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Michael Trott
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Contents
PREFACE
@ @ References
P R O G R A M M I N G
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Mathematica
1.0 Remarks
1.1 Basics of Mathematica as a Programming Language
1.1.1 General Background
In and Out Numbering † General Naming, Spelling, and
Capitalization Conventions for Symbols † Options and Option
Settings † Messages † Add-On Packages
1.1.2 Elementary Syntax
Common Shortcuts † Parentheses, Braces, and Brackets †
Comments Inside Code † Font Usage † Referring to Outputs †
Functional Programming Style † “Ideal” Formatting
1.2 Introductory Examples
1.2.0 Remarks
1.2.1 Numerical Computations
Periodic Continued Fractions † Pisot Numbers † Fast Integer
Arithmetic † Digit Sums † Numerical Integration † Numerical ODE
Solving † Burridge–Knopoff Earthquake Model † Trajectories in a
Random Two-Dimensional Potential † Numerical PDE Solving †
Benney PDE † Sierpinski Triangle-Generating PDE † Monitoring
Numerical Algorithms † Hilbert Matrices † Distances between Matrix
Eigenvalues † Special Functions of Mathematical Physics † Sums
and Products † Computing a High-Precision Value for Euler’s
Constant g † Numerical Root-Finding † Roots of Polynomials †
Jensen Disks † De Rham’s Function † Logistic Map † Built-in Pseudo-
Compiler † Forest Fire Model † Iterated Digit Sums † Modeling a
Sinai Billiard
1.2.2 Graphics
Gibbs Phenomena † Fourier Series of Products of Discontinuous
Functions † Dirichlet Function † Counting Digits † Apollonius Circles †
Generalized Weierstrass Function † 3D Plots † Plotting Parametrized
Surfaces † Plotting Implicitly Defined Surfaces †
Graphics-Objects as Mathematica Expressions † Kepler Tiling †
Fractal Post Sign † Polyhedral Flowers † Gauss Map Animation †
Random Polyehdra
@ @ References
CHAPTER 2
2.0 Remarks
2.1 Expressions
Everything Is an Expression † Hierarchical Structure of Symbolic
Expressions † Formatting Possibilities † Traditional Mathematics
Notation versus Computer Mathematics Notation † Typeset Forms †
Heads and Arguments † Symbols † Nested Heads † Input Form and
the Formatting of Programs
2.2 Simple Expressions
2.2.1 Numbers and Strings
Formatting Fractions † Integers † Autosimplifications † Rational
Numbers † Approximate Numbers † Real Numbers † Complex
Numbers † Autonumericalization of Expressions † Strings † High-
Precision Numbers † Inputting Approximate Numbers † Inputting
High-Precision Numbers † Approximate Zeros
2.2.2 Simplest Arithmetic Expressions and Functions
Basic Arithmetic Operations † Reordering Summands and Factors †
Precedences of Simple Operators † Algebraic Numbers † Domains
of Numeric Functions † Autoevaluations of Sums, Differences,
Products, Quotients, and Powers
2.2.3 Elementary Transcendental Functions
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions † Trigonometric and
Hyperbolic Functions † Exponential Singularities † Picard’s
Theorem † Secants Iterations † Exact and Approximate Arguments †
Postfix Notation † Infix Notation
2.2.4 Mathematical Constants
Imaginary Unit † p † Autoevaluations of Trigonometric Functions †
Base of the Natural Logarithm † Golden Ratio † Euler’s Constant g †
Directed and Undirected Infinities † Indeterminate Expressions
2.2.5 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
Multivalued Functions † Inverse Trigonometric Functions † Inverse
Hyperbolic Functions † Complex Number Characteristics † Real and
Imaginary Parts of Symbolic Expressions † Branch Points and
Branch Cuts † Branch Cuts Not Found in Textbooks
2.2.6 Do Not Be Disappointed
Real versus Complex Arguments † Seemingly Missing
Simplifications † Principal Sheets of Multivalued Functions
2.2.7 Exact and Approximate Numbers
Symbols and Constants † Numericalization to Any Number of
Digits † Precision of Real Numbers † Precision of Complex Numbers
2.3 Nested Expressions
2.3.1 An Example
Constructing Nested Expressions † Canonical Order † Displaying
Outlines of Expressions † Displaying Nested Expressions
z+ 1êz z- 1êz †
Riemann Surface of arctanHtanHz ê 2L ê 2L
Branch Cuts of
† Repeated Mappings of
Singularities
@ @ References
CHAPTER 3
@ @ References
CHAPTER 4
Meta-Mathematica
4.0 Remarks
4.1 Information on Commands
4.1.1 Information on a Single Command
Built-in Function Definitions as Outputs † Information about
Functions † Listing of All Built-in Commands † Messages † Printing
Text and Cells † Warnings and Error Messages † Wrong and
“Unexpected” Inputs † Suppressing Messages † Carrying out
Multiple Calculations in One Input
4.1.2 A Program that Reports on Functions
Converting Strings to Expressions † Converting Expressions to
Strings † String Form of Typeset Expressions
4.2 Control over Running Calculations and Resources
4.2.1 Intermezzo on Iterators
Do Loops † Multiple Iterators † Possible Iterator Constructions †
Iterator Step Sizes
4.2.2 Control over Running Calculations and Resources
Aborting Calculations † Protecting Calculations from Aborts †
Interrupting and Continuing Calculations † Collecting Data on the
Fly † Time-Constrained Calculations † Memory-Constrained
Calculations † Time and Memory Usage in a Session † Expressions
Sharing Memory † Memory Usage of Expressions
4.3 The $-Commands
4.3.1 System-Related Commands
Mathematica Versions † The Date Function † Smallest and Largest
Machine Real Numbers
4.3.2 Session-Related Commands
In and Out Numbering † Input History † Collecting Messages †
Display of Graphics † Controlling Recursions and Iterations † Deep
Recursions † Ackermann Function
4.4 Communication and Interaction with the Outside
4.4.1 Writing to Files
Extracting Function Definitions † Writing Data and Definitions to
Files † Reading Data and Definitions from Files † File Manipulations
