Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering (2023) 30:1057–1080

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-022-09831-7

REVIEW ARTICLE

Augmented Reality: A Comprehensive Review

Shaveta Dargan1 · Shally Bansal2 · Munish Kumar1 · Ajay Mittal3 · Krishan Kumar4

Received: 11 September 2022 / Accepted: 5 October 2022 / Published online: 20 October 2022
© The Author(s) under exclusive licence to International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) 2022

Abstract
Augmented Reality (AR) aims to modify the perception of real-world images by overlaying digital data on them. A novel
mechanic, it is an enlightening and engaging mechanic that constantly strives for new techniques in every sphere. The real
world can be augmented with information in real-time. AR aims to accept the outdoors and come up with a novel and efficient
model in all application areas. A wide array of fields are displaying real-time computer-generated content, such as educa-
tion, medicine, robotics, manufacturing, and entertainment. Augmented reality is considered a subtype of mixed reality, and
it is treated as a distortion of virtual reality. The article emphasizes the novel digital technology that has emerged after the
success of Virtual Reality, which has a wide range of applications in the digital age. There are fundamental requirements to
understand AR, such as the nature of technology, architecture, the devices required, types of AR, benefits, limitations, and
differences with VR, which are discussed in a very simplified way in this article. As well as a year-by-year tabular overview
of the research papers that have been published in the journal on augmented reality-based applications, this article aims to
provide a comprehensive overview of augmented reality-based applications. It is hard to find a field that does not make use
of the amazing features of AR. This article concludes with a discussion, conclusion, and future directions for AR.

1 Introduction shopping, manufacturing, and engine-based applications in

education, shopping, and e-learning. The goal of AR tech-
The fusion of the digital world and the real world is seen as a nology is to achieve four features like Attention, Relevance,
great prospect for the future. Augmented Reality (AR) is an Confidence, and Satisfaction (ARCS) in the design that
interdisciplinary application framework used for e-learning, motivates every application. Computer systems are being
used to facilitate the development of new applications and
situations within the realm of virtual and augmented reality.
* Munish Kumar AR actually emerges from Virtual Reality (VR); they have
[email protected] some similarities, with some differences as well.
Shaveta Dargan Users using VR technology have the possibility of expe-
[email protected] riencing an absolutely immersive virtual environment, while
Shally Bansal users using AR technology are shown the new interactive
[email protected] mode by augmenting the real scene with a digital com-
Ajay Mittal ponent. In the digital age, VR has benefitted society with
[email protected] definite and defined fields of application as well as research,
Krishan Kumar whereas AR has yet to become empirically accepted in sci-
[email protected] entific circles. Figure 1 depicts the difference between a real-
1
Department of Computational Sciences, Maharaja Ranjit
life scene without AR and the real-life vision of AR.
Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India Investing communities were initially attracted to AR
2
Arden University, Berlin, Germany
and VR when Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg acquired
3
Oculus for two billion dollars. Massive investments in AR
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab
and VR made by companies such as Sony, Samsung, HTC,
University, Chandigarh, India and Google are visible at the moment. AR and VR are the
4
Department of Information Technology, University Institute
same in the technological sense and both serve society for
of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, intensified experiences, but they are different in terms of
Chandigarh, India

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Vol.:(0123456789)
1058 S. Dargan et al.

Fig. 1  Vision of real scene with AR Fig. 2  Perception of reality with digital object

achievement and delivery. Both AR and VR have the advan- perceived as immersive pieces of it. In a virtual world, every
tage that users have sufficient control over the artificial and aspect of reality is seamlessly integrated and appears to be a
virtual worlds. Both of these platforms have the potential to part of the real world.
change aspects of medicine. Using such implants, remote The augmented reality system has the potential to [1]:
surgeries and the treatment of diseases like Post Traumatic
Stress Disorder (PTSD) are possible. Research commu- • Integrate both real and virtual objects into a real situa-
nities have much to do and the road ahead is long, but it tion.
also promises to be a fascinating and fantastic playground • Run collaboratively in real-time.
for researchers. VR and AR technologies will experience • Arrange for virtual and physical objects to interact with
incredible development in the coming years, and there will one another.
be many amazing applications. • Consider formative and summative user-based evalua-
tions.
1.1 Augmented Reality • We believe that failure to understand the needs of a user
will create frustration and unsatisfactory experiences.
AR is augmented reality, i.e., a newer technological system
or a new human-to-machine interaction tool that is defined When the real environment is modified with images,
as the immersion of technology with digital objects in the sounds, videos, and graphics, it is made interactive and
real world. This includes integrating real and virtual worlds, interesting with digital images, videos, and animations and
engaging in real-time interaction, and accurately registering proves wonders in diverse application areas, i.e. aviation,
virtual and physical objects [1]. Using augmented reality, education, learning, manufacturing, medical, sports, gam-
three crucial requirements are met: combining real and vir- ing, aircraft design, interiors, and so on. Figure 2 shows
tual objects, aligning the real and virtual objects and provid- the integration of computer generated sensory input into the
ing dynamic interactions between the two. AR enriches and real scene and how it enhances an individual perception of
enhances the natural environment or situations by augment- reality.
ing human experiences. Using computer vision, augmented The entertainment and gaming industries were the first
reality cameras inside mobile phones, and object recogni- to introduce augmented reality apps, and now some other
tion, the surrounding real world becomes so interactive and sectors are adopting them, e.g. education, communications,
manipulative. Augmented reality is enabled by technologies medicine, public safety, healthcare, tourism, gas and oil,
such as global positioning systems, wireless communication, marketing, and entertainment. Using augmented reality soft-
location-based computing, and wearable computing. ware and hardware tools, it is possible to blend the sensory
AR combines the real world with virtual digital objects or information overlaid on the screen, i.e., digital visual, audio,
images to create a new interactive environment; for example, and touch. Users can also interact with other content in their
a real-world image or scene is transformed or augmented in real-world environment that can be constructive or destruc-
the real world using augmented reality objects or images, tive, as well as context-sensitive, Smartphones are making
resulting in a new interactive environment in the real world. this technology more accessible and useful by helping to
This is an interactive environment with both a real-world make it more live and practical.
and a digital environment. New environments are created AR is primarily used to augment an individual’s per-
by computerized perception of the real world, and these ception of the real world with elements from the digital
virtual environments blend seamlessly with reality and are world, not just to display data, but to introduce immersive

