ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 2017

POWER SYSTEM LAB

EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

EXPERIMENT NO-2

AIM: To study and compare the performance of a ring and radial distribution
systems.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Variac (0-270V, 15A)

2. Ammeter (0-15A),MI Type
3. Voltmeter (0-300/600V)
4. Rheostat (652,5.5A)
5. Connecting Wires

THEORY:

Electrical system between the substation and the consumer 's meters is called
distribution system. It generally consists offeeders, distributors and service mnains.
1) Feeders - Conductor which connects the substation or localized generating
station to the area where power is to be distributed. No tappings are taken from
feeder so th¡t current in it remains the same throughout. The main consideration
in the design of afeeder is that current carrying capacity.
2) Distributors Conductor from which tapping's are taken for supply to the
consumers. The current through adistributor is not constant because tappings are
taken at various places along its length. The main consideration in the design of
distributor is the voltage drop along its length. The statutory limit of voltage
variation is ± 6% of rated value at consumers' terminals.
3) Service mains - Small cable connects the distributor of consumer 's terminals.
Connections of a distribution system are of two types- ring main distribution
system and radial distribution system

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 2017
POWER SYSTEM LAB
EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

RADIAL SYSTEM

In this sstem, separate feeders radiate from a single substation and feed the
distributions at one end only. The radial system is employed only when the power
is generated at low voltage and the substation is located at the center of the load.
Drawbacks:

a) The end of the distributor will be heavily loaded.

b) The consumers are dependent on a single feeder and single
distributor. Therefore, any fault on the feeder or distributor cuts off
supply to the consumers who are on the side of the fault away from the
substation.
c) The consumers at the distant end of the distributor would be subjected
to serious voltage fluctuations when the load on the distributor
charges
Due tothese limitations, this system is used for short distances only.
RING MAIN SYSTEM

This system employs a feeder which covers the whole area of supply finally
returning to the substation. The feeder is closed on itself. The arrangement is
similar to two feeders in parallel on different routes.
a) There are less voltage fluctuations at consumer 's terminals.
b) The system is very reliable as eachdistributor is fed via wo feeders. In the
event of fault on any sections of the feeder, the continuihy of suppl is
maintained. The supply to all consumers can continue to be available by
isolating the faulty section.

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 2017
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
POWER SYSTEM LAB
LAB
EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
100m, and
Model of 500 m long feeder is divided into three sections of 200m,
200m.Fecder is designcd for a maximum load of 12A.
0.5+ 0.26j 0.25 + 0. 13j 0.5+ 0.26j
A
W000n
lÙ,230V
ACSupply 509 v)o300V S0n 0-300V 500

50 Hz 0-300V

Fig. 1Radial Distribution System

0.5+ 0.26j 0.25 +0.13j 0.5+ 0.26j

B C
A

1,230V lo,230V
502 0-300V 509 AC Supply
AC Supply
50 Hz 50 Hz
300V
Fig.2Ring Main System

PROCEDURE:
Radial System
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
2. Raise the variac voltage in steps of 20V, till 230V and check for the current
in ammeter. Ammeter current shouldnot exceed 10A.
3. Note the readings of three voltmeters. Current through load (rheostats)
should not exceed their rated value
4. Calculate the voltage at points A, B andC.

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 2017

POWER SYSTEM LAB

EE-303: POWER TRASMISsION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

Ring Mains System

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
2. Raisc the variac voltage in steps of 20V, till 230V and check for the current
in anmeter. Ammeter current should not exceed 10A.
3. Note the readings of three voltmeters. Current through load (rheostats)
should not exceed their rated value
4. Calculate the voltage at points A, B and C.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
For radial type AC distribution system:
Vs Is Va % Vb % Vc %
S.NO
(volts) (amps) (volts) voltage (volts) voltage (volts) voltage
drop drop drop

Radial type AC distribution system with loads at any two points:

S.NO. Points Vs Is VI % voltage V2 % voltage
(volts) (amps) (volts) drop (volts) drop
A,B

B,C
A,C

For ring mains ac distribution system:

S.NO Vs Va Vb % voltage
(volts) (amps) (volts) (volts) drop

RESULT: voltage 10
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT 2017

POWER SYSTEM LAB

EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

EXPERIMENT NO-7

AIM ToDraw the P V characteristics of a transmission Line.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Variac (0-270V, 15A)
2. Transmission line model
3. Watt1meter (75/150/300,2.5/5A)
4. Rheostat 65 Ohms 5 Amps.
5. Voltmeter (0-300-600V),MI
6. Ammeter (0-5-10A),MI

THEORY
The characteristic of power transfer (P-V characteristic) relates the voltage at the
receiving-end bus bar to the active power reaching it, for a given sending-end
voltage. power factor and impedance of transference. It is affected by changes
either in the sending-end voltage magnitude or in the impedance of transference
between sending and receiving ends, or even in the transfer power factor.
Power- Voltage curve provides very important information for voltage stability
analysis. The exact long transmission line model consists of the resistanceand the
reactance. The resistance causes in the active line loss and reactance causes
reactive line loss. The reactive line loss sets the limit of power transfer.
Consider the simple system as shown in Fig. 1. The generator supplies the active
power and reactive power, which is transferred through a transmission line to the
load. The voltage at generator bus (Vs) is considered as constant value. The
transmission line model is represented by a impedance Z. The load is represented
by theactive (Pr) and reactive power (QR).

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 2017
POWER SYSTEM LAB
EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

Generator Z
V

P Q:

Load

The power system is operated in upper part of the P-V curve. The head of the P-V
curve is called the critical point. The critical point provides very important
information to power system engineers. f the system spplies load beyond, it
causes in voltage collapse.

Critical point

VR

PR P

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 2017

POWER SYSTEM LAB

EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
WATTMETER
1-0, 5A/10A, 250V/300V

(0-10A)
C
TRANSMISSION LINE
V l0-300)V
MODEL
RL
0-230V, 550,5.5A
50Hz

0-270V, 15 A
AC SUPPLY

PROCEDURE

1. Connect the equipments as per Circuit diagram.

2 Set the rheostat to maximum resistance.
3. Set the Variac to Minimum.
4. Switch on power supply &with the help of variac, increase the voltage so
that 1amps current is indicated in the ammeter.
5 Note the readings in table.
6. Now increase the current to 1.5 amps by decreasing the load resistance. And
note the reading.
7 Continue taking reading by decreasing resistance till you get critical point
and voltage drops beyond critical value.
8 Plot graph between power and voltage.

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 2017
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
POWERSYSTEM LAB
EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

OBSERVATION TABLE

S.NO POWER (P) LOAD(VL) CURRENT(I)

1.

2.

3.
4.
5.

RESULT
Power angle characteristics of a transmission line is plotted.

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 2017
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
POWER SYSTEM LAB
EE-303: POWERTRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

EXPERIMENT NO-8
AIM To Study the Characteristics of a series compensated transmission
line.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Variac (0-270V, 15A)
2. Transmission line model
3. Rheostat 65 ohms 5 Amps.
4. Capacitive Load. (2-30 Micro farad.)
5. Ammeter (0-5-10A)MI

THEORY
Series compensation is defined as insertion of reactive power elements into
transmission lines. Series compensation is a well-established technology that is
primarily used to reduce transfer reactance 's, most notably in bulk transmission
corridors. The result is a significant increase in the transient and voltage stability
in transmission systems. It provides the following benefits
Reduces line voltage drops
Limits load-dependent voltage drops
Infuences load flowin parallel transmission lines
Increases transfer capability
Reduces transmission angle
Increases system stability
Fixed series compensation has long been the preferred solution for optimizing
performance in very large bulk transmission corridors. Installing acapacitive
reactance in series in along (typically more than 200 km) transmission line
reduces both the angular deviation and the voltage drop, which increases the load
ability and stability of the line. Since the current through the transmission line
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 2017
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
POWERSYSTEM LAB
EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

