Indian Polity notes

By - kartikey chaudhary
Making of the Constitution
1. It was M.N Roy who proposed the idea of an independent constituent assembly
for India in 1934.

2. The constituent assembly was formed as per the guidelines suggested by the
Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946. The mission was headed by Pethick Lawrence and
included two other members apart from him – Stafford Cripps and A.V Alexander.

3. The total strength of the assembly was 389. However, after partition only 299
remained. It was partly elected and partly nominated body.

4. The elections to form the assembly took place in July-August 1946 and the
process was completed by November 1946. The first meeting of the assembly
took place on 9th December 1946 and was attended by 211 members.
5. Dr. Sachhidanand Sinha became the temporary President of the assembly
following the French practice.

6. On 11th December 1946, Dr. Rajendra Prasad and H.C Mukherji were elected
as President and Vice-President respectively.

7. Sir B.N Rau was appointed as the constitutional advisor to the assembly.

8. On 13th December 1946, Pt. Nehru moved the Objectives resolution which later
went on to become the Preamble of the constitution in slightly modified form. The
resolution was unanimously adopted on 22nd January 1947.

9. Also, it adopted National Song and National Anthem on 24th January 1950.
Adopted the National Flag on 22nd July 1947.
10.The assembly met for 11 sessions, took 2 years, 11 months and 18 days to
frame up the final draft, sat for 141 days in total and the draft constitution was
considered for 114 days. Total amount incurred was around rupees 64 lakhs.

11.The assembly had 15 women members which were reduced to 9 after partition.
Some important committees of the constituent assembly along with their respective
chairpersons are as follows:

● Union Powers Committee - Jawahar Lal Nehru

● Union Constitution Committee - Jawahar Lal Nehru

● Provincial Constitution Committee - Sardar Patel

● Drafting Committee - B.R Ambedkar

● Rules of Procedure Committee - Dr. Rajendra Prasad

● Steering Committee - Dr. Rajendra Prasad

● Flag Committee - J.B. Kripalani

VARIOUS SOURCES OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
1. Government of India Act of 1935 - Federal Scheme, Office of the governor,
Judiciary, Public Service Commissions, Emergency provisions and administrative
details.
2. British Constitution - Parliamentary government, Rule of Law, legislative procedure,
single citizenship, cabinet system, prerogative writs, parliamentary privileges.
3. US Constitution - Fundamental rights, independence of the judiciary, judicial review,
impeachment of the president, removal of Supreme Court and high court judges and
post of vice-president.
4. Irish Constitution - Directive Principles of State Policy, the nomination of members to
Rajya Sabha and method of election of the president.
5. Canadian Constitution - Federation with a strong Centre, vesting of residuary
powers in the Centre, the appointment of state governors by the Centre, and advisory
jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
6. Australian Constitution - Concurrent List, freedom of trade, commerce and
intercourse, and the joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament.
7. Weimar Constitution of Germany - Suspension of Fundamental Rights during
Emergency.
8. Soviet Constitution (USSR, now Russia) - Fundamental duties and the idea of
justice (social, economic and political) in the Preamble.
9. French Constitution - Republic and the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity
in the Preamble.
10.South African Constitution - Procedure for amendment of the Constitution and
election of members of Rajya Sabha.
11.Japanese Constitution - Procedure established by Law.
Making of the Constitution

1 .Who was the permanent president of Constituent Assembly ?

A. J.L. Nehru

B. Dr. Rajendra Prasad

C. K.M. Munshi

D. B.R. Ambedkar
2. Who among the following was a member of the Constituent Assembly but not a
member of Congress ?

A. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

B. K.M. Munshi

C. T.T. Krishnamachari

D. Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar

3. Who was the chairman of the drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly ?

A. J.L. Nehru

B. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

C. K.M. Munshi

D. B.R. Ambedkar
4. What was the duration in the making of Indian Constitution ?

A. 2 Years 10 Months and 5 Days

B. 2 Years 10 Months and 10 Days

C. 2 Years 11 Months and 18 Days

D. 1 Year 11 Months and 18 Days

5.Who among the following moved the ‘Objective Resolution’ in the Constituent
Assembly ?