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Augmented Reality: A Comprehensive Review 1059

sensations. AR is truly accommodating knowledge in real- 1.2 Virtual Reality

time, in semantic context, and thus enriching and enriching
the environment. Figure 3 shows the view of AR in design- Virtual Reality (VR) is the re-creation of a new world
ing cars and interiors and exteriors. independent of the current world that separates an indi-
Immersing perceptual information with supplemental vidual from it. It is a multi-sensory experience-based,
information generates amazing and astonishing features. The immersive, interactive, viewer-centered technology based
famous mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) game “Pokemon on 3D computer-generated environments combined with
Go” utilizes a smartphone’s camera for AR navigation. This display technology. Instead of observing a synthetic envi-
application allows users to capture digital Pokemon crea- ronment from the outside, VR gives the illusion of par-
tures around their location and see how they can get there ticipation. Virtually means near-reality, whereas reality is
by tracking their GPS location. Star Wars Jedi Challenges what human beings experience in their day-to-day lives.
is a heavy AR application that requires wearing an AR hel- Virtual reality implies a type of reality emulation that is
met. As a result of advances in mobile technology, including close to reality. VR is also stated as “Real-time interactive
increasingly popular smartphones and tablets, fast proces- graphics with 3D models”. Indirect manipulation is also
sors, graphics hardware, and different onboard sensors, AR possible, so that the user can be immersed in the model
experiences have become increasingly achievable. AR is world. Users are immersed in 3D worlds and can interact
composed of four key terms: real environment, augmented with them instead of viewing a screen in front of them.
reality, augmented virtually, and virtual environment. Like The user will proceed, move and interact in the virtual
in Virtual Reality, the feeling of presence, the degree of real- world, which has three dimensions. Creating an illusion
ity, and the level of realism represent the main features and and simulating a situation close to reality is VR, and it is
quality indicators of the quality of AR and VR experiences. possible with the use of headsets like the Oculus Rift or
Computers are becoming more powerful and smaller in size, PlayStation VR to live the experience without using real
so AR requires either a laptop, a tablet, a smartphone, or a elements around us. It is mainly used for entertainment
smart glass, and the underlying AR software employs sev- purposes, i.e., for 3D virtual gaming, videos, and also for
eral intelligent methods of detecting real objects based on the medical and military sectors. Various VR technologies
sensors and other real-time analysis of camera images. So are used, including 3D, hand/body tracking, and binaural
it becomes possible to connect digital information with real sound.
objects. Augmented reality offers an efficient interface to The three common activities and characteristic fea-
context-aware computing environments. This provides a new tures of VR systems are immersion, complete perception
class of applications that use the context of the user. Mobile of being present in an environment, and interaction with
augmented reality systems provide dynamic services with- that environment. To simulate environments, immersion is
out constraining users to a specially equipped area. Using used to stimulate the senses. It is based on the interactions
computer-based material, like images or graphics, you can between the stimuli as well as the similarities between the
connect directly with the real world, displaying related infor- stimuli and reality.
mation, posing and resolving queries, and working together
with other people.

Fig. 3  Views of Augmented Reality in gaming, car designs and machinery and interiors and exteriors

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1060 S. Dargan et al.

