Natural science Assignment
Group member: Azfar, Adnan,
Talha
Department of Mass
Communication
Define state of matter solid
liquid gas atom molecule
mixture element and compound.
Introduction of periodic table.
Atomic theories. Chemistry of
carbon compound.
State of matter
A state of matter is a distinct physical form that matter
takes on, determined by the arrangement, movement,
and energy of its particles. It describes how matter
behaves under different physical conditions, such as
temperature and pressure, and includes forms like
solid, liquid, gas.
solid
A solid is a state of matter where the particles
(atoms or molecules) are very tightly packed
together in a fixed and orderly arrangement.
Because the particles can only vibrate in
place, solids have a definite shape and
volume.
Example: include ice, wood, and metals like
iron.
Liquid:
A liquid is a state of matter where the particles are
close together but not in a fixed position. They can
slide past each other, allowing liquids to flow and take
the shape of their container. However, a liquid always
maintains a fixed volume.
Examples: are water, oil, and milk.
Gas:
A gas is a state of matter where the particles are spread
far apart and move freely at high speeds. Gases do not
have a fixed shape or a fixed volume; they expand to fill
any container they are in.
Examples: include air, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
Atom:
An atom is the basic building block of all matter. It
the properties of that element. Atoms consist of a
nucleus made of protons and neutrons, with
electrons orbiting around the nucleus.
Molecule:
A molecule is formed when two or more atoms
bond together chemically. Molecules can be made
of the same kind of atoms (like O₂) or different
kinds of atoms (like H₂O). Molecules are the
smallest unit of a chemical compound that can
exist independently.
Mixture:
A mixture is a combination of two or more
substances where each substance retains its
individual chemical properties. Mixtures can be
homogeneous (uniform throughout, like
saltwater) or heterogeneous (not uniform, like a
salad). They can usually be separated by physical
means like filtration or evaporation.
Element:
An element is a pure chemical substance that
consists of only one type of atom. Elements are
the fundamental materials that make up all
matter, and they are organized on the periodic
table.
Examples: include hydrogen, carbon, and gold.
Compound:
A compound is a substance made when two or
more different types of atoms bond together
chemically in a fixed ratio. Compounds have
properties different from the elements that form
them. For example, water (H₂O) is a compound
formed from hydrogen and oxygen.
Introduction to the Periodic Table:
The periodic table is a chart that organizes all
known chemical elements in a specific order
based on their atomic number (number of
protons). Elements are arranged in rows called
periods and columns called groups or families. The
periodic table helps scientists understand
relationships between elements and predict their
chemical behaviour. The Periodic Table is a
scientific chart that organizes all known elements
according to their atomic number (number of
protons), electron arrangement, and recurring
chemical properties.
Explanation:
Rows are called periods.
Columns are called groups or families.
Elements in the same group have similar chemical
properties.
Atomic Theories:
Atomic theories explain the structure and
behaviour of atoms. Early models, like John
Dalton’s Atomic Theory, suggested atoms are
indivisible particles. Later, J.J. Thomson discovered
electrons, and Ernest Rutherford introduced the
nuclear model with a central nucleus. Niels Bohr
proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus in
energy levels. Modern quantum mechanical
models show electrons in clouds or orbitals
around.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1803):
All matter is made of atoms.
Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.
Atoms of a given element are identical in mass
and properties.
J.J. Thomson’s Model (1897):
Discovered the electron.
Proposed the "plum pudding model"
(electrons embedded in positive material).
Modern Quantum Model:
Electrons exist in regions called orbitals, and their
exact location cannot be pinpointed.
J.J. Thomson’s Model (1897):
Discovered the electron.
Proposed the "plum pudding model"
(electrons embedded in positive material).
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds:
The chemistry of carbon compounds is called
organic chemistry. Carbon is unique because it can
form strong covalent bonds with many elements,
including itself, creating a wide variety of complex
structures such as chains, rings, and branches.
This versatility makes carbon the key element in
the molecules of life, such as carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
Examples of carbon compounds include methane
(CH₄), glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), and ethanol (C₂H₅OH).
Carbon is a unique element because it can form
four covalent bonds with other atoms, allowing it
to create a wide variety of complex structures like
chains, rings, and branches. The chemistry of
carbon compounds is known as organic chemist
Important Carbon Compounds:
Hydrocarbons (made of hydrogen and
carbon) like methane (CH₄).
Carbohydrates (sugars and starches) like
glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆).
Proteins (chains of amino acids).
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
Explanation:
Carbon’s ability to form single, double, and triple
bonds makes it extremely versatile. Without
carbon compounds, life as we know it would not
exist.