A. Dr. Rajendra Prasad

B. K.M. Munshi

C. Dr. C.D. Deshmukh

D. Jawaharlal Nehru
6. Consider the following statements regarding the composition of the Constituent Assembly :
The total strength of the Constituent Assembly was 389.
Each province and princely state were allotted seats in proportion to their respective population.
Seats allocated to each British province were divided among the Four principal communities : Hindu,
Muslim, Sikh and Christian.
The representatives of the princely states were nominated by the heads of the princely states.
Which of these statements is/are correct ?

A. 1, 2 and 4
B. 1, 2 and 3
C. 2, 3 and 4
D. All of the above
THE PREAMBLE
1. The term ‘preamble’ refers to the introduction or preface to the Constitution. It’s a kind of
summary or essence of the Constitution.
2. The American Constitution was the first, to begin with, a preamble.
3. N.A Palkiwala has termed preamble as ‘the identity card of the constitution’
4. The Preamble has been amended only once so far, that is by 42nd Amendment Act of
1976. Three words were added by that amendment – SOCIALIST, SECULAR,
INTEGRITY.
5. Date of adoption of the Constitution: 26th November 1949.
6.In Berubari Union case (1960) - the Supreme Court said that the Preamble isn’t a part of
the Constitution.
7.In Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) - the Supreme Court rejected the earlier opinion
and held that Preamble is a part of the Constitution.
THE UNION & ITS TERRITORY (1-4)

1. Articles 1 to 4 under Part-I of the Constitution deal with the Union and its
territory.

2. Article 1 declares India, that is, Bharat as a ‘Union of States’.

3. Article 2 empowers the Parliament to ‘admit into the Union of India, or establish,
new states on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit’. Thus, Article 2 grants two
powers to the Parliament: (a) the power to admit into the Union of India new
states; and (b) the power to establish new states.

4. Article 3 relates to the formation of or changes in the existing states of the

Union of India. In other words, Article 3 deals with the internal re-adjustment inter
se of the territories of the constituent states of the Union of India.
 New states that were created after 1956 with year - Maharashtra and
Gujarat In 1960, Goa, Daman and Diu India acquired these three
territories from the Portuguese by means of a police action in 1961. They
were constituted as a union territory by the 12th Constitutional
Amendment Act, 1962. Later, in 1987, Goa was conferred a statehood,
Nagaland In 1963, Haryana, Chandigarh and Himachal Pradesh In 1966,
Manipur, Tripura and Meghalaya In 1972, Sikkim in 1974-75, Mizoram,
Arunachal Pradesh and Goa In 1987, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand and
Jharkhand In 2000, and now most recently Telangana on 2nd June, 2014.
CITIZENSHIP ( 5-11 )
1. Part 2nd covers articles 5-11.
2. The Constitution confers the following rights and privileges on the citizens of India (and
denies the same to aliens):
● Rights conferred under Articles 15, 16, 19, 29 & 30. ● Right to vote in elections to the Lok
Sabha and state legislative assembly. ● Right to contest for the membership of the
Parliament and the state legislature. ● Eligibility to hold certain public offices, that is,
President of India, Vice-President of India, judges of the Supreme Court and the high
courts, governor of states, attorney general of India and advocate general of states.
3. Articles 5-8 only deal with the citizenship of individuals who became citizens of India at
the commencement of the Constitution.
4. No person shall be a citizen of India or be deemed to be a citizen of India if he has
voluntarily acquired the citizenship of any foreign state (Article 9).
5. Every person who is or is deemed to be a citizen of India shall continue to be such
citizen, subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament (Article 10).
 5.Every person who is or is deemed to be a citizen of India shall continue to be such
citizen, subject to the provisions of any law made by Parliament (Article 10).

6. Parliament shall have the power to make any provision with respect to the acquisition
and termination of citizenship and all other matters relating to citizenship (Article 11).

7. Hence, the Parliament enacted the Citizenship Act, 1955, which has been amended in
1986, 1992, 2003, and 2005 and most recently in 2015.