1.3 Classification of VR Systems superimposing a real-world scenario (through a specific

headset) with virtual-alive elements. This technology com-
VR systems are classified into three types based on their bines virtual worlds with real-world environments in real
level of immersion: time. This allows physical and digital objects to coexist and
interact with one another. A mixed reality system does not
• Non-immersive VR systems use desktop computers to have a monopoly on either the physical or virtual worlds.
simulate realistic images of the real world at a low cost It is a hybrid that encompasses both augmented reality and
and with minimal setup. virtual reality, as shown in Fig. 5 i.e., enhanced virtually
• Immersive systems enhance the stereo vision experience through immersive technology. The concept of mixed real-
with a variety of sensory output devices, including head- ity is to blend the physical world with the digital world [1].
mounted displays and head-up displays. A mixed reality system is a combination of human–com-
• Semi-immersion involves the use of a perspective projec- puter interaction and environmental interaction, unlocking
tion of a 3D-scene viewed on a monitor combined with possibilities that we couldn’t imagine before advances in
the observer’s head position to convey a stereotypical computer vision, graphics processing power, display tech-
image, e.g., Fig. 4 presents a view of the Fish Tank VR nology, and input devices. Armstrong Laboratories of the
systems, an example of a semi-immersive VR system. United States Air Force developed the first immersive MR
system in 1992, known as Virtual Fixtures, encapsulating
1.4 Mixed Reality (MR) sight, sound, and touch.

A more recent technology that mixes virtual and aug- 1.5 Working Scenario of AR
mented reality is called mixed reality. Mixed reality allows
The techniques and approaches used for AR make it capable
of operating for many different purposes, such as.

1.5.1 SLAM

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is a pow-

erful technique for placing virtual objects or images in the
real world. It simultaneously places the sensor in the envi-
ronment according to the surroundings and maps the struc-
ture of the environment. The SLAM system is a collection
of algorithms designed to deal with simultaneous localiza-
tion and mapping problems. It is used to handle difficult
AR simulation issues without the requirements of software
or algorithms. Every AR development kit includes SLAM
Fig. 4  Fish tank virtual reality system services, which can be used in a variety of ways.

Fig. 5  Mixed reality

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Augmented Reality: A Comprehensive Review 1061

surrounding the device in the real world. SLAM (Simul-

taneous Localization and Mapping) apps analyse camera
feeds to create a 3D model of the environment and overlay
virtual objects over it to create a digital overlay that looks
like an overlay on a real-world object. When the camera
returns after losing sight of the virtual object, its location
will remain the same when it returns. Figure 7 depicts the
markerless AR view. TIME magazine created an example
of markerless content to create the Apollo 11 ‘Landing on
the Moon’ experience shown in Fig. 7. Because the objects
will be disturbed while floating in the air, markerless AR
requires a flat surface, such as a table or floor, to place the
AR elements. And, once the content is placed in a room, it
is more flexible than marker-based alternatives. However,
Fig. 6  Marker based AR
for a better experience, the surface has a texture that allows
computer vision to identify it.
1.5.2 Marker Based AR
1.5.4 GPS or Location Based AR
Marker-based augmented reality is a type of AR that requires
a static image known as a trigger image. Mobile devices As shown in Fig. 8, a GPS or location-based AR solution
can be used to scan images like this with augmented reality recognizes the sensors of a mobile device and allows objects
apps. Therefore, marker-based AR requires a physical image to be placed in a specific location and retrievable regardless
pattern marker to work. In addition to triggering the mobile of weather conditions or time of day. For example, GintsGa-
scan, additional information such as animation, videos, or brans, for example, uses only GPS to place his augmented
3D may appear on top of the marker as prepared in advance. reality artworks around the world in “SAN App”. Another
In marker-based AR, a virtual object is superimposed on top example is Google’s brand new “walking solution”. It ena-
of specific patterns in the environment, as depicted in Fig. 6. bles geographical targeting in tourist hotspots without the
The camera in this AR device continually scans input to need for costly outdoor banners, as well as practical appli-
identify markers and creates virtual objects based on these cations in terms of directions. However, due to the lack of
markers. Loss of vision of the markers results in the dis- sensor accuracy in phones, it is difficult to obtain precise
appearance of the virtual objects. When the marker is re- GEO-located experiences on mobile devices.
experienced, the object should be replaced again.
Markers can be placed either locally on a device or 1.5.5 Superimposition‑Based AR
remotely via the cloud. This means that marker databases
can be kept on the device and recognition can be performed This is the type of augmented reality in which the original
on the device as well. A marker-based AR experience with view is replaced entirely or partially by an augmented view.
good tracking and a well-prepared marker image provides a Object recognition is critical; without it, the entire concept
quality experience and does not shake when used correctly. is impossible. Superimposition is illustrated by the “IKEA
Generally, AR experiences disappear when the mobile
camera moves away from the marker, and the trigger photo
needs to be scanned again. Extended tracking is sometimes
possible, but it can create problems. In certain situations
and during certain weather conditions, markers will not be
scanned if they reflect light. For tracking to be visible and
stable, the marker must have strong boundaries or contrast
black and white colors, since smooth colour transitions will
make recognition impossible.

