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class 11th notes

The document discusses biological classification, starting with Linnaeus's Two Kingdom Classification (Plantae and Animalia) and its limitations, followed by Whittaker's Five Kingdom Classification (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) based on cell structure and nutrition. It details Kingdom Monera, which includes bacteria categorized into Archaebacteria and Eubacteria, and describes various groups within Kingdom Protista, highlighting their characteristics and modes of reproduction. The document emphasizes the diversity of organisms and their ecological roles.

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class 11th notes

The document discusses biological classification, starting with Linnaeus's Two Kingdom Classification (Plantae and Animalia) and its limitations, followed by Whittaker's Five Kingdom Classification (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia) based on cell structure and nutrition. It details Kingdom Monera, which includes bacteria categorized into Archaebacteria and Eubacteria, and describes various groups within Kingdom Protista, highlighting their characteristics and modes of reproduction. The document emphasizes the diversity of organisms and their ecological roles.

Uploaded by

Puspita Roy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ch-2 Biological classification

Carolus Linnaeus proposed a Two Kingdom Classification:

 Kingdoms: Plantae and Animalia


 Limitations: Did not distinguish between
 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
 Unicellular and Multicellular organisms
 Photosynthetic (e.g., algae) and non-photosynthetic (e.g., fungi)

H. Whittaker (1969) proposed a Five Kingdom Classification:

 Kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia


 Classification based on:
 Cell structure
 Thallus organisation
 Mode of nutrition
 Reproduction
 Phylogenetic relationships

Kingdom Monera

Bacteria are the only organisms in Kingdom Monera.

 Based on shape:
• Coccus – spherical
• Bacillus – rod-shaped
• Vibrio – comma-shaped
• Spirillum – spiral-shaped

Two main groups:


1. Archaebacteria:
 Found in extreme habitats:
• Halophiles – salty areas
• Thermoacidophiles – hot springs
• Methanogens – marshy areas, found in ruminant guts (produce methane)
 Unique cell wall helps them survive harsh conditions.

2. Eubacteria (true bacteria):


 Have rigid cell wall; may have flagella for movement.
 Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae):
• Have chlorophyll a, perform photosynthesis
• Can be unicellular, colonial, or filamentous
• Surrounded by gelatinous sheath
• Some (e.g., Nostoc, Anabaena) fix nitrogen in heterocysts
 Chemosynthetic autotrophs oxidize inorganic substances to make ATP.
 Heterotrophic bacteria:
• Act as decomposers
• Used in curd formation, antibiotic production, nitrogen fixation
• Some cause diseases (e.g., cholera, typhoid)
 Reproduction: mostly by binary fission, also spores or DNA transfer.
 Mycoplasma:
• No cell wall, smallest living cells
• Can survive without oxygen.

Kingdom Protista

 Includes all single-celled eukaryotes.

 Contains well-defined nuclei and membrane-bound organelles.

 Reproduction: both asexual and sexual (via cell fusion and zygote formation).

 Major groups:

Chrysophytes (Diatoms & Desmids)

 Found in fresh and marine water.

 Diatoms have silica-embedded, overlapping cell walls forming “diatomaceous earth.”

 Chief photosynthetic producers in oceans.

Dinoflagellates

 Mostly marine and photosynthetic with stiff cellulose plates.

 Pigments vary (yellow, green, brown, etc.).

 Two flagella: one longitudinal and one transverse.

 Some (e.g., Gonyaulax) cause red tides.

Euglenoids

 Mostly freshwater.

 Have a flexible protein-rich pellicle.

 Two flagella (one long, one short).

 Photosynthetic in light; heterotrophic in darkness (e.g., Euglena).

Slime Moulds

 Saprophytic.

 Form plasmodium under favorable conditions; fruiting bodies with spores during adversity.

 Spores have resistant walls and can survive for years.

Protozoans

 Heterotrophs; live as predators or parasites.

 Four main types:


1. Amoeboid: Move via pseudopodia (e.g., Entamoeba).

2. Flagellated: Have flagella; some cause diseases (e.g., Trypanosoma).

3. Ciliated: Use cilia for movement; have a gullet (e.g., Paramoecium).

4. Sporozoans: Infectious stage in lifecycle (e.g., Plasmodium, causes malaria).

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