4.4.2 Simple String Manipulations
Concatenating Strings † Replacing Substrings † General String
Manipulations † Case Sensitivity and Metacharacters † A Program
that Prints Itself
4.4.3 Importing and Exporting Data and Graphics
Importing and Exporting Files † Importing Web Pages † Importing
From and To Strings † Making Low-Resolution JPEGs
4.5 Debugging
Displaying Steps of Calculations † Evaluation Histories as
Expressions † Recursion versus Iteration † Interactive Inputs
4.6 Localization of Variable Names
4.6.1 Localization of Variables in Iterator Constructions
Sums and Products † Scoping of Iterator Variables
4.6.2 Localization of Variables in Subprograms
Scoping Constructs † Lexical Scoping † Dynamic Scoping † Local
Constants † Temporary Variables † Variable Scoping in Pure
Functions † Creating Unique Variables † Nonlocal Program Flow
4.6.3 Comparison of Scoping Constructs
Delayed Assignments in Scoping Constructs † Temporarily
Changing Built-in Functions † Variable Localization in Iterators †
Scoping in Nested Pure Functions † Nesting Various Scoping
Constructs † Timing Comparisons of Scoping Constructs
4.6.4 Localization of Variables in Contexts
Contexts † Variables in Contexts † Searching through Contexts †
Manipulating Contexts † Beginning and Ending Contexts
4.6.5 Contexts and Packages
Loading Packages † General Structure of Packages † Private
Contexts † Analyzing Context Changes
4.6.6 Special Contexts and Packages
Developer Functions † Special Simplifiers † Bit Operations †
Experimental Functions † Standard Packages
4.7 The Process of Evaluation
Details of Evaluating an Expression † Analyzing Evaluation
Examples † Standard Evaluation Order † Nonstandard Evaluations †
Held Arguments
@ @ Overview
@ @ Exercises
Frequently Seen Messages † Unevaluated Arguments † Predicting
Results of Inputs † Analyzing Context Changes † Evaluated versus
Unevaluated Expressions
@ @ Solutions
Shortcuts for Functions † Functions with Zero Arguments † Small
Expressions that Are Large † Localization of Iterator Variables †
Dynamical Context Changes † Local Values
@ @ References
CHAPTER 5
@ @ References
CHAPTER 6
6.0 Remarks
Prevalence of List Manipulations † Building Polyhedra by Reflecting
Polygons Iteratively † Animating the Folding Process Based on
Iterated Reflections
6.1 Creating Lists
6.1.1 Creating General Lists
Lists and Nested Lists as Arrays, Tables, Vectors, and Matrices †
Timings of Creating Nested Lists † Changing Heads of
Expressions † Summing Elements of Lists
6.1.2 Creating Special Lists
Kronecker Symbol and Identity Matrix † Levi-Civita Symbol and
Antisymmetric Tensors † Creating Multiple Iterators † Stirling
Numbers † Subsets and Tuples
6.2 Representation of Lists
2D Formatting of Tables and Matrices † Aligning Rows and
Columns † Formatting Higher-Dimensional Tensors † Tensors and
Arrays
6.3 Manipulations on Single Lists
6.3.1 Shortening Lists
Extracting Elements from Lists † Deleting Elements by Specifying
Position, Pattern, or Property † Prime Sieving
6.3.2 Extending Lists
Prepending, Appending, and Inserting List Elements † Working with
Named Lists
6.3.3 Sorting and Manipulating Elements
Rotating Lists Cyclically † Sorting Lists † Sorting Criteria † Analyzing
the Built-in Sorting Algorithm † Splitting Lists † Mapping Functions
over Lists † Listable Functions † Mapping Functions to Expressions
and Parts of Expressions † Extracting Common Subexpressions †
Optimized Expressions
6.3.4 Arithmetical Properties of Lists
Average Value of a List † Sum of a List † Variance of a List †
Quantiles of a List
6.4 Operations with Several Lists or with Nested Lists
6.4.1 Simple Operations
Hadamard Arithmetic on Lists † Transposing Tensors †
Permutations † Using Side Effects for Monitoring List Algorithms †
Joining Lists † Intersections and Complements of Lists † Finding
Approximately Identical Elements
@ @ Solutions
Chemical Element Data † Population Data of US Cities and
Villages † Caching versus List-Lookup † Electronic Publication
Growth † Statistics of Author Initials † Analyzing Bracket
Frequencies † Word Neighbor Statistics † Weakly Decreasing
Sequences † Finding All Built-in Symbols with Values † Automated
Custom Code Formatting † Making Dynamically Formatted Inputs †
Working with Symbolic Matrices † Downvalues and Autoloading †
Determining Precedence Automatically † Permutation Polynomials †
Working with Virtual Matrices
@ @ References
G R A P H I C S
CHAPTER 1
Two–Dimensional Graphics
1.0 Remarks
Role of Visualization in and of Mathematics
1.1 Fundamentals
1.1.1 Graphics Primitives
Points, Lines, and Polygons † Text in Graphics † Creating and
Displaying Graphics † Complex Cantor Sets † Dimension Transitions
Animation † Tree of Pythagoras † Generalized Pythagoras
Theorem † 2D Graphics Sampler with 100 Examples † Constructing
a Caustic † Pedal Curve † Projection into 2D † Pentagon Tree †
Meyer Quasicrystal † Poincaré Model of the Hyperbolic Plane †
Böttcher Function of the Quadratic Map † Complex Continued
Fractions † From Graphics to Animations † Phyllotaxis Spiral † Julia
Sets † Farey Tree † Deposition Modeling † Rauzy Tessellations †
Islamic Wicker
1.1.2 Directives for Graphics Primitives
Absolute and Relative Sizes of Points and Lines † Color Schemes
and Color Values † Circles Rolling on Circles † An Optical Illusion:
The Bezold Effect
1.1.3 Options for 2D Graphics
Max Bill’s Picture of Nested n-gons † Influence of Each Options †
Aspect Ratios † Adding Axes to Graphics † Labeling Axes † Fonts
and Typeset Expressions in Graphics † Framing Graphics † Adding
Labels to Graphics † Overlaying Graphics † Specifying Tick Marks †
Repeatedly Displaying Graphics
1.1.4 A First Graphics Application: Voderberg Nonagon
Polygons that Enclose Each Other † Reinhardt’s Conjecture †
Finding Matching Polygons
1.2 Plots of Functions