1.5.3 MarkerLess AR

Markerless augmented reality refers to scanning the

surrounding environment without the use of a trigger
photo, implying that it is connected to the physical space Fig. 7  ‘Landing on the moon’, markerless AR

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1062 S. Dargan et al.

human–computer interaction. These technologies are essen-

tially computer generated, and in both cases, devices and
helmets must be worn in order for the user to interact with
appliances and information.
This section tries to educate the naive researchers that
both these technologies are different, yet they work to cre-
ate a similar type of scenario. To understand the difference
between these, we have the following emphatic points to
consider:

• The term “virtual reality” is derived from the words “vir-

tual” and “reality”. The definition of “virtual” is close,
and reality is what we as humans experience. The term
Fig. 8  GPS or location based AR
“virtual reality” therefore refers to a particular type of
emulation of reality that is “near-reality”. And the word
Catalog App”, which allows users to place virtual items from ‘augment’ means raise or grow or make it bigger, so here
their furniture catalogue in their rooms. we deal with immersing something digital in the real
environment.
1.5.6 Projection‑Based AR • The difference between augmented and virtual reality is
that augmented reality takes the real world and overlays
An AR system based on projection allows interaction with digital information on top of it.
a surface by projecting synthetic light onto it. It is used to • As shown in Fig. 9, AR encourages better observation by
simplify complex manual tasks and is used by industry-lead- introducing virtual elements such as graphic overlays that
ing manufacturers and business leaders. Audio and video add new opportunities for interaction with the real world,
prompts, pacing, and direction are the main attributes of whereas VR fully shapes a new kind of reality based on
this technology. purely computer-generated images.
• Virtual reality allows users to live in a virtual environ-
1.6 Difference Between Augmented Reality (AR) ment, while augmented reality allows them to interact
and Virtual Reality (VR) with virtual objects in the real world.
• The perception of the real-world environment can be
Augmented reality and virtual reality are not mutually altered using augmented reality, and one can enter a new
exclusive. AR is developed from VR, but both are very simulated environment using virtual reality.
tightly linked. AR and VR technologies employ computer • The real world is blocked out with the help of VR devices
vision, graphics, image processing, sensors, displays, and such as the Samsung Gear VR or the Oculus Rif. The

Fig. 9  Working of AR

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Augmented Reality: A Comprehensive Review 1063

computer uses sensors and algorithms to find the position 1.7 Benefits and Limitations with Augmented
and orientation of a camera in AR and VR. AR technol- Reality
ogy then contributes the 3D graphics, thus superimpos-
ing the computer-generated images over a user’s view of 1.7.1 Merits/Positive Transformation to the Society
the real world.
• Latency is defined as the delay between action and reac- AR transforms our lives in terms of industry, manufactur-
tion. The major difference between the two systems is ing, education, and so on. It enhances and enriches human
latency. An OST system could require more time to dis- experiences and the mind to motivate applications. Below,
play the virtual objects than a VST system, generating a listed are the major benefits to society:
time lag between the user’s actions and performance and
the detection of them by the system. • When AR is used in a real-time environment simultane-
• Another distinction is the level of user immersion or ously, it can be highly interactive in nature.
immersion experience. The distinction is the emphasis • The time required for interaction between the real and
on either real-world or virtual scenes. virtual worlds is very short.
• VR is an absolutely controlled and immersed experience • It enhances the perception of and interaction with the
or station. Vision and even the sense of hearing are under physical world.
the control of the VR system, whereas AR intermixes • Patients’ lives are now safer as a result of its use in the
the virtual scenes with the real experience of vision and medical industry. It aids in the accurate diagnosis and
permits the user to have the real world integrated with early detection of diseases.
virtual objects. • It is easy to use so can be used by anyone.
• Registration errors deal with the integration of the real • Money can be saved using AR by testing critical situa-
world with digital objects. Registration errors should be tions without implementing them in real-time.
less. • Once tested, situations can be implemented in real-time.
• The requirements of the devices, computer-generated • After it has been proven, it can be used in the real world.
graphics, videos, and animation in AR are less as com- • The main applicants are military because they can use
pared to the hardware requirements in VR systems, and simulation on the battlefield before the actual war.
hence there is a high risk of maintaining the degree of • The ubiquity of AR has made it more successful.
reality in VR as compared to AR (Fig. 10). • Due to its ubiquity, augmented reality is much more suc-
• AR can be used with laptops, smartphones, tablets, and cessful and is finding use in gaming and 3D films.
mobile devices to change how real-world and digital • Users are able to interact with life-sized 3D models, both
images interact and intersect. with (and without) tracking devices, including SunSeeker
• While VR uses head-mounted displays (HMDs) or hand- and Augment.
held controllers, Microsoft’s “Hololens” supports AR by • Another application is Augmented Reality GPS to spot
immersing digital objects in the real world. the location of the user, e.g., 3D AR GPS Compass Map.
• Its long way to go in the race of digitization and to reach • Users can use AR GPS, Compass Map 3D and other apps
AR and VR to their full potential to reach higher oppor- to save the location from the GPS and place it on the real
tunities. scene with size adjustment also.

