. (7).
London, 1881, I, 31. Sketch of the roads leading across the Lebanon, from Tripoli
42 C. W. M. Van de Ve1de) Memoir to Accompany the Map of to Baalbec, R. Rochfort Scott, [1841], 1 in. to 1 mile. P.R.O. M.R.
the Holy Land, op. cit., 168. 161. (8).
43 Van de Velde, op. cit., 44.
Banias, or Panias, the ancient Caesarea Philippi, F. Robe, [1841],
44 Edward Robinson, "Depression of the Dead Sea and of the
1 in. to 240 feet. P.R.O. M.R. 161. (9).
Jordan Valley", Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of Map of the country between Beirut and the Valley of the Bekaa ...
London, 18, (1848), 77-88. C. Rochfort Sett, [1841], 1 in. to 1 mile. P.R.O. M.R. 161. (10).
45 Edward Robinson "Researches in Palestine. Compiled from
Diagram of a Triangulation of part of Syria, J. F. A. Symonds,
various Communications received at different times from the copied by F. Robe, [1842], 1 in. to 2 miles. P.R.O. M.R. 161 (11).
Rev. Eli Smith and Rev. S. Walcott", Bibliotheca Sacra, (1843), Reconnaissance of Gaza, of the villages of Harrat It and Sejean,
9-88. E. Aldrich, [1841], 1 in. to 200 yds. P.R.O. M.P.K. 294.
Plan of Jaffa, taken from a sketch by Major Robe . . . C. F
46 R. Jameson, "Determination of the Amount of Depression
Skyring, [1841], P.R.O. M.P.K. 294.
of the Dead Sea below the Level of the Mediterranean", Edin-
Plan of the Town and Environs of Jersualem, C. F. Skyring,
burgh New PhilosophicalJournal~ XXXIV, (Jan.-April 1843)~179.
[1841], 1 in. to 400 feet. P.R.O. M.P.K. 294. (This would appear
47 Hamilton, op. cit., Ix.
to be the manuscript from which the Horse Guards made the
48 R. 1. Murchison, "Presentation of the Gold Medals awarded
1841 lithographed copy.)
respectively to Lieut. J. F. A. Symonds, R.E.... " Journal of the Plan of the Town and Environs of Jerusalem, surveyed in March
Royal Geographical Society, XIII, (1843), xi-xii. 1841 by Lieuts.Aldrich and Symonds, certified copy, 1857. (The
49 For further discussions on the depression of the Dead Sea
scale is incorrectly written on the copy as 1 in. to 100 feet. It
see refs. 50, 51, and W. Mahlmann, "Russeger's briefliche Bemer- should have been 1 in. to 400 feet.) British Museum pressmark
kungen tiber seine meteorologischen Hauptdurchschnitte und Maps 48895. (16).
seine barometrische Hohenbestimmung des Todten Meeres", Plan of the Defences of Kaiffa, 1841, 1 in. to 60 yds. P.R.D.
Monatsberichte aber die Verhandlunger der Gesellschaftfar Erdkunde, M.P.K.294.
Neue Folge Bd. III, (1846), 163-167. Acre, C. F. Skyring, [1841],1 in. to 200 feet. P.R.O. M.P.K. 294.
50 Carl Ritter, "C. Gaillardoti Carte Approximative du Ledja Plan of the Town and Defences of Sidon, J. F. A. Symonds, [1841],
et des contrees environantes, dressee pendant la campagne 1 in. to 200 feet. P .R.O. M.P .K. 294.
d'Ibrahim Pacha contre les Druzes. 1838", Monatsberichte aber Sketch of Beyrout and its Vicinity, C. F. Skyring, [1841], 1 in. to
die Verhandlunger der Gesellschaft far Erdkunde, Neue Folge Bd. 400 feet. P.R.O. M.P.K. 294.
III (1846), 249-252. Rough Sketch of the Entrenched Camp Formed at Djouni on the
51 Augustus Petermann, "On the Fall of the Jordan, and of Coast of Syria ... E. Napier, [1840], 1.33 ins to 100 paces. Royal
the Principal Rivers in the United Kingdom", Journal of the Geographical Society (R.G.S.), Lebanon S12.
Royal Geographical Society, 18, (1848), 89-104. Original rough Sketch and Report of a Reconnaissance in the
52 Hamilton, "Anniversary Address", Journal of the Royal vicinity of the Enemy across the Plain of Balbec ... E. Napier,
Geographical Society, XU, (1842), !xi. [1840]~ (c 1:79 200). R.G.S. Lebanon. Sl1.
53 P.R.O. W.O. 44. 288. Original rough Sketch and Report of 32 Miles of the Road across
54 P.R.O. M.R. 161. Mount Lebanon .... E. Napier, [1840]. R.G.S. Lebanon. S.10.

40
 APPENDIX B
Select list of Officers employed in Syria, 1840-41
Name Date of first Final rank attained in Honours Deceased
Commission Regiment Army
ALDRICH,Edward 15-3-1826, Royal 28-11-1854, Lieut.- 11-11-1851, Lieut.- Silver Medal for 24-11-1857
Engineers Colonel Colonel Syria
ALDERSON,Ralph 1-7-1812, Royal 10-1-1837, Captain 10-11-1840, Lieut.- 26-10-1849
Carr Engineers Colonel
NAPIER,Edward 11-10-1826, 46th 3-10-1864, Colonel 6-5-1866, Lieut.- Gold Medal for 1870
Hungerford Delaval foot of 61st foot General Syria
Elers
ROBE, Frederick 11-3-1819, Royal 5-9-1869, Colonel 30-11-1856, Major Gold Medal for 4-4-1871
Holt Staff Corps, later of 95th foot General Syria
transferred to 1-5-1848, C.B.
87th foot
ROCHFORTSCOTT, 2-1-1812, Royal 25-6-1830, Captain 28-11-1854, Colonel Gold Medal for 1864, retired?
Charles Staff Corps 17-4-1857, Lieut.- Syria
Gov.) Royal Military
College
SKYRING,Charles 5-10-1831, Royal 5-1-1864, Colonel 4-3-1868, Major Silver Medal for 10-4-1868
Francis Engineers General Syria
SYMONDS,John 27-2-1833, Royal 22-5-1846, Captain 11-11-1850, Major Silver Medal for 8-8-1852
Frederick Anthony Engineers Syria
WILBRAHAM,Sir 25-3-1828, Rifle 30-1-1867, Colonel 10-10-1877, General Gold Medal for 30-4-1900
Richard Brigade of 5th Vol. Batt. Syria
15-9-1881, Colonel 5-7-1855, K.C.B.
of Royal Fusiliers
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