1.2.1 Plots of Functions Given Analytically
The Process of Making a Plot † Controlling Smoothness and
Resolutions of Plots † Iterated Trigonometric Functions † Plotting
Multiple Functions † Absolute Value Approximation † Distribution of
Bend Angles † Fooling the Plotting Function † Visualizing High-Order
Taylor Series † Plotting Parametrized Curves † Lissajous Figures †
Hedgehogs of Curve Families † Astroid
1.2.2 Plots of Functions Defined Only at Discrete Points
Digit Distributions in Various Bases † Nowhere Differentiable
Continuous Functions † Riemann’s Continuous Nondifferentiable
Function † Minkowski’s Function † Periodic Continued Fractions
Made Continuous
CHAPTER 2
Three–Dimensional Graphics
2.0 Remarks
2.1 Fundamentals
2.1.1 Graphics Primitives
Points, Lines, and Polygons † Cuboids † Projecting a Hypercube into
3D † Nonplanar and Nonconvex Polygons † Translating 3D Shapes †
Escher’s Cube World
2.1.2 Directives for Three-Dimensional Graphics Primitives
Absolute and Relative Sizes of Points and Lines † Constructing an
Icosahedron from Quadrilaterals † Coloring Polygons in the
Presence of Light Sources † Diffuse and Specular Reflection †
Edges and Faces of Polygons † Rotating 3D Shapes † Random
Rotations † Stacked Tubes † Text in 3D Graphics
2.1.3 Options for 3D Graphics
The 34 Options of 3D Graphics † Relative and Absolute Coordinate
Systems † Space Curves versus Space Tubes
2.1.4 The Structure of Three-Dimensional Graphics
Resolving Automatic Option Settings † Nested Primitives and
Directives † Converting 3D Graphics to 2D Graphics
@ @ References
CHAPTER 3
@ @ Solutions
Visualizing Saddle Points † Outer Products † Repeatedly Mirrored
Matrix † Halley Map † Generating Random Functions † Weierstrass
ƒ Function Based Fractal † Contour Plots in Non-Cartesian
Coordinate Systems † Spheres with Handles † Cmutov Surfaces †
Random Surfaces with Dodecahedral Symmetry † Polynomials over
the Riemann Sphere † Random Radial-Azimuthal Transition †
Contour Lines in 3D Plots † Lines on Polygons † Slicing Surfaces †
Euler–Poincaré Formula † Mapping Disks to Polygons †
Statistics of n-gons in 3D Contour Plots
@ @ References
N U M E R I C S
CHAPTER 1
Numerical Computations
1.0 Remarks
Summing Machine Numbers † Klein’s Modular Function and Chazy
Equation † Discretizing the Rössler System † Modeling the Ludwig–
Soret Effect
1.1 Approximate Numbers
1.1.0 Remarks
1.1.1 Numbers with an Arbitrary Number of Digits
Machine Arithmetic versus High-Precision Arithmetic † Modified
Logistic Map † Numerical Calculation of Weierstrass Functions †
High-Precision Arithmetic System Parameters † Fixed-Precision
Arithmetic † Random Fibonacci Recursion † Smart
Numericalization † Precision and Accuracy of Real Numbers †
Precision and Accuracy of Complex Numbers † Precision Loss and
Gain in Calculations † Error Propagation in Numerical Calculations †
Principles of Significance Arithmetic † Error Propagation for
Multivariate Functions † Collapsing Numeric Expressions † Setting
Precision and Accuracy of Numbers † Guard Digits in High-Precision
Numbers † The Bits of a Number † Sum-Based Methods of
Calculating p † Comparing High-Precision Numbers † Automatic
Switching to High-Precision Arithmetic
1.1.2 Interval Arithmetic
Rigorous Arithmetic † Notion of an Interval † Joining and Intersecting
Intervals † Modeling Error Propagation † Global Relative Attractor of
Rationals Maps
1.1.3 Converting Approximate Numbers to Exact Numbers
Rational Numbers from Approximate Numbers † Continued
Fractions † Liouville Constant † Periodic Continued Fractions †
Numbers with Interesting Continued Fraction Expansions †
Continued Fraction Convergents † Pseudoconvergents † Gauss–
Kusmin Distribution † Khinchin Constant † Khinchin–Lévy Theorem †
Lochs’ Theorem † Canonical Continued Fractions † Minkowski
Function † Generalized Expansions † Rounding Numbers † Frisch
Function † Egyptian Fractions
1.1.4 When N Does Not Succeed
Using Extra Precision † Undecidable Numerical Comparisons †
Caching High-Precision Results † Recursive Prime Number
Definition † Sylvester Expansion
@ @ Overview
@ @ Exercises
Logistic Map † Randomly Perturbed Iterative Maps † Functions with
Boundaries of Analyticity † q-Trigonometric Functions † Franel
Identity † Bloch Oscillations † Courtright Trick † Hannay Angle †
Harmonic Nonlinear Oscillators † Orbits Interpolating Between
Harmonic Oscillator and Kepler Potential † Shooting Method for
Quartic Oscillator † Eigenvalues of Symmetric Tridiagonal Matrices †
Optimized Harmonic Oscillator Expansion † Diagonalization in the
Schwinger Representation † Möbius Potential † Bound States in the
Continuum † Wynn’s Epsilon Algorithm † Aitken Transformation †
Numerical Regularization † Scherk’s Fifth Surface † Clebsch
Surface † Smoothed Dodecahedron Wireframe † Standard Map †
Stochastic Webs † Forced Logistic Map † Web Map † Strange
Attractors † Hénon Map † Triangle Map Basins † Trajectories in 2D
Periodic Potentials † Egg Crate Potential † Pearcey Integral †
Charged Square and Hexagonal Grids † Ruler on Two Fingers †
Branched Flows in Random Potentials † Maxwell Line † Iterated
Secant Method Steps † Unit Sphere Inside a Unit Cube † Ising-
Model Integral † Random Binary Trees † Random Matrices † Iterated
Polynomial Roots † Weierstrass Root Finding Method † Animation of
Newton Basins † Lagrange Remainder of Taylor Series † Nodal
Lines † Bloch Equations † Branch Cuts of Hyperelliptic Curves †
Strange 4D Attractors † Billiard with Gravity † Schwarz–Riemann
Minimal Surface † Jorge–Meeks Trinoid † Random Minimal
Surfaces † Precision Modeling † Infinite Resistor Networks † Auto-
Compiling Functions † Card Game Modeling † Charges With Cubical
Symmetry on a Sphere † Tricky Questions † Very High-Precision
Quartic Oscillator Ground State † 1D Ideal Gas † Odlyzko-Stanley