Fig. 10  Difference between AR

and VR

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1.7.2 Dangers/Limitations/Issues with AR • It is risky to use AR games like “Pokemon Go” as it adds

virtual information superimposed on the real scene and
AR not only has advantages in a number of fields but also makes an individual less vigilant to the surroundings.
creates certain issues in a number of areas, such as: • High financial cost as it needs technical expertise. High
Cost.
• Previously, an article titled “Death by Pokemon Go”
proved that the game causes a number of death cases 1.8 Pipelined Framework for Augmented Reality
and an increase in vehicle crashes, personal injuries,
and vehicle damage. AR is generated through the blend of computer-mediated
• People can even modify the surroundings by deleting perception with direct real perception. Figure 11 illustrates
billboard ads, erasing street signs and shop windows the main components or modules of an augmented reality
that do not interest them. As much as AR is an oppor- system. Basically, what we see is the requirement of users
tunity, it poses a threat to businesses. for, first of all, a real environment or real scene onto which
• It is a nightmare for new brands that fail to capture they impose virtual digital elements. Tracking registration,
consumer imaginations and pose a risk to them. human–computer interaction, and virtual and real fusion are
• The most serious dangers of AR are over-reliance and required for AR to be practical. As a result, the modules
overload. So the developers do not overload the user listed below are required:
with information and do not over-rely on the system.
People who ignore the virtual-augmented key will not • Users participating in the scene. These are the main enti-
be able to experience true AR. ties that experience the benefits of AR in their respective
• For AR, the device must be able to examine and evalu- applications and prove its worth to the application.
ate the environment in real time. • The second component is a module of the real scene,
• Legal complications are traced where copyrighted which may be optics or video, depending on the differ-
media is displayed or when privacy is expected. ence in perspective methods.
• There are complications with supporting devices, such • The tracking registration module computes the coordi-
as the Head Mounted Display, and there are limitations nate transformation of virtual objects to determine the
in terms of contrast, vision, and resolution. user’s viewpoint and the location of the camera.
• AR must deal with response time delays as well as • A module for generating virtual scenes, which draws and
hardware or software failures. renders virtual objects on the sight plane based on track-
• Registration errors are another limitation of the AR ing registration data and exchange activities.
system. • To identify the exchange activities of the user and to cap-
• AR has the potential to destroy both our physical and ture in time, Human computer interaction module, works
mental lives, as well as our surroundings. One cannot the process.
ignore the lives lost as a result of Pokemon Go. • To merge virtual and real scenes in video format and
• AR has an impact on eye diseases, mental illnesses, and display them to users.
posture issues.
• When using AR navigation techniques, there will be an 1.9 Hardware and Software Requirements of Virtual
increase in distractions while travelling. Reality and Augmented Reality
• Augmented reality can misinterpret oncoming traffic
speeds and underestimate reaction times. Some external components are required for actually moving
• Another major limitation during device testing is the in the generated scenario of AR or VR. Here, we first discuss
low performance of AR devices. the hardware and software requirements of VR and AR.
• A lack of privacy is a concern in AR-based applica-
tions. 1.9.1 For Virtual Reality
• Developing and maintaining AR-based projects is very
costly, and there is a lack of privacy with AR technology. The display devices, nature of technology, type of immer-
• AR requires the collection, generation, and analysis of sion, illusion, and the application areas are the differences
large sets of data, thus causing security issues. It also between immersive traditional user interfaces and virtual
has to adapt learning criteria to effectively practice AR reality systems. It is a software-created artificial environ-
compliant devices. ment that the user will interpret as a new simulated environ-
• Capturing pictures and scenes of random and private ment. VR can transport the user anywhere and allow them to
properties to record conversations is all illegal in juris- experience a new environment as if they were there in per-
dictions according to strict privacy laws. son. They suspend their disbelief and accept the environment

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Augmented Reality: A Comprehensive Review 1065

Real Scene
Virtual Module

Module of Scene Module of Tracking Module of Virtual

Collecting Registration Scenes Generating

Module of
Virtual-real Fusion

Displaying Module

User Interface Human-computer

Interaction

Fig. 11  Pipelined framework for augmented reality system

as real. It is felt through sight and sound on the machine. A and challenges for people everywhere in universities, big
slew of technologies are required for VR, and it is a techni- labs, malls, etc. Zhang and Hui (2017) used HMD for the
cally difficult feat to experience perception and cognition. mining industry.
It is used for both entertainment and for new, important,   The HTC Vive, Oculus Rift, and PlayStation VR are
and innovative applications. Figure 12 shows the devices all major players in virtual reality (PSVR). For example,
required for VR. the automatic virtual scenario displays virtual content on
the room-sized screens.
• Head-mounted display (HMD) It is a display device worn • Virtual retinal display (VRD) The VRD was invented
on the head, and the display appears in front of the eye. It at the University of Washington’s Human Interface
is the most important component of the projection tech- Technology Laboratory by Thomas A. Edison Furness
nology for VR. VR obviously creates fun, entertainment, as a type of personal display device. VRD, as shown in

Fig. 12  a HMD, b VRD, c Eyetap, d HUD

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1066 S. Dargan et al.