directly "drives" the MVAR output from the capacilor, the compensation concept is
"self-regulating", and this straightforward principle ensures that series
compensation is an extremely cost effective solution. Series compensation provides
increased transient (angular) stability of apower corridor and increased voltage
stabiliny of thegrid. Italso improves the voltage profile along the power corridor
and optimizes power sharing between parallel circuits.
Series compensation principle
certain
In atransmission system, the maximum active power transferable over a
power line is inversely proportional to the series reactance of the line. Thus, by
compensating the series reactance to a certain degree, using a series capacitor, an
electrically shorter line is realized and higher active power transfer is achieved.
Since the series capacitor is self-regulated, i.e. its output is directly (without
control) proportional to the line current itself, it will also partly balance the
voltage drop caused by the transfer reactance. Conseguently, the voltage stability
of the transmission systemn is increased

Phasor diagram:

V Z

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 2017
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
POWER SYSTEM LAB
EE-303: POWER TRASMISsION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

C
A

(0-5)A
TRANSMISSION
LINE MODEL RL (0-300)V
) 0-300)V 300 kmn
652, 5.5A

0-23VV,
50Hz

0-270V, 15A
AC SUPPLY

PROCEDURE
1 Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Circuit diagram.
2 Set the rheostat to maximum resistance.
3
Switch on power supply & with the help of variac, increase the voltage so
that 1amps current is indicated in the ammeter.
4
Note volt1meter reading by connecting different values of capacitors in series
with transmission line.
5. Observe the effect of connecting capacitor in series in small steps.
6. Calculate voltage increase at receiving end.
7. Plot graph Compensation vs voltage, power

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT 2017
POWER SYSTEM LAB
EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

OBSERVATION TABLE

S.NO LOAD Vs VR P

1 NO CAPACITOR
2. C1
3. C2
4 C3
5. C4

RESULT
Plot of power transferred with various levels of compensation is plotted.

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERIND DEPARTMENT
POWER SYSTEM LAB

EXPERIMENT NO-9
AIM- Tomeasure the breakdown voltage of transformer oil.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. High voltage testing equipment
2. Variac (230V, S0 Hz, 1-o)
3. A.C. voltmeter (0-40kV)
4. Transformer oil

THEORY
Breakdown strength, dielectric constant and dielectric conductivity are the most
important properties of fluid dielectric transformer oil. The general accepted value
of dielecric strength of oil is 30kvfrom 4mm electrical gap applied for Iminue.
The oil should be sent for purification if the value of the breakdown strength is
greater than this value. Dielectric strength of oil is tested by finding the breakdown
voltage at which there is visible sparking the oil across the electrode terminal
(cathode and anode).
The breakdown characteristicdepends upon initial moisture content of transformer
and oil. The dielectric strength of oil depends upon the water content in the
transformer container and temperature gradient.
The dielectricstrength of oil is reduced if the water content is more than 2%.
 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERIND DEPARTMENT
POWER SYSTEM LAB

Breakdown Trip MCB

HV Electrode

0990900909909090 TransformerOil

Potential
Divider
Variac

0-230V,
Lamp LV Side H.V Side
SOH2

Input Output
Single
Phase 0-230V 0-40kv

Fig. Dielectric strength of Transformer Oil

PROCEDURE
1. The gap between test electrodes is adjusted with the help of power strips
(plastic).
2. The space isenergized with the help of supply in the transformer oil breakdown
tester kit.

3. Voltageis increased gradually and continued till flashover in the gap is seen.
4. Note this voltage which is known as breakdown voltage.
5.The voltage throughelectrode plate is brought back to OV and started with 40%
breakdown voltage.
6. Experiment is repeated for different values of air gaps.
 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERIND DEPARTMENT
POWER SYSTEM LAB

OBSERVATION TABLE
S.NO GAP(mm) Breakdown voltage (kV)
1.

2.

4.

PRECAUTIONS
1.The distance between electrodes shÍuld be measured accurately.
2. Proper MCB of high rating should be used.

RESULT- The breakdown voltage has been measured for different distances
between two spherical terminals and the graph has been plotted.