Sequences † Tangent Products † Thompson’s Lamp † Parking
Cars † Seceder Model † Avoided Patterns in Permutations † Cut
Sequences † Exchange Shuffles † Frog Model † Second Arcsine
Law † Average Brownian Excursion Shape † ABC-System † Vortices
on a Sphere † Oscillations of a Triangular Spring Network † Lorenz
System † Fourier Differentiation † Fourier Coefficients of Klein’s
Function † Singular Moduli † Curve Thickening † Random Textures †
Random Cluster Growth † First Digit Frequencies in Mandelbrot Set
Calculation † Interesting Jerk Functions † Initial Value Problems for
the Schrödinger Equation † Initial Value Problems for 1D, 2D, and
3D Wave Equation † Continued Inverse Square Root Expansion †
Lüroth Expansion † Lehner Expansion † Brjuno Function † Sum of
Continued Fraction Convergents Errors † Average Scaled Continued
Fraction Errors † Bolyai Expansion † Symmetric Continued Fraction
Expansion
@ @ Solutions
Solving Polynomials Using Differential Equations † Stabilizing
Chaotic Sequences † Oscillator Clustering † Transfer Matrices †
Avoided Eigenvalue Crossings † Hellmann–Feynman Theorem †
Scherk Surface Along a Knot † Time-Evolution of a Localized
Density Under a Discrete Map † Automatic Selection of “Interesting”
Graphic † Gradient Fields † Static and Kinematic Friction †
Smoothing Functions † Eigenvalues of Random Binary Trees †
Basins of Attraction Fractal Iterations † Calculating Contour Lines
Through Differential Equations † Manipulating Downvalues at
Runtime † Path of Steepest Descent † Fourier Series Arc Length †
Poincaré Sections † Random Stirring † Heegner Numbers †
Quantum Random Walk † Quantum Carpet † Coherent State in a
Quantum Well
@ @ References
CHAPTER 2
@ @ Solutions
Nested Iterators † Being Prime Expressed Analytically † Legendre
Symbol † Pell Equation † Nested Radicals Identity † Recognizing
Algebraic Numbers † Iterated Digit Sum of Divisors † Guiasu Prime
Counting Formula † Divisor Sum Identities † Choquet
Approximation † Optical Factoring † Generalized Multinomial
Theorem † Sums with Constraints † Faà di Bruno Formula †
Symbolic Tables
@ @ References
S Y M B O L I C S
CHAPTER 1
Symbolic Computations
1.0 Remarks
1.1 Introduction
General Assumptions about Variables † Simplifying Expressions †
Type Declarations for Simplifications † Evaluating Expressions
Under Assumptions
1.2 Operations on Polynomials
1.2.0 Remarks
1.2.1 Structural Manipulations on Polynomials
Expanding and Factoring Polynomials † Factors of Random
Polynomials † Irreducible Polynomials † Constructing Irreducible
Polynomials from Primes † Factorization over Extension Fields †
Reordering Multivariate Polynomials † Indeterminates of
Polynomials † Extracting Coefficients from Polynomials †
Decomposing Polynomials
1.2.2 Polynomials in Equations
Polynomial Division † Resultants † Sylvester Matrix † Differential
Equation for the Elliptic Nome † Gröbner Bases † Applications of
Gröbner Bases † Equation Solving Using Gröbner Basis †
Approximative Gröbner Bases † Monomial Orders † Showing
Inconsistency of Equations Using Gröbner Bases † Finite-
Dimensional Representation of the Canonical Commutation
Relations † Eliminating Variables Using Gröbner Bases † Geometric
Theorem Proving † All Square Roots of Square Matrices † Bound
States in Spherical Symmetric Potentials † Gröbner Walks †
Reducing Polynomials
1.2.3 Polynomials in Inequalities
Cylindrical Algebraic Decompositions † Solving Inequalities † Locally
Parametrizing a Squeezed Torus † Arnold Cat Map † Generic
Cylindrical Algebraic Decomposition † Quantifier Elimination †
Generally Proving Inequalities † Proving Triangle Inequalities †
Deriving New Geometry Theorems † Restricting Polynomial Roots †
Proving the Sendov–Iliev Conjecture for Quadratic Polynomials †
Deriving Clauser–Horn Inequalities † Algebraic Blending † Minkowski
Sums
1.3 Operations on Rational Functions
Numerators and Denominators † Expanding Parts of Nested
Fractions † Partial Fraction Decomposition † Writing Rational
Functions over Common Denominators † Gale–Robinson
Sequence † The Power of “Togethering” † Mapping of the
Fundamental Domain
@ @ Overview
@ @ Exercises
Heron’s formula † Tetrahedron Volume † Apollonius Circles †
Proving Trigonometric Identities † Icosahedron Inequalities † Two-
Point Taylor Expansion † Horner Form † Nested Exponentials and
Logarithms † Minimal Distance between Polynomial Roots †
Dynamical Determimants † Appell–Nielsen Polynomials † Scoping in
Iterated Integrals † Rational Solution of Painlevé II † Differential
Equation for Products and Quotients of Linear Second Order
ODEs † Singular Points of First-Order ODEs † Fredholm Integral
Equation † Inverse Sturm–Liouville Problem † Graeffe Method †
Lagrange Interpolation in 2D Triangles † Finite Element Matrices †
Hermite Interpolation-Based Finite Element Calculations † Hylleraas–
Undheim Helium Ground State Calculation † Variational
Calculations † Hyperspherical Coordinates † Constant Negative
Curvature Surfaces † Optimal Throw Angle † Jumping from a
Swing † Normal Form of Sturm–Liouville Problems † Noncentral
Collisions † Envelope of the Bernstein Polynomials † Eigensystem of
the Bernstein Operator † A Sensitive Linear System † Bisector
Surfaces † Smoothly Connecting Three Half-Infinite Cylinders †
Nested Double Tori † Changing Variables in PDEs † Proving Matrix
Identities † A Divergent Sum † Casimir Effect Limit † Generating
Random Functions † Numerical Techniques Used in Symbolic
Calculations † Series Solution of the Thomas–Fermi Equation †
Majorana Form of the Thomas–Fermi Equation † Yoccoz Function †
Lagrange–Bürmann Formula † Divisor Sum Identities † Eisenstein
Series † Product Representation of exp † Multiple Differentiation of
Vector Functions † Expressing Trigonometric Values in Radicals †