8. The five modes of acquisition of citizenship as per the citizenship act are (a) By Birth
(b) By Descent (c) By Registration (d) By Naturalization (e) By acquisition of any other
territory into the Indian Union

.7.Loss of Citizenship is by – Termination, Renunciation and Deprivation.

8.India provides for single citizenship.

Citizenship

1. Indian constitution took the concept of single citizenship from?

a.USA

b.UK

c.Australia

D. Japan
2.In which list of the Indian Constitution is the Citizenship included?

State List

Union List

Concurrent List

None of the above

3. Which article of the Constitution contains the provisions of citizenship to
persons migrated to India from Pakistan?

a.Article 5

b.Article 6

c.Article 7

d.Article 8
4. Indian citizenship can be acquired through which of the following?

a. By descent
b. By naturalization
c. By registration
d. All of the above
5. When was the Citizenship Amendment Bill passed by the Parliament?

a. 2020
b. 2018
c. 2019
d. 2017
6. Which of the following statements is true regarding Citizenship Amendment Act
2019?

i) It amends the Citizenship Act 1955

ii) It provides for Indian Citizenship to persecuted religious minorities from

Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan who are mainly Muslims

a. Only i
b. Only ii
c. Both i and ii
d. None of the above
Part–3 Fundamental Rights (Article-12-35)

● Fundamental Rights have been described as the Magna Carta of India.

● The concept has been taken from the US’ bill of rights. Earliest known evidence
of rights was also present in ancient India, Iran etc.

● The Fundamental Rights are named so because they are guaranteed and
protected by the Constitution, which is the fundamental law of the land.

The original constitution contained seven fundamental rights, however, after the
44th constitutional amendment act, 1978, right to property was repealed and now
only six fundamental rights remain.
Following are the articles related to the fundamental rights
Article 12- Definition of the State
Article 13- Laws inconsistent with part-3 or Fundamental Rights ●
C. Right to equality (Articles 14–18)
(a) Equality before the law and equal protection of laws (Article 14).
(b) Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
(Article 15).
(c) Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment (Article 16).
(d) Abolition of untouchability and prohibition of its practice (Article 17).
(e) Abolition of titles except military and academic (Article 18).
D. Right to freedom (Articles 19–22)

(a) Protection of six rights regarding freedom of (Article 19): i. Speech and Expression ii.
Assembly iii. Association iv. Movement, v. Residence, and vi. Profession

(b) Protection in respect of conviction for offences (Article 20)

(c) Protection of life and personal liberty (Article 21).

(d) Right to elementary education (Article 21A).

(e) Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases (Article 22).

● Right against exploitation (Articles 23–24)

(a) Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour (Article 23).

(b) Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. (Article 24).

Right to freedom of religion (Article 25–28)
(a) Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion (Article
25).
(b) Freedom to manage religious affairs (Article 26).
(c) Freedom from payment of taxes for promotion of any religion (Article 27). (d)Freedom
from attending religious instruction or worship in certain educational institutions (Article 28).
● Cultural and educational rights (Articles 29–30)
(a) Protection of language, script and culture of minorities (Article 29).
(b) Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions (Article 30).
● Right to constitutional remedies (Article 32)- Heart and Soul of the Constitution. Right to
move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of fundamental rights including the writs of (i)
habeas corpus, (ii) mandamus, (iii) prohibition, (iv) certiorari, and (v) quo warranto (Article
32).
Fundamental Rights

1. Which fundamental rights cannot be suspended even during an emergency?

(a) Right to Speech

(b) Right to Religion

(c) Right to Equality

(d) Right to Life and Personal Liberty

2. Which of the following Articles of the Indian Constitution contain the Right to
Religious Freedom?

(a) Articles 25-28

(b) Articles 29-30

(c) Articles 32-35

(d) Articles 23-24

3. Which of the following Article of the Indian Constitution guarantees 'Equality
Before the Law and Equal Protection of Law within the Territory of India'?

(a) 15

(b) 14

(c) 17

(d) 18
4. Which Article of the Indian Constitution abolishes Untouchability?

(a) Article 18

(b) Article 15

(c) Article 14

(d) Article 17
5. Which of the following is correct with respect to “Right Against Exploitation”?

