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Lecture 2

The document covers the concepts of sinusoidal oscillators, including RC oscillators and multivibrators such as astable, monostable, and bistable configurations. It provides detailed explanations of their operations, calculations for timing, and circuit implementations using op-amps and other components. Additionally, it references a textbook for further reading on microelectronic circuits.

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Omar Mostafa
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11 views40 pages

Lecture 2

The document covers the concepts of sinusoidal oscillators, including RC oscillators and multivibrators such as astable, monostable, and bistable configurations. It provides detailed explanations of their operations, calculations for timing, and circuit implementations using op-amps and other components. Additionally, it references a textbook for further reading on microelectronic circuits.

Uploaded by

Omar Mostafa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dr. Hesham H.

Aly
Lecture 2 1
CONTENT

• Sinusoidal Oscillator
• RC circuit
• Multivibrators
• Opamp Based
Sinusoidal Oscillators
RC OSCILLATOR
Sinusoidal Oscillators

• Wien Bridge
Sinusoidal Oscillators

• Wien Bridge
Sinusoidal Oscillators

• Wien Bridge
Sinusoidal Oscillators

• Wien Bridge
Sinusoidal Oscillators

• Wien Bridge
Sinusoidal Oscillators

• Phase shift Oscillator


Sinusoidal Oscillators

• Phase shift Oscillator


Sinusoidal Oscillators

• Phase shift Oscillator


Sinusoidal Oscillators

• Phase shift Oscillator


Sinusoidal Oscillators

• Phase shift Oscillator


For three (the minimum) stages RC phase shift Oscillator
𝟏
𝒇𝒓 =
𝟐𝝅𝑹𝑪 𝟔
For general stages RC phase shift Oscillator
𝟏
𝒇𝒓 =
𝟐𝝅𝑹𝑪 𝟐𝑵

The gain for the RC phase shift Oscillator has to be

𝐴 = 29 Why? (Exercise)
MULTIVIBRATORS
Multivibrators
Multivibrators

Multivibrators
Implementations

Transistors Opamp Timer IC


Multivibrators using OpAmp
Multivibrators
Astable Multivibrator
Astable Multivibrator

• At the positive feedback, Opamp acts as comparator

VCC or-VCC

i+=0

i-=0
Multivibrators

• Astable Multivibrator

+
𝑅1
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑜 ×
𝑅1 + 𝑅2

= 𝑉𝑜 × 𝛽

𝑅1
𝛽= <1
𝑅1 +𝑅2

1ൗ −𝑡
−
𝑣 = 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝑜 × 𝑠𝐶 = 𝑉𝐶 ∞ − 𝑉𝐶 ∞ − 𝑉𝐶 0 𝑒 𝑅𝐶
1ൗ + 𝑅
𝑠𝐶
𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶 … … 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Astable Multivibrator

• 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑉𝑜 = +𝑉𝑐𝑐 , and the capacitor is not charged


then v-=0 at t=0
𝑅1
• 𝑣 + = 𝑉𝑐𝑐 × 𝑅 = 𝑉𝑐𝑐 × 𝛽
1 +𝑅2
−𝑡
• 𝑣− = 𝑉𝐶 (𝑡) = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 0 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 [1 −
−𝑡
𝑒 ]
𝑅𝐶

While the capacitor is charging it reaches to value


equal to 𝛽𝑉𝑐𝑐 , after this value the , v- > v+, Vo=-
VCC,, this takes Ti sec
Astable Multivibrator
• After Ti,
𝑅1
𝑣+ = −𝑉𝐶𝐶 × = −𝛽𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
−𝑡 −𝑡
−
𝑣 = 𝑉𝐶 𝑡 = −𝑉𝐶𝐶 − −𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝛽𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 = −𝑉𝐶𝐶 − −𝑉𝐶𝐶 1 + 𝛽 𝑒 𝑅𝐶
−𝑡
𝑣− = −𝑉𝐶𝐶 [1 − 1 + 𝛽 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 ]
The capacitor will charge till it reaches to −𝛽𝑉𝐶𝐶 and it takes T1
Hence v+>v- then Vo=VCC
At this point v+=+βVCC and then
−𝑡 −𝑡 −𝑡
v-=V +𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝐶𝐶 + 𝛽𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑒 = +𝑉𝐶𝐶 − (𝑉𝐶𝐶 ) 1 + 𝛽 𝑒
C(t)=
𝑅𝐶 𝑅𝐶 = +𝑉𝐶𝐶 [1 − 1 + 𝛽 𝑒 ],
𝑅𝐶

which again reaches to +βVCC and change Vo to be -VCC


And it takes T2 sec. and then it repeats again
Astable Multivibrator
• Calculations of T1 and T2
• For T1
−𝑇1
−𝛽𝑉𝐶𝐶 = −𝑉𝐶𝐶 − [−𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝛽𝑉𝐶𝐶 ]𝑒 𝑅𝐶
−𝑇1
−𝛽 = −1 − (−1 − 𝛽)𝑒 𝑅𝐶
−𝑇1
1 − 𝛽 = (1 + β) 𝑒 𝑅𝐶