First Order Modular Transformations † Forced Damped
Oscillations † Series for Euler’s Constant † q-Logarithm †
Symmetrized Determinant † High Order WKB Approximation †
Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger State † Entangled Four Particle
State † Integrating Polynomial Roots † Riemann Surface of a Cubic †
Series Solution of the Kepler Equation † Short Time-Series Solution
of Newton’s Equation † Lagrange Points of the Three-Body
Problem † Implicitization of Lissajou Curves † Evolutes † Orthopodic
Locus of Lissajous Curves † Cissoid of Lisssajou Curves † Multiple
Light Ray Reflections † Hedgehog Envelope † Supercircle Normal
Superpositions † Discriminant Surface † Periodic Surface † 27 Lines
on the Clebsch Surface † 28 Bitangents of a Plane Quartic †
Pentaellipse † Galilean Invariance of Maxwell Equations †
Relativistic Field Transformations † X-Waves † Thomas Precession †
Liénard–Wiechert Potential Expansion † Spherical Standing Wave †
Ramanujan’s Factorial Expansion † q-Series to q-Products †
q-Binomial † Multiplicative Series † gcd-Free Partitions † Single
Differential Equations for Nonlinear Systems † Lattice Green’s
Function Differential Equation † Puzzles † Newton–Leibniz Theorem
in 2D † Square Root of Differential Operator † Polynomials with
Identical Coefficients and Roots † Amoebas † Cartesian Leaf Area †
Average Distance between Random Points † Series Solution for
Duffing Equation † Secular Terms † Implicitization of Various
Surfaces † Kronig–Penney Model Riemann Surface † Ellipse
Secants Envelope † Lines Intersecting Four Lines † Shortest
Triangle Billiard Path † Weak Measurement Identity † Logarithmic
Residue † Geometry Puzzle † Differential Equations of Bivariate
Polynomials † Graph Eigenvalues † Change of Variables in the Dirac
Delta Function † Probability Distributions for Sums † Random
Determinants † Integral Representation of Divided Differences †
Fourier Transform and Fourier Series † Functional Differentiation †
Operator Splitting Formula † Tetrahedron of Maximal Volume
@ @ Solutions
ODE for Circles † Modular Equations † Converting Trigonometric
Expressions into Algebraic Expressions † Matrix Sign Function †
Integration with Scoping † Collecting Powers and Logarithms †
Bound State in Continuum † Element Vectors, Mass Matrices, and
Stiffness Matrices † Multivariate Minimization † Envelopes of Throw
Trajectories † Helpful Warning Messages † Using Ansätze †
Schanuel’s Conjecture † Matrix Derivatives † Lewis–Carroll
Identities † Abel and Hölder Summation † Extended Poisson
Summation Formula † Integration Testing † Detecting the Hidden
Use of Approximate Numbers † Functions with Nontrivial
Derivatives † Expressing ODEs as Integral Equations † Finding
Modular Null Spaces † Canonicalizing Tensor Expressions †
Nonsorting “Unioning” † Linear Diophantine Equations † Ramanujan
Trigonometric Identities † Cot Identities † Solving the Fokker–Planck
Equation for the Forced Damped Oscillator † Implementing
Specialized Integrations † Bras and Kets † Density Matrices †
Recognizing Algebraic Numbers † Differentiation of Symbolic
Vectors † Visualizing the Lagrange Points † Gröbner Walk †
Piecewise Parametrizations of Implicit Surfaces † Generalized
Clebsch Surfaces † Algorithmic Rewriting of Covariant Equations in
3D Vectors † Darboux–Halphen System † Cubed Sphere Equation †
Numerically Checking Integrals Containing Derivatives of Dirac
Delta Functions † Lagrange Multipliers † Elementary Symmetric
Polynomials
@ @ References
CHAPTER 2
2.0 Remarks
2.1 General Properties of Orthogonal Polynomials
Orthogonal Polynomials as Solutions of Sturm–Liouville Eigenvalue
Problems † General Properties of Orthogonal Polynomials †
Expansion of Arbitrary Functions in Orthogonal Polynomials
2.2 Hermite Polynomials
Definition † Graphs † ODE † Orthogonality and Normalization †
Harmonic Oscillator Eigenfunctions † Density of States † Shifted
Harmonic Oscillator
2.3 Jacobi Polynomials
Definition † Graphs † ODE † Orthogonality and Normalization †
Electrostatic Interpretation of the Zeros † Pöschl–Teller Potential
2.4 Gegenbauer Polynomials
Laplace Equation in n D † Definition † Graphs † ODE † Orthogonality
and Normalization † Smoothing the Gibbs Phenomenon
2.5 Laguerre Polynomials
Definition † Graphs † ODE † Orthogonality and Normalization †
Expanding Riemann Spheres † Summed Atomic Orbitals
@ @ References
CHAPTER 3
@ @ Overview
@ @ Exercises
Asymptotic Expansions of Bessel Functions † Carlitz Expansion †
Meissel’s Formula † Rayleigh Sums † Gumbel Distribution †
Generalized Bell Numbers † Borel Summation † Bound State in
Continuum † ODEs for Incomplete Elliptic Integrals † Addition
Formulas for Elliptic Integrals † Magnetic Field of a Helmholtz Coil †
Identities, Expansions, ODEs, and Visualizations of the Weierstrass
ƒ Function † Sutherland–Calogero Model † Weierstrass Zeta and
Sigma Functions † Lamé Equation † Vortex Lattices † ODEs,
Addition Formulas, Series Expansions for the Twelve Jacobi Elliptic
Functions † Schrödinger Equations with Potentials that are Rational
Functions of the Wave Functions † Periodic Solutions of Nonlinear
Evolution Equations † Complex Pendulum † Harmonic Oscillator
Eigenvalues † Contour Integral Representation of Bessel Functions †
Large Order and Argument Expansion for Bessel Functions †
Aperture Diffraction † Circular Andreev Billiard † Contour Integral
Representation for Beta Functions † Beta Distribution † Euler’s
Constant Limit † Time-Evolution in a Triple-Well Oscillator †
Eigenvalues of a Singular Potential † Dependencies in the Numerical
Calculation of Special Functions † Hidden Derivative Definitions †
Perturbation Theory for a Square Well in an Electric Field †
Oscillations of a Pendulum with Finite Mass Cord † Approximation
and Asymptotics of Fermi–Dirac Integrals † Sum of All 9-Free
