University of Global Village, Barishal

Course Code: CSE-403

Course Teacher: Sohag Mollik & Short Tag: SM
TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP model is a fundamental framework for computer networking. It stands
for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, which are the core protocols
of the Internet. This model defines how data is transmitted over networks, ensuring
reliable communication between devices. It consists of four layers: the Link Layer,
the Internet Layer, the Transport Layer, and the Application Layer. Each layer has
specific functions that help manage different aspects of network communication,
making it essential for understanding and working with modern networks.
What Does TCP/IP Do?
The main work of TCP/IP is to transfer the data of a computer from one device to
another. The main condition of this process is to make data reliable and accurate
so that the receiver will receive the same information which is sent by the sender.
To ensure that, each message reaches its final destination accurately, the TCP/IP
model divides its data into packets and combines them at the other end, which helps
in maintaining the accuracy of the data while transferring from one end to another
end. The TCP/IP model is used in the context of the real-world internet, where a
wide range of physical media and network technologies are in use. Rather than
specifying a particular Physical Layer, the TCP/IP model allows for flexibility in
adapting to different physical implementations.
Difference Between TCP and IP
TCP (Transmission Control
Feature Protocol) IP (Internet Protocol)

Ensures reliable, ordered, and Provides addressing and

Purpose error-checked delivery of data routing of packets across
between applications. networks.
 TCP (Transmission Control
Feature Protocol) IP (Internet Protocol)

Type Connection-oriented Connectionless

Manages data transmission Routes packets of data from

Function between devices, ensuring data the source to the destination
integrity and order. based on IP addresses.

No, IP itself does not handle

Yes, includes error checking
Error Handling errors; relies on upper-layer
and recovery mechanisms.
protocols like TCP.

Yes, includes flow control

Flow Control No
mechanisms.

Yes, manages network

Congestion Control No
congestion.

Breaks data into smaller packets

Breaks data into packets but
Data Segmentation and reassembles them at the
does not handle reassembly.
destination.

Header Size Larger, 20-60 bytes Smaller, typically 20 bytes

Does not guarantee delivery,

Reliability Provides reliable data transfer
reliability, or order.

Transmission Yes, acknowledges receipt of

No
Acknowledgment data packets.
How Does the TCP/IP Model Work?
Whenever we want to send something over the internet using the TCP/IP Model,
the TCP/IP Model divides the data into packets at the sender’s end and the same
packets have to be recombined at the receiver’s end to form the same data, and this
thing happens to maintain the accuracy of the data. TCP/IP model divides the data
into a 4-layer procedure, where the data first go into this layer in one order and
again in reverse order to get organized in the same way at the receiver’s end.

How many layers are in the TCP/IP Model?

The TCP/IP Model has four layers:
• Network Interface Layer
• Internet Layer
• Transport Layer
• Application Layer
What does each layer do?
• Network Interface Layer: Handles the physical transmission of data
over a network.
• Internet Layer: Manages the routing of data packets across the
network.
• Transport Layer: Ensures reliable data transmission between devices.
• Application Layer: Provides protocols for specific data communication
services on a process-to-process level.

Difference between TCP/IP and OSI Model

TCP/IP OSI

TCP refers to Transmission Control OSI refers to Open Systems

Protocol. Interconnection.

TCP/IP uses both the session and

OSI uses different session and
presentation layer in the application
presentation layers.
layer itself.
 TCP/IP OSI

TCP/IP follows connectionless a

OSI follows a vertical approach.
horizontal approach.

In the OSI model, the transport layer

The Transport layer in TCP/IP does not
provides assurance delivery of
provide assurance delivery of packets.
packets.

While in the OSI model, Protocols are

Protocols cannot be replaced easily in
better covered and are easy to
TCP/IP model.
replace with the technology change.

TCP/IP model network layer only

Connectionless and connection-
provides connectionless (IP) services.
oriented services are provided by the
The transport layer (TCP) provides
network layer in the OSI model.
connections.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is a network protocol used to automate the
process of assigning IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to
devices (such as computers, smartphones, and printers) on a network. Instead of
manually configuring each device with an IP address, DHCP allows devices to
connect to a network and receive all necessary network information, like IP
address, subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server addresses, automatically
from a DHCP server.
This makes it easier to manage and maintain large networks, ensuring devices can
communicate effectively without conflicts in their network settings. DHCP plays a
crucial role in modern networks by simplifying the process of connecting devices
and managing network resources efficiently.
What is DHCP?
DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It is the critical feature on
which the users of an enterprise network communicate. DHCP helps enterprises to
smoothly manage the allocation of IP addresses to the end-user clients’ devices
such as desktops, laptops, cellphones, etc. is an application layer protocol.

Why Do We Use DHCP?

DHCP helps in managing the entire process automatically and centrally. DHCP
helps in maintaining a unique IP Address for a host using the server. DHCP servers
maintain information on TCP/IP configuration and provide configuration of
address to DHCP-enabled clients in the form of a lease offer.