Fig. 11c, produces bright images with high contrast and networking to pure gaming and entertainment. All this
resolution. VRD displays produce safe, clear, and easy- we can share on one of the displays.
to-see images that can be viewed even in ambient day- • Special AR devices Which are primarily intended to
light and are found suitable for surgical displays due to enhance the augmented reality experience. Another
their combination of high brightness and good results. example is head-up displays (HUD), which involve
• EyeTap A computer-controlled laser light source is used projecting data directly onto the display device into the
to capture light that would normally pass through the user’s field of view. It was used to train military fighter
center of the lens from the wearer’s eyes and substitute a pilots, as well as for aviation, the automotive industry,
synthetic light for the real rays of light. This technology manufacturing, sports, and so on.
is also called generation-4 glass, and it works in the same • AR glasses (Smart glasses) Wearable devices such as
way as VRD, but it is directly aligned with the eye and Google Glass, Meta 2 Glass, Laster See-Thru, Laforge
has an infinite depth of focus; it delivers better results. AR eyewear, and other similar ones are capable of dis-
• Head-up display (HUD) Near-eye augmented reality playing smartphone notifications, assisting assembly line
devices can be used as portable head-up displays, as workers, and accessing content hands-free.
they are transparent displays that provide data to the user • AR contact lenses or Smart lenses Users will enjoy aug-
while they continue to work, e.g., in a car. The HUD dis- mented reality more comfortably and easily with the help
plays the speed, display, traffic in line of sight, and other of these devices. Companies like Samsung and Sony have
necessary information in the real world. Virtual real- created AR lenses for phones, while Sony is developing
ity is leading the way in terms of implementation, with lenses as standalone AR devices. These devices give our
HTC Vive Pro Eye, Oculus Quest, and PlayStation VR eyes super-human power and miniaturise our vision, so
leading the way, but many other players are succeeding, we can see overlays on the real scene naturally with our
including Google, Apple, Samsung, and Lenovo, with eyes.
new levels of immersion and usability. As a component • Virtual retinal displays (VRD) It produces high-bright-
of Virtual Reality, HMDs have become a popular com- ness, high-contrast, and high-resolution images for the
ponent because they are easy to use in the living room, user to have a natural experience without any distraction
the office, or the factory floor. in quality.

1.9.2 Hardware and Software Requirement for AR 1.10 Tools Supporting AR

Sensors, cameras, accelerometers, gyroscopes, digital com- • AUGMENT Augment provides real-time 3D viewing of
pass, GPS, CPUs, and displays are required for AR process- products in real-life settings in real-time using a tablet
ing and projection. Figure 13 depicts images of AR devices. or smartphone. This app is used to promote sales and
The following devices are appropriate for augmented reality: improve the interest of the user and is available on the
IOS and Android platforms as shown in Fig. 14.
• Mobile devices or Smart phones or tablets These are the   It is used in many application areas such as E-Com-
best devices for viewing and experiencing AR experi- merce, Architecture, Retail, and others, and it allows
ences. Various apps supporting the effects of AR are online shoppers to interact with retailers and manu-
available, i.e., from business analytics, sports, and social facturers while also promoting home shopping. This