Reciprocal Numbers † Green’s Function for 1D Heat Equation †
Green’s Function for the Laplace Equation in a Rectangle † Addition
Theorems for Theta Functions † Series Expansion of Theta
Functions † Bose Gas in a 3D Box † Scattering on a Conducting
Cylinder † Poincaré Waves † Scattering on a Dielectric Cylinder †
Coulomb Scattering † Spiral Waves † Scattering on a Corrugated
Wall † Random Helmholtz Equation Solutions † Toroidal
Coordinates † Riemann-Siegel Expansion † Zeros of the Hurwitz
Zeta Function † Zeta Zeta Function † Harmonic Polylogarithms †
Riemann Surface of Gauss Hypergeometric Functions † Riemann
Surface of the Ratio of Complete Elliptic Integrals † Riemann
Surface of the Inverse Error Function † Kummer’s 24 Solutions of
Gauss Hypergeometric Equation † Differential Equation for Appell
Function † Gauss–Lucas Theorem † Roots of Differentiated
Polynomials † Coinciding Bessel Zeros † Ramanujan p Formulas †
Force-Free Magnetic Fields † Bessel Beams † Gauge
Transformation for a Square † Riemann Surface of the Bootstrap
Equation † Differential Equations for Powers of Airy Functions †
Asymptotic Expansions for the Zeros of Airy Functions † Map-Airy
Distribution † Dedekind h ODE † Darboux–Halphen System †
Ramanujan Identities for j and l Functions † Generating Identities in
Gamma Functions † Modular Equations for Dedekind h Function
@ @ Solutions
Truncation of Asymptotic Series † Contour Plots of the Gamma
Function † Series of a Gamma Function Ratio † Partial Sums of
Taylor Series for sin † Area and Volume of a Hypersphere † All
Integrals of Three Compositions of Elementary Functions † Binomial
at Negative Integers † Contour Lines of zz † Weierstrass ƒ Function
over the Riemann Sphere † Using Gröbner Bases to Derive ODEs †
Riemann Surface of Inverse Weierstrass ƒ Function † Rocket with
Discrete Propulsion † Monitoring All Internal Calculations † Machine
versus High-Precision Evaluations of Special Functions † Checking
Numerical Function Evaluation † Zeta Regularized Divergent
Products † Fractional Derivatives † Identifying Algebraic Numbers
@ @ References
A P P E N D I C E S
APPENDIX A
General References to Computer
Algebra and to Mathematica
A.0 Remarks
A.1 References and Other Sources of Information
A.1.1 General References on Algorithms for Computer Algebra
General Computer Algebra Books, References, and Websites †
Sources of Algorithms † Computer Algebra Journals and
Conferences
A.1.2 Comparison of Various Systems
Benchmarks and Timing Comparisons
A.1.3 References on Mathematica
Books † Journals and Websites † Conferences † Package Libraries †
Dedicated Newsgroups † Timing Comparisions
A.1.4 Applications of Computer Algebra Systems
Article Samples † Further Information Sources
@ @ References
A D D I T I O N S
0.1 Overview
à 0.1.1 Content Summaries
The Mathematica GuideBooks are published as four independent books: The Mathematica GuideBook to Programming,
The Mathematica GuideBook to Graphics, The Mathematica GuideBook to Numerics, and The Mathematica GuideÖ
Book to Symbolics.
† The Programming volume deals with the structure of Mathematica expressions and with Mathematica as a program-
ming language. This volume includes the discussion of the hierarchical construction of all Mathematica objects out of
symbolic expressions (all of the form head[argument]), the ultimate building blocks of expressions (numbers, sym-
bols, and strings), the definition of functions, the application of rules, the recognition of patterns and their efficient
application, the order of evaluation, program flows and program structure, the manipulation of lists (the universal
container for Mathematica expressions of all kinds), as well as a number of topics specific to the Mathematica program-
ming language. Various programming styles, especially Mathematica’s powerful functional programming constructs,
are covered in detail.
† The Graphics volume deals with Mathematica’s two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) graphics. The
chapters of this volume give a detailed treatment on how to create images from graphics primitives, such as points,
lines, and polygons. This volume also covers graphically displaying functions given either analytically or in discrete
form. A number of images from the Mathematica Graphics Gallery are also reconstructed. Also discussed is the genera-
tion of pleasing scientific visualizations of functions, formulas, and algorithms. A variety of such examples are given.
† The Numerics volume deals with Mathematica’s numerical mathematics capabilities—the indispensable sledgeham-
mer tools for dealing with virtually any “real life” problem. The arithmetic types (fast machine, exact integer and
rational, verified high-precision, and interval arithmetic) are carefully analyzed. Fundamental numerical operations,
such as compilation of programs, numerical Fourier transforms, minimization, numerical solution of equations, and
ordinary/partial differential equations are analyzed in detail and are applied to a large number of examples in the main
text and in the solutions to the exercises.
† The Symbolics volume deals with Mathematica’s symbolic mathematical capabilities—the real heart of Mathematica
and the ingredient of the Mathematica software system that makes it so unique and powerful. Structural and mathemati-
cal operations on systems of polynomials are fundamental to many symbolic calculations and are covered in detail. The
solution of equations and differential equations, as well as the classical calculus operations, are exhaustively treated. In
addition, this volume discusses and employs the classical orthogonal polynomials and special functions of mathematical
physics. To demonstrate the symbolic mathematics power, a variety of problems from mathematics and physics are
discussed.