(a) Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour

(b) Freedom as to payment of taxes for the promotion of any particular religion

(c) Protection of interests of minorities

(d) Equality before the law

 Directive Principles of the State Policy ( 36-51) Part -4

1. They have been mentioned in Part-4 and cover articles from 36-51 of the Constitution of
India.

2. Called as Novel Features of the Constitution.

3. Inspired by the Irish constitution.

4. Similar to the Instruments of Instructions mentioned in the Government of India Act, 1935.

5. Together with fundamental rights, they are termed as the conscience of the constitution.

6. ‘Directive Principles of State Policy’ denotes the ideals that the State should keep in mind
while formulating policies and enacting laws. These are the constitutional instructions or
recommendations to the State in legislative, executive and administrative matters.
7.The Directive Principles are non-justiciable in nature, that is, they are not legally
enforceable by the courts for their violation. Therefore, the government (Central, state and
local) cannot be compelled to implement them.

8. The provisions of the Directive Principles are broadly classified into- (a) Socialist
principles (b) Gandhian principles (c) Liberal intellectual principles

10. Some Important Articles in DPSPs are :

a. To promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order permeated by justice—
social, economic and political—and to minimise inequalities in income, status, facilities and
opportunities (Article 38).

b. To secure (a) the right to adequate means of livelihood for all citizens; (b) the equitable
distribution of material resources of the community for the common good; (c) prevention of
concentration of wealth and means of production; (d) equal pay for equal work for men and
women; (e) preservation of the health and strength of workers and children against forcible
abuse; and (f) opportunities for healthy development of children (Article 39)
c. To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor (Article 39 A). This was
added by 42nd constitutional amendment act, 1976.

d. To secure the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of

unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement (Article 41).

e. To make provision for just and humane conditions for work and maternity relief (Article
42).

f. To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries

(Article 43 A). Also added by 42nd constitutional amendment act, 1976.

g. To organise village panchayats and endow them with necessary powers and authority to
enable them to function as units of self-government (Article 40).

h. To promote cottage industries on an individual or co-operation basis in rural areas (Article

43).

i. To prohibit the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs which are injurious to health
j. To prohibit the slaughter of cows, calves and other milch and draught cattle and to
improve their breeds (Article 48).

k. To secure for all citizens a uniform civil code throughout the country (Article 44).

l. To provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the
age of six years (Article 45). Also, amended by the 86th constitutional amendment act,
2002.

m. To separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the State (Article
50).

n. To promote international peace and security and maintain just and honourable
relations between nations; to foster respect for international law and treaty obligations,
and to encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration (Article 51).
DPSP

1. When and which committee suggested the justiciable and non justiciable
types of Rights?
A. Sapru Committee
B. Balwant Rai Mehta Committee
C. Bhurelal committee
D. None of the above
2. Which of the following statements is true regarding DPSP?

i) The concept was mentioned in Government of India Act 1935

ii) DPSP are not legally enforceable

A. Only i
B. Only ii
C. Both i and ii
D. None of the above
3. Which of the following articles consists of equal pay for equal work for men and
women?

A. Article 31
B. Article 39A
C. Article 41
D. Article 39
4. Which article states about Uniform Civil Code throughout the country?

A. Article 48
B. Article 44
C. Article 42
D. Article 49
5. Which amendment made elementary education for all children a fundamental
right? Also choose the article added after that:

A. 80th Amendment, Article 21 A

B. 86th Amendment, Article 21
C. 44th Amendment, Article 22 A
D. 86th Amendment, Article 21 A
6. From which country has Indian Constitution borrowed DPSP?

USA

Ireland

France

Japan
President of India
(1) Article 52 – There shall be a President of India

(2) Article 53 – the Executive power of the Union: The executive power shall be
vested in the President and shall be exercised by him either directly or through
officers’ subordinate to him.

(3) He is the supreme commander of the defense forces in India.

(4) Though he’s only the constitutional head, or titular head, de jure head or
nominal executive or just a symbolic head.
Election of the President

1. The President shall be elected by the members of an ELECTORAL COLLEGE consisting

of:

(a) The Elected MPs

(b) The Elected MLAs of the states

(c) The Elected MLAs of National Capital Territory of Delhi (added by 70th Amendment Act,
1992 and with effect from 1-06-1995) and Union territory of Puducherry.