−𝑇1 1−𝛽
𝑒 𝑅𝐶 =
1+𝛽
−𝑇1 1−𝛽
= ln
𝑅𝐶 1+𝛽
1+𝛽
𝑇1 = 𝑅𝐶 ln
1−𝛽
Astable Multivibrator
• Calculations of T1 and T2
• For T2
−𝑇2
𝛽𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 𝑉𝐶𝐶 − [𝑉𝐶𝐶 + 𝛽𝑉𝐶𝐶 ]𝑒 𝑅𝐶
−𝑇2
𝛽 = 1 − (1 + 𝛽)𝑒 𝑅𝐶
−𝑇2
1 − 𝛽 = (1 + β) 𝑒 𝑅𝐶

−𝑇2 1−𝛽
𝑒 𝑅𝐶 =
1+𝛽
−𝑇2 1−𝛽
= ln
𝑅𝐶 1+𝛽
1+𝛽
𝑇2 = 𝑅𝐶 ln
1−𝛽
Astable Multivibrator

1+𝛽
𝑇𝑡 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2 = 2𝑅𝐶 ln
1−𝛽

1+𝛽
𝑇𝑡 = 2𝜏 ln
1−𝛽

1
𝑓𝑜𝑠𝑐 =
𝑇𝑡
Symmetric… duty cycle =50%
Astable Multivibrator
Astable Multivibrator
Multivibrators
Monostable Multivibrator
Monostable Multivibrator
Monostable Multivibrator
• Before triggering
• Vo= VCC
𝑅1
• 𝑣 + = 𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝑅1 +𝑅2
= 𝛽𝑉𝑐𝑐

• Capacitor C1 forced to have the potential of the


Diode D1 (which is active ON)
• D2 prevent any positive voltage to affect the circuit
• C2R4 act as differentiator (or HPF)
𝑅4 𝑠𝐶2 𝑅4
𝐸= =
𝑅4 + 1ൗ𝑠𝐶 1 + 𝑠𝐶2 𝑅4
2
Monostable Multivibrator

• After triggering
• A square pulse apply on the
differentiator circuit.
• At negative trigger D2 will be OFF
• At comparator terminal v+<v- then Vo=-
VCC
𝑅1
• 𝑣 + = −𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝑅1 +𝑅2
= −𝛽𝑉𝑐𝑐

• D1 will be off
Monostable Multivibrator

• After triggering
• C1 will charge from the output of the opamp
𝑡
• 𝑉𝐶1 = −𝑉𝐶𝐶 − [−𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 0.7]𝑒 𝑅3 𝐶3

• Till the capacitor voltage reaches to −𝛽𝑉𝑐𝑐


• v+ > v-
𝑅1
• 𝑣 + = 𝑉𝐶𝐶
𝑅1 +𝑅2
= 𝛽𝑉𝑐𝑐
• Capacitor will charge till its voltages reaches
to 0.7= D1 ON,
• D2 ON
Monostable Multivibrator

• After triggering
• Time for the pulse
𝑇𝑝
• -𝛽𝑉𝑐𝑐 = −𝑉𝐶𝐶 − −𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 0.7 𝑒 𝑅3 𝐶3

• Because 𝑉𝐶𝐶 ≫ 0.7


𝑇𝑝
• -𝛽𝑉𝑐𝑐 ≈ −𝑉𝐶𝐶 − −𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑒 𝑅3 𝐶3

𝑇𝑝
• 𝛽 ≈ 1 + −1 𝑒 𝑅3 𝐶3

1
• 𝑇𝑝 ≅ 𝐶1 𝑅3 ln
1−𝛽
Multivibrators
Bistable Multivibrator
Bistable Multivibrator

• Bistable Multivibrator is called


Schmitt Trigger circuit.
• It is used as memory and sometimes
called flipflops
• It converts any signal (with proper
amplitude) to square wave
Bistable Multivibrator

• Inverting Schmitt trigger


𝑅1
𝑣 + = 𝑉𝑜 ×
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
= 𝑉𝑜 × 𝛽 = 𝛽𝑉𝐶𝐶
• Input are rise at the inverting terminal till it
reaches to Vth= 𝑣 + . Therefore input signal
need to has amplitude more than 𝑣 +
• After that Vo will change to - 𝑉𝐶𝐶 but the input
still rising
• When the input decreases, the output will not
change till it reaches to -𝛽𝑉𝐶𝐶
Bistable Multivibrator
Bistable Multivibrator

• Non-inverting Schmitt Trigger


• At the noninverting terminal

• The critical point is when the previous


equation equal to zero (the value of
the inverting terminal
Bistable Multivibrator

• Non-inverting Schmitt Trigger


• 0 = 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑅 𝑅+𝑅
2
+ 𝑉𝑜 1
𝑅
𝑅 +𝑅
1 2 1 2

• 𝑉𝑜 = −𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑅2
1
REFERENCE

• Sedra, Adel S., et al. Microelectronic circuits. New York: Oxford University
Press, 2016.

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