The four GuideBooks contain about 25,000 Mathematica inputs, representing more than 75,000 lines of commented
Mathematica code. (For the reader already familiar with Mathematica, here is a more precise measure: The Leaf
Count of all inputs would be about 900,000 when collected in a list.) The GuideBooks also have more than 4,000
graphics, 150 animations, 11,000 references, and 1,000 exercises. More than 10,000 hyperlinked index entries and
hundreds of hyperlinks from the overview sections connect all parts in a convenient way. The evaluated notebooks of
all four volumes have a cumulative file size of about 20 GB. Although these numbers may sound large, the Mathemat-
ica GuideBooks actually cover only a portion of Mathematica’s functionality and features and give only a glimpse into
the possibilities Mathematica offers to generate graphics, solve problems, model systems, and discover new identities,
relations, and algorithms. The Mathematica code is explained in detail throughout all chapters. More than 13,000
comments are scattered throughout all inputs and code fragments.
The Programming and Graphics volumes contain a moderate amount of mathematics in the examples and exercises, and
focus on programming and graphics issues. The Numerics and Symbolics volumes contain a substantially larger amount
of mathematics.
Although printed as four books, the fourteen individual chapters (six in the Programming volume, three in the Graphics
volume, two in the Numerics volume, and three in the Symbolics volume) of the Mathematica GuideBooks form one
organic whole, and the author recommends a strictly sequential reading, starting from Chapter 1 of the Programming
volume and ending with Chapter 3 of the Symbolics volume for gaining the maximum benefit. The electronic compo-
nent of each book contains the text and inputs from all the four GuideBooks, together with a comprehensive hyper-
linked index. The four volumes refer frequently to one another.
† The main body discusses the Mathematica functions belonging to the chapter subject, as well their options and
attributes. Generically, the author has attempted to introduce the functions in a “natural order”. But surely, one cannot
be axiomatic with respect to the order. (Such an order of the functions is not unique, and the author intentionally has
“spread out” the introduction of various Mathematica functions across the four volumes.) With the introduction of a
function, some small examples of how to use the functions and comparisons of this function with related ones are
given. These examples typically (with the exception of some visualizations in the Programming volume) incorporate
functions already discussed. The last section of a chapter often gives a larger example that makes heavy use of the
functions discussed in the chapter.
† A programmatically constructed overview of each chapter functions follows. The functions listed in this section are
hyperlinked to their attributes and options, as well as to the corresponding reference guide entries of The Mathematica
Book.
† A set of exercises and potential solutions follow. Because learning Mathematica through examples is very efficient,
the proposed solutions are quite detailed and form up to 50% of the material of a chapter.
In the inputs, special typeset symbols for Mathematica functions are typically avoided because they are not mono-
spaced. But the author does occasionally compromise and use Greek, script, Gothic, and doublestruck characters.
In a book about a programming language, two other issues come always up: indentation and placement of the code.
† The code of the GuideBooks is largely consistently formatted and indented. There are no strict guidelines or even
rules on how to format and indent Mathematica code. The author hopes the reader will find the book’s formatting style
readable. It is a compromise between readability (mental parsabililty) and space conservation, so that the printed
version of the Mathematica GuideBook matches closely the electronic version.
† Because of the large number of examples, a rather imposing amount of Mathematica code is presented. Should this
code be present only on the disk, or also in the printed book? If it is in the printed book, should it be at the position
where the code is used or at the end of the book in an appendix? Many authors of Mathematica articles and books have
strong opinions on this subject. Because the main emphasis of the Mathematica GuideBooks is on solving problems
with Mathematica and not on the actual problems, the GuideBooks give all of the code at the point where it is needed in
the printed book, rather than “hiding” it in packages and appendices. In addition to being more straightforward to read
and conveniently allowing us to refer to elements of the code pieces, this placement makes the correspondence between
the printed book and the notebooks close to 1:1, and so working back and forth between the printed book and the
notebooks is as straightforward as possible.
0.2 Requirements
à 0.2.1 Hardware and Software
Throughout the GuideBooks, it is assumed that the reader has access to a computer running a current version of Mathe-
matica (version 5.0/5.1 or newer). For readers without access to a licensed copy of Mathematica, it is possible to view
all of the material on the disk using a trial version of Mathematica. (A trial version is downloadable from
http://www.wolfram.com/products/mathematica/trial.cgi.)
The files of the GuideBooks are relatively large, altogether more than 20 GB. This is also the amount of hard disk space
needed to store uncompressed versions of the notebooks. To view the notebooks comfortably, the reader’s computer
needs 128 MB RAM; to evaluate the evaluation units of the notebooks 1 GB RAM or more is recommended.
In the GuideBooks, a large number of animations are generated. Although they need more memory than single pictures,
they are easy to create, to animate, and to store on typical year-2005 hardware, and they provide a lot of joy.
Each scientific application discussed has a set of references. The references should easily give the reader both an
overview of the subject and pointers to further references.
0.3 What the GuideBooks Are and What They Are Not
à 0.3.1 Doing Computer Mathematics
As discussed in the Preface, the main goal of the GuideBooks is to demonstrate, showcase, teach, and exemplify
scientific problem solving with Mathematica. An important step in achieving this goal is the discussion of Mathematica
functions that allow readers to become fluent in programming when creating complicated graphics or solving scientific
problems. This again means that the reader must become familiar with the most important programming, graphics,
numerics, and symbolics functions, their arguments, options, attributes, and a few of their time and space complexities.
And the reader must know which functions to use in each situation.
Language: Finnish
BASTILJIN VALLOITUS
Kirj.