2.The elections are monitored and conducted by the Election Commission of India.

3. Only one President, that is, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy has been elected unopposed so far.

4. Dr. Rajendra Prasad is the only President to have been elected twice.

5. Two Presidents – Dr. Zakir Hussain and Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed have died in the office.
Term of office (Article 56) and Re-election (Article 57)

1. Term – 5 years.

2. Resignation is addressed to the Vice-President.

3. The President is eligible for re-election for any number of terms

.Qualification (Article 58),Conditions (Article 59) & Oath (Article 60)

1. Eligibility - (a) Citizen of India (b) 35 years (c) Is eligible for election as an MP of the
House of the People.

2. Shouldn’t hold any office of profit.

3. The President shall not be a member of either House of Parliament of any Legislature.
Even if such a member is elected, he is deemed to have vacated that seat.
5. Oath administered by the Chief Justice of India or in his absence the senior-
most judge of the Supreme Court available.

6. Emoluments, allowances and privileges etc. as may be determined by the

parliament and which can’t be diminished during his term.

7. He is immune from any criminal proceeding during his term. He can’t be

arrested or imprisoned. However, after two-month’ notice civil proceedings can be
initiated against him during his term in respect of his personal acts.
Impeachment of the President (Article 61)

1. A formal removal of the President from his post by constitutional means.

2. He is impeached for the ‘Violation of the Constitution’. However, the term is defined nowhere in
the constitution.

3. The charges can be preferred by either house of the parliament. However, a 14-days’ notice
shall be served to the President before the acceptance of such a resolution.

4. Also, that notice must be signed by at least one-fourth members of the total members of that
house which initiated the charges.

5. After the acceptance of that bill in that house, that impeachment bill must be passed by the
majority of 2/3rd of the total membership of that house.

6. Then that bill goes in another house which should investigate the charges and the President
shall have the right to appear and to be represented at such an investigation.
7. If another house sustains the charges and finds the President of violation, and passes
that resolution by 2/3rd of the total membership of that house, the President stands removed
from the date the resolution is so passed.
8. Hence, impeachment is a quasi-judicial process.
Powers of the President
Executive Powers
1. All executive actions are taken in his name. He is the formal, constitutional, titular head or
de jure head of the Government.
2. Appoints the P.M and other ministers on P.M’s advice.
3. Appoints the Attorney General of India, CAG, Chief Election Commissioner and other
Commissioners, the chairman and members of UPSC, Governors of states, Chairman and
members of Finance Commission etc.
4. He appoints Inter-State Council and he is the one who can declare any area as scheduled
area and decides on the matter of the declaration of any tribe as the scheduled tribe.
Legislative Powers

1. Summons and Prorogues the Parliament and dissolves the Lok Sabha.

2. Summons the joint sitting of the two houses of Parliament (which is presided over by the
Speaker of Lok Sabha).

3. Nominates 12 members to Rajya Sabha from amongst people having achievements in art,
literature, science and social service and may nominate 2 members to Lok Sabha from the
Anglo-Indian Community.

4. His prior recommendation is required in case of presentation of certain types of bills such
as money bills, bills seeking expenditure from the consolidated fund of India etc.

5.He can withhold his assent to bills, return the bills to the legislatures, apply pocket veto to
bills etc.

6. He can promulgate ordinances when the parliament is not in session.

7. He presents the reports of Finance Commission, CAG, and UPSC etc. before the
Judicial Powers
1. Appoints the Chief Justice and other judges of the Supreme Court and High
courts.
2. Seeks advice from the Supreme Court on any question of law.
3. He can grant pardon etc.
Emergency Powers
1. National Emergency (Article 352)
2. President’s Rule (Article 356)
3. Financial Emergency (Article 360)
Veto Powers The President of India has three types of Veto powers, namely

1. Absolute Veto- Withholding the assent to the bill. The bill then ends and does not
become an Act .

2. Suspensive Veto- Returning the bill for reconsideration. In 2006, President APJ
Abdul Kalam used the suspensive veto in the office of profit bill. However, the
President can return the bill for reconsideration to the legislature only once, after which
he has to give his consent.