Fig. 13  a AR glasses, b AR

contact lens

(a) AR Glasses (b) AR Contact Lens

13
Augmented Reality: A Comprehensive Review 1067

Fig. 14  Augment App and

Sunseeker App for AR

application is used by a variety of companies, includ- 2 Survey Protocol and Research Questions
ing Siemens, Coca-Cola, Nokia, Nestle, and Boeing.
• Sun-Seeker Fig. 14 displays the flat compass view with This section directs the attention of the researchers towards
the Sun-Seeker AR app. It also shows the 3D view the rules and protocols for preparing the state-of-the-art
showing the solar path, sunrise and sunset times, hour work. The survey work always begins with the fundamen-
intervals, equinox, winter and summer solstices, twi- tals, i.e., clearing up the basics of the concerned title. This
light times, and magic hours, as well as a map view means that the survey work should be detailed enough for
showing the solar directions. Both the Android and inexperienced researchers to understand what, why, where,
iOS versions of this app are available and can be used by whom, when, and how a survey is conducted. The pro-
by cinematographers and photographers to plan golden spective data for the study must be collected through sur-
hours and directions for every location, as well as by veys, questionnaires, or even more [2]. The survey work
real estate buyers to find sun-exposed properties. This should be done with great care so as to promote the effec-
tool is used by drivers to determine how long their car tiveness of the relevant title under study and to motivate
will stay in the shade at a particular parking spot, by the readers to detailed investigations and analysis. Creat-
gardeners to find the best planting locations and sea- ing questionnaires and conducting interviews are the meth-
sonal sunlight hours, and by architects to determine ods of data collection. Then the selection of journal links
how the solar angle changes throughout the year. on the internet and relevant and meaningful images for the
• ARGON4 An Argon4 browser can be downloaded from survey are also an important part of the survey protocol.
both the iTunes App Store and the Google Play Store The process of selecting the best and most appropriate
and is a complete augmented reality app that works journal has become increasingly difficult and complex
across platforms and is technologically independent. due to the growth of journals, areas of specialization, and
Argon4 can create a 3D view of reality. The browser the emergence of interdisciplinary topics. Authors have
supports the loading of a variety of pages, similar to a to effectively check between many criteria or constraints
normal web browser. before reaching a decision. The journals selected must be
• AR browser SDK A geo-location feature may be added peer-reviewed, well-reputed, and SCI/E-SCI-indexed.
to an Android or iOS application through this unique The survey protocol is analogous to a study plan for
browser developed by ARLab. A user-friendly API conducting inventory and monitoring tasks. A site-specific
(Application Programming Interface) allows you to survey protocol and a survey protocol framework are the
fully customize the augmented reality browser. The two basic types of survey protocols. The use of protocols
framework handles all the complicated functions of assures that data collection, data analysis, and the interpre-
the browser. Other examples supporting AR are: tation of that data are complete, consistent, reliable, and
appropriate to our objective. The use of protocols always
– IKEA Mobile App. helps in making the results credible. We will be able to
– Disney Coloring Book. interpret the results and do subsequent surveys more easily
– Nintendo’s Pokemon Go App. if there is a written protocol, so people can use the data for
– Google Pixel’s Star Wars Stickers. subsequent surveys and interpret the results.
– Loreal Makeup App.
– Weather Channel Studio Effects.

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1068 S. Dargan et al.

2.1 Need of Survey Protocol 3.2 Applications of Augmented Reality

• The protocols followed for the deep survey help in clear, AR has a myriad of new enriched experiences and oppor-
concise, and acceptable searching. tunities. It has been widely evolved with many challenging,
• Standard operating procedure, if properly followed, interesting, and motivating applications. A broad concept,
assists a researcher in making acceptable studies. augmented reality has applications in a variety of areas,
• Valid and authenticated state-of-the-art work can be pre- including medicine, manufacturing, entertainment, and edu-
pared by using protocols. cation. Figure 15 depicts an overview of AR applications.
• Inclusion and exclusion criteria must be set according to AR faces numerous challenges, such as camera tracking,
the user. occlusion handling, and inconsistent lighting. In spite of its
• Qualitative and quantitative work can be generated by more recent development than VR, AR has been observed
using protocols. to be popular in many applications, not only for entertain-
• The listing of the reports can be quickly framed from the ment but also for architecture, maintenance, entertainment,
clean and clear surveys. education, medicine, and psychological treatments. The use
• Naive users must follow our efforts if the survey is of an augmented reality system allows people to learn to
detailed and accurate. visualize and act on composite phenomena that would be
• It will no doubt help and motivate society for further impossible to work with in theoretical studies. Various stud-
research and applications. ies have shown that AR is competitive and challenging in a
variety of real-time applications, such as:

3 Application Areas of AR and VR • Retail/Shopping Retail augmented reality has a plethora

of opportunities in the retail sector. With many in-store
3.1 Virtual Reality and out-of-store experiences, AR has a plethora of oppor-
tunities. This means selling the product within the store’s
VR has been used efficiently and successfully in gaming walls by creating a virtual room and deciding on the size
and entertainment. The Oculus Rift headset has already and colour of the product. Customers who prefer to have
run games such as Skyrim and Grand Theft Auto, and new their experiences away from the store are said to have
games such as Elite have been added. The industry has an out-of-store experience. The best augmented reality
adapted quickly to the increasing availability of hardware for shopping apps are Home Depot, IKEA, Wayfair, Target,
true virtual reality games. Other areas of application include: Sephora, Amazon, Nike, and Warby Parker.
• Real Estate AR has a number of opportunities in the field
• In science and engineering, virtual reality has benefited of buying and renting homes. With AR, people can expe-
for years as a data visualization tool. rience homes in new and interesting ways, while also
• Molecular visualization is used by the architectures for saving time for both realtors and clients. For the con-
making weather models. structors, AR can create blueprints and images to serve
• A virtual cockpit and VR technology provide realistic the clients.
cockpits for commercial pilots to train holistically and • Interior design An application that uses augmented
produce live instructions during virtual flight scenarios. reality for interior design can help you make the right
• The surgeon uses virtual tools and patients in the operat- choice about a piece of furniture’s size and style. Swed-
ing room and practices skills there while using virtual ish retailer IKEA offers a very well-known AR app for
tools. its furniture. It simplifies purchase decisions, and it even
• Virtual raids allow police and soldiers to avoid the risk of enables you to take photos and videos after the furniture
human casualties. Treatment of mental illness, Veterans, has been designed. Even the texture of the furniture can
overcoming phobias and handling post-traumatic stress be seen in such a precise way.
disorder can be handled by VR. • Tourism and maps AR also offers a lot for tourists, like
• Behavioral therapy, industrial, marketing applications to museums that provide more information about exhibits,
real-world experiences. or even skeletons that can be placed over a phone to see
• Virtual reality can be used for training in surgical proce- how the animal looked. Chinese shows are one way to
dures, social skills, assisting the elderly or psychological promote tourism and create engaging shows using aug-
treatment. mented reality. There are endless possibilities—street
• Social phenomena such as moral behaviors and others signs, road maps for exploring cities, hotel room tours.
such as meetings, travel, collaboration, industry, news, • Training and education Learning becomes more engag-
and entertainment. ing, interactive, and fun when AR technology is used in