Alexandre Dumas
Ranskankielestä suomentanut
Jalmari Finne
Sillä välin kun nämä pelaavat koululaiset, joille torin varrella asuvat
naapurit olivat antaneet heittiöiden arvonimen, ja joiden vaatteiden
polvet olivat kuluneet ja takkien kyynärpäissä oli reikiä, pysähtyivät
torille, sillaikaa ne oppilaat, joita kiitettiin siivoiksi ja jotka akkojen
puheitten mukaan olivat vanhempainsa ilo ja ylpeys, erottautuivat
suuresta joukosta ja astelivat vasu kainalossa niin hitaasti, että
arvasi heidän kaihomielin jättävän toisten leikit, kotiaan kohden,
missä heitä odotti leivos tai namu palkaksi siitä, että he olivat
luopuneet torille jääneiden iloista. Näiden takit oli melkein ehjät ja
heidän housunsa tavallisesti moitteettomassa asussa, mikä seikka
yhdessä heidän siivoutensa kanssa herätti pilkanhalua jopa vihaakin
huonommin puetuissa ja kasvatetuissa koulutovereissa.
"Sattui sillä tavoin tänään, herra apotti, tunnustan sen kyllä, mutta
torstai on aina onnettomuuspäiväni. Jos huomenna kirjoitukseni olisi
hyvä, niin ettekö antaisi anteeksi tämänpäiväistä huonoa onneani?
Ettekö antaisi, herra apotti?"
"Ja kukapa tietää, ehkä tutkijat eivät olekaan minun suhteeni sen
ankarampia kuin rintaveljeni Sebastien Gilbertin suhteen kun hän
viime vuonna kilpaili Pariisin opintorahasta. Hän se vasta tekikin
kielivirheitä. Luojan kiitos, vaikka oli vasta kolmentoista vanha ja
minä olen jo seitsemäntoista."
"Nyt et ole yhtä typerä kuin äsken", mutisi hän oltuaan hetken
vaiti ja tarkasteltuaan poikaa… "Mutta tämä on vain todenmukaista
eikä todistettua. Species, non autem corpus."
"Mitäkö muuta?"
"Arkadia oli seutu, missä oli paljon aaseja, ja muinaisaikoina
merkitsi asinus samaa kuin stultus."
"En ole tahtonut selittää asioita sillä tavalla", vastasi Pitou, "sillä en
voinut uskoa, että arvoisan opettajani vakava mieli alistuisi ivaan."
Pitou oli niin masentunut, ettei osannut paeta, vaikka apotti veti
patukan vyöstänsä yhtä arvokkaasti kuin sotapäällikkö paljastaisi
miekan huotrasta taistelun alkaessa.
"Olkoon siis niin!" sanoi Pitou kuin mies, joka tekee tuskallisen
päätöksen, mutta tekee sen kuitenkin. "Saanko viedä mukanani
pulpettini?" kysyi hän toivoen, että sinä väliaikana apotin sydän
ennättäisi lauhtua hellemmäksi.
Kun hänellä oli pitkät käsivarret ja vahvat polvet, joiden avulla hän
jaksoi kiivetä paksuimpiakin runkoja myöten, kapusi hän
korkeimpiinkin puihin etsimään linnunpesiä niin nokkelasti ja
varmasti, että toverit häntä ihailivat, ja jos hän olisi asunut
lähempänä päiväntasaajaa, niin apinat olisivat häntä kunnioittaneet
sen taidon vuoksi, jonka hän oli saavuttanut erikoisessa
linnunmetsästyksessä, joka aikuisiakin suuresti miellyttää. Metsästäjä
houkuttelee linnut ansoilla varustettuun puuhun ja matkii äänellä
närhiä tai huuhkajaa, joita muu lintumaailma yleensä kovasti vihaa.
Jokainen rastas, tiainen, sirkku lentää kiiruimman kautta
nokkiakseen höyhenen vihollisestaan ja useimmissa tapauksissa
paneekin oman henkensä vaaraan. Pitoun toverit käyttivät oikeata
huuhkajaa tai närhiä tai erikoista pilliä, jonka avulla voivat
mitenkuten matkia näiden lintujen ääntä. Mutta Pitou halveksi näitä
keinoja ja tällaisia valmisteluja. Hän turvautui omiin keinoihinsa ja
viritti ansan käyttäen luonnonlahjojaan. Suullaan hän matki noita
huutoja, joiden avulla hän houkutteli toiset linnut, jopa samaan
lajiinkin kuuluvat, ne kun pettyivät kuullessaan nämä huudot, sillä ne
olivat siksi hyvin matkittuja.
Mutta kun tämä kunnon nainen sairastui, kun hän tunsi kuoleman
saapuvan, kun hän käsitti jättävänsä lapsensa yksinään maailmaan,
silloin hän alkoi epäillä ja rupesi etsimään tukea vastaiselle orvolle.
Hän muisti silloin, että kymmenen vuotta aikaisemmin oli muuan
nuori mies keskellä yötä kolkuttanut hänen ovelleen sylissään
vastasyntynyt lapsi, jonka hoitamista varten hän jätti jokseenkin
suuren rahamäärän, ja toinen vieläkin suurempi oli uskottu Villers-
Cotteretsissa asuvan asianajajan huostaan. Tästä salaperäisestä
nuoresta miehestä hän ei alussa tiennyt mitään nimitä kuin että
hänen nimensä oli Gilbert. Mutta kolme vuotta sitten hän näki tämän
saman miehen uudelleen ilmestyvän. Silloin hän oli noin
kahdenkymmenenseitsemän vuoden vanha mies, jonka käytös oli
jäykkä, sanat tarkoin punnitut ja esiintyminen alussa hiukan
kylmäkiskoista. Mutta tämä päällimmäinen jääkuori katosi, kun hän
näki lapsensa, sai nähdä hänet kauniina, terveenä ja hymyilevänä,
kasvatettuna hänen tahtonsa mukaan luonnon keskellä. Silloin hän
puristi kunnon naisen kättä ja sanoi hänelle vain:
Pitoun äiti tiesi kaikki nämä seikat. Kuoleman hetkellä hän muisti
nämä sanat: "Hädän tullen turvautukaa minuun" Heti hänen
ajatuksensa kirkastuivat. Ehkä sallimus oli tämän kaiken näin
järjestänyt, jotta pikku Pitou löytäisi enemmän kuin mitä hän kadotti.
Hän kutsutti luoksensa papin, koska hän ei itse osannut kirjoittaa.
Pappi kirjoitti, ja samana päivänä kirje vietiin apotti Fortierille, joka
liitti siihen osoitteen ja joudutti sen postiin.
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