3. Pocket Veto- Taking no action on the bill sent to the President. There’s no time limit
provided in the constitution within which the President has to give his assent or sign the
bill.

The President has no veto power in case of a constitutional amendment bill. He is

bound to give his assent to such bills.
Ordinance Making Powers (Article 123)
1. An ordinance can be issued by the President only when both houses of Parliament
are not in session or when only one house is in session.
2. The ordinance must be approved by the Parliament within six weeks of its
reassembly.
3. Hence, the maximum life of an ordinance is – six months + six weeks.
4. He can issue an ordinance only on the advice of the council of ministers headed by
the P.M
Pardoning power of the President (Article 72)
1. The President has the power to grant pardon, reprieve, commutation, remission,
respite to any persons convicted in any Union Law, or by a court-martial or in cases of
death penalty.
President mcq

1. Which Article of the Indian Constitution says that there shall be a President of
India?

(A) 61

(B) 62

(C) 52

(D) 74
2. Who participates in the Presidential election?

(A) Elected members of both Houses of Parliament

(B) Elected and nominated members of the State Legislative Assembly

(C) Members of all Union Territories

(D) All of the above

3. What qualifications should be to become a President?

(A) 35 years of age

(B) He should be eligible to be elected as a member of Rajya Sabha.

(C) Must be an Indian citizen

(D) Only a and c

4.Which of the following is not matched?

(A) Article 54: Presidential election

(B) Article 55: manner of presidential election

(C) Article 60: Procedure for impeachment of the President

(D) Article 123: Power of the President to promulgate ordinance

5. How can the post of President be vacant?

(A) On expiry of his tenure

(B) By his resignation

(C) Only on the commencement of impeachment in Rajya Sabha

(D) Only a and b

 Parliament of India (Articles 79-122)

Organization of the Parliament

1. The Parliament consists of the President, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.

2. Lok Sabha is the Lower House (First Chamber or Popular House) and Rajya Sabha
is the Upper House (Second Chamber or House of Elders).

Composition of Rajya Sabha

1. The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha is fixed at 250, out of which, 238 are to
be the representatives of the states and union territories (elected indirectly) and 12 are
nominated by the president
2. At present, the Rajya Sabha has 245 members. Of these, 229 members represent the
states, 4 members represent the union territories and 12 members are nominated by the
president.
3. The Fourth Schedule of the Constitution deals with the allocation of seats in the Rajya
Sabha to the states and union territories.
Composition of Lok Sabha
1. The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is fixed at 552. Out of this, 530 members are to
be the representatives of the states, 20 members are to be the representatives of the union
territories and 2 members may be nominated by the president from the Anglo-Indian
community.
2. At present, the Lok Sabha has 543 members.
3. The representatives of states in the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people from
their respective constituencies.
4. The voting age was reduced from 21 to 18 years by the 61st Constitutional Amendment
Act, 1988.
Duration of the two Houses of Parliament

1. The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and not subject to dissolution. However,
one-third of its members retire every second year. The retiring members are eligible
for re-election and re-nomination any number of times.

2. Unlike the Rajya Sabha, the Lok Sabha is not a continuing chamber. Its normal
term is five years from the date of its first meeting after the general elections, after
which it automatically dissolves.

Qualification, disqualifications etc. to be an MP

1. Eligibility (a) Citizen of India.

(b) Minimum age – 30 years in Rajya Sabha and 25 years in Lok Sabha
Sessions of Parliament
A ‘session’ of Parliament is the period spanning between the first sitting of a House
and its prorogation (or dissolution in the case of the Lok Sabha). The time period
between the prorogation of a House and its reassembly in a new session is called
‘Recess’. There are usually three sessions.
The budget session is the longest and winter is the shortest.
1. The Budget Session (February to May);
2. The Monsoon Session (July to September); and
3. The Winter Session (November to December).
The maximum gap between two sessions of Parliament cannot be more than six
months The President summons and prorogues the two houses of parliament.
Parliament

1. What is the minimum age for holding office in the Lok Sabha?

a.18 Years

B. 21 years

C. 25 Years

D. 30 years
2. A motion of no confidence against the Government can be introduced in:

a. Rajya Sabha
b. Lok Sabha
c. Both a & b
d. Neither a nor b
3. How many sessions of the Lok Sabha take place in a year?

