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Afghanistan Pakistan Chronology Final

The document outlines the historical timeline of Afghanistan's crisis from the Soviet invasion in 1979 to the rise of the Taliban and its implications for Pakistan. It highlights Pakistan's involvement in supporting the Mujahedeen, the subsequent civil war, and the challenges posed by foreign interference and regional rivalries. The long-term consequences of these events include the emergence of terrorism, narcotics issues in Pakistan, and the failure of diplomatic efforts to stabilize Afghanistan.

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13 views2 pages

Afghanistan Pakistan Chronology Final

The document outlines the historical timeline of Afghanistan's crisis from the Soviet invasion in 1979 to the rise of the Taliban and its implications for Pakistan. It highlights Pakistan's involvement in supporting the Mujahedeen, the subsequent civil war, and the challenges posed by foreign interference and regional rivalries. The long-term consequences of these events include the emergence of terrorism, narcotics issues in Pakistan, and the failure of diplomatic efforts to stabilize Afghanistan.

Uploaded by

نبیل حسين
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chronological Notes on Afghanistan

Crisis and Pakistan’s Role


1. Soviet Invasion and Afghan Resistance (1979–1989)
• 1979: Soviet invasion of Afghanistan alarmed Pakistan; Islamabad feared Soviet
expansionism.

• Pakistan supported the Afghan Mujahedeen alongside the US, Saudi Arabia, and China.

• The Mujahedeen struggle was seen as morally justified but later caused unintended
consequences.

• Geneva Accords aimed only at Soviet withdrawal, not at forming a unified Afghan
government.

2. After Soviet Withdrawal and Civil War (1989–1992)


• Najibullah’s regime (Soviet-backed) survived three years after Soviet exit.

• 1992: Najibullah’s government fell; Mujahedeen factions began fighting for power.

• 24 April 1992, Peshawar Accord: Islamic Council led by Mojaddedi, Rabbani as next
president; Rabbani later refused to step down.

3. Collapse of Mujahedeen Unity and Rise of Taliban (1992–1996)


• Rabbani’s refusal to hold elections led to factional fighting, notably with Hekmatyar.

• Islamabad Accord (7 March 1993): Rabbani president, Hekmatyar PM—agreement failed.

• 1995: Afghanistan divided—Rabbani (north), Dostum (north), Pushtoon shura (east),


Taliban (south).

• Pakistan’s embassy in Kabul attacked, worsening relations.

4. Taliban Rule and Foreign Interference (1996–2001)


• Taliban gave refuge to foreign militants, causing regional and global concerns.

• 1998: UN Security Council Resolution 1189 condemned terror attacks in Kenya, Tanzania.

• 1999: Resolution 1267 demanded Taliban hand over Osama bin Laden.

• 2000: Resolution 1333 imposed further sanctions and arms embargo.


• Foreign arms supply to Taliban and Northern Alliance worsened conflict.

5. Proxy War and Regional Rivalries


• Neighbors (Pakistan, Iran, Russia, Central Asia) fueled Afghan conflict by supporting
factions.

• Rivalries driven by fear of spillover, and interests in Caspian oil/gas resources.

6. Spillover Effects on Pakistan


• Emergence of Kalashnikov culture and spread of narcotics in Pakistan.

• 1995: Egyptian embassy bombing in Islamabad; Peshawar market car bomb by Afghan
agents.

• Influx of foreign jihadists, some engaging in terrorism inside Pakistan.

7. Retrospective Assessment
• Pakistan’s support for Afghan jihad was seen as morally right but caused long-term
damage.

• Geneva Accords failed to ensure political transition.

• Pakistan lacked leverage to moderate Taliban; US/West walked away after Cold War.

• Pakistan and Iran bore the burden of over 2 million Afghan refugees.

• Only peace could have opened regional trade and transit to Central Asia.

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