A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
4. Who decides whether a bill is a Money Bill or not?

A. President
B. Prime Minister
C. Speaker of the Lok Sabha
D. Finance Minister
5. Who is known as the Father of Lok Sabha?

A. G V Mavalankar
B. Rabi Ray
C. P A Sangma
D. Balram Jakhar
Indian Judiciary
Supreme Court

1. The present-day Supreme Court of India started functioning on January 28, 1950. Its
predecessor was the Federal Court of India, which was created as per the Government of India
Act of 1935.

2. Articles 124 to 147 mentioned in Part V of the Constitution deal with the organisation,
independence, jurisdiction, powers, and procedures and so on of the Supreme Court.

3. At present, the strength of the Supreme Court’s judges stands at thirty-one judges (one chief
justice and thirty other judges).

4. Originally, the strength of the Supreme Court was fixed at eight (one chief justice and seven
other judges).
Appointment- The judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the president. The
appointment of the Chief Justice is made by the president after consultation with such
judges of the Supreme Court and high courts as he deems necessary. The other
judges are appointed by the president after consultation with the chief justice and
such other judges of the Supreme Court and the high courts as he deems necessary.
The consultation with the chief justice is obligatory in the case of appointment of a
judge other than Chief justice.
Qualification- A person to be appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court should have
the following qualifications: (i) He should be a citizen of India. (ii) (a) He should have
been a judge of a High Court (or high courts in succession) for five years, or (b) He
should have been an advocate of a High Court (or High Courts in succession) for ten
years; or (c) He should be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the president.
8. Oath- The oath to the judges and CJI is administered by the President or any other
person appointed by him for this purpose.
Tenure of Judges - A. He holds office until he attains the age of 65 years. B. He can
resign his office by writing to the president. C. He can be removed from his office by the
President on the recommendation of the Parliament.
9.Removal of Judges - A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed from his Office
by an order of the President. However, he can do so only after an address by
Parliament has been presented to him in the same session for such removal.

High Court
At present, there are 25 high courts in the country.
Appointment of Judges - The judges of a high court are appointed by the
President. The chief justice of the High Court is appointed by the President
after consultation with the chief justice of India and the governor of the state
concerned
Qualifications of Judges - A person to be appointed as a judge of a high court should have
the following qualifications:
A. He should be a citizen of India.
B. (a) He should have held a judicial office in the territory of India for ten years, or (b) He
should have been an advocate of a high court (or high courts in succession) for ten years.
6. Oath or Affirmation Oath to the judge is administered by the governor of the state or some
person appointed by him for this purpose.
7. Tenure of Judges - A. He holds office until he attains the age of 62 years.
B. He can resign his office by writing to the president.
C. He can be removed from his office by the President on the recommendation of the
Parliament.
D. He vacates his office when he is appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court or when he is
transferred to another high court.
1. Where did India get its concept of Single order of court?

A. Government of India Act, 1935

B. Government of India Act, 1919
C. Pitts India Act, 1773
D. None of the above
2. Which of the following is not included in the qualification for being a judge in the
Supreme Court?

A. He/she should be a citizen of India.

B. He should be a respected jurist in the eyes of Parliament
C. He/She must be a judge in the High Court for at least 5 years
D. He/ She should be a lawyer in the High Court for at least 10 years
3. Which statement is NOT correct regarding the tenure of judges of the Supreme
Court ?

A. A Judge of the Supreme Court can remain in office till the age of 65 years.
B. Judge of the Supreme Court gives his resignation letter to the Chief Justice
C. On the recommendation of Parliament, he can be removed by the President.
D. A Supreme Court judge can be removed only in the condition of misconduct.
4. Who can remove the Judge of the Supreme Court?

A. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

B. Only the President
C. Only the Parliament
D. Both Parliament and President
5. What is the current salary of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court?

A. 1.10 lakh P/M

B. 1 lakh P/M
C. 2.8 lakh P/M
D. 1.25 lakh P/M