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Augmented Reality: A Comprehensive Review 1069

Fig. 15  Diversified application perspectives of AR

13
1070 S. Dargan et al.

Fig. 15  (continued)

the classroom; even the most boring topics become inter- streamlined, costs can be reduced, and quality can be
esting and engaging. With AR technologies, students and improved with shorter lead times and lower costs [3].
teachers can download and access apps on their phones, AR can use graphical assembly instructions and anima-
enabling them to get more detailed information, step-by- tion sequences to enhance the perception of reality at the
step instructions, and a better grasp of the subject. design stage. The instructions and animated sequences
• Healthcare Another application of AR in healthcare. can be updated on a regular basis with new information
Symptoms, effects of medicines, and methods of opera- from the manufacturers. With this approach, assembly
tion can be viewed by using AR, hence helping the doc- time and lead-time can be reduced, information over-
tor and patients understand medicines and the nature of load and the amount of training required for assembly
disease better. An app like EyeDecide can help with eye operators can be reduced, and the amount of information
disease in a better way using AR technology. They can required can be reduced.
assist surgeons and nurses in finding veins and provide • Visualization AR allows users to overlay computer
safe surgeries. graphics in the real world. For example, AR visualiza-
• Military AR can be used to add annotation information tion has been considered for laparoscopic surgery using
to the battlefield scene. Julier et al. [1] presented the Bat- GeoScope, including applications for city, landscape,
tlefield AR System that used HMDs and MEMs (micro- and architectural visualization. Virtual objects can be
electro-mechanical) sensors to simulate large scale bat- superimposed onto objects to enable visibility of con-
tles and realistic enemy action. cepts or events that are invisible. Students might benefit
• Manufacturing As a result of implementing AR in man- from using virtual objects such as molecules, vectors,
ufacturing, product and process development can be and symbols to visualize abstract scientific concepts and

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Augmented Reality: A Comprehensive Review 1071

unobservable phenomena. Clark and Dünser [4] pre- informal learning environments [6]. AR allows for new
sented a paper-based colour book augmented with 3D ways to interact with the real world and can provide expe-
content to provide children with a pop-up experience riences that are impossible either in the real world or
while offering the ability to look at the book’s content in a fully virtual environment. AR supports and enables
interactively. Augmented reality makes it possible to see meaningful learning in many ways. It is possible with
abstract concepts and phenomena in a new way, which augmented reality to create hybrid learning environments
has the potential to improve comprehension. that blend real and virtual objects. Using AR technology,
• Games and Entertainment Augmented reality is being students can experience phenomena that are impossible
used in the entertainment industry to create games, but in real life, such as chemical reactions, allowing them to
it is also being used to bring important aspects of differ- learn about subjects that were previously inaccessible to
ent games to real-life sports broadcasting. AR definitely them. In AR, objects can be manipulated and observed
helps advertisers by displaying virtual advertisements in ways that are hard to observe in the real world.
and product placements. Video see-through augmenta- • Marketing Augmented reality has been successfully
tion using tracked camera feeds is a common practice for applied in the automotive industry to create three-
football fields, race tracks, and swimming pools [5]. Race dimensional models of the advertised vehicle, as well as
car speeds, snooker ball trajectory, and swimming perfor- in computer games and movies, as well as in the fields of
mance are also annotated using AR, among other things. furniture and footwear. Using AR, shoe models, colors,
Rather than showing annotations on individual players, and accessories can be changed, enabling users to easily
annotations are shown on the field (uniformed players identify the most attractive footwear, as well as deform-
on a green, white, and brown field) and in a chroma- able surfaces such as cups and shirts, the placement of
keyed manner. Ingress and Pokemon Go were the first virtual billboards, and the display of virtual prototypes.
truly popular augmented reality (AR) games on mobile • Navigation and path planning AR facilitates navigation
phones. Pokemon Go, Niantic’s free-to-play, location- and path planning efficiently for a number of applica-
based augmented reality game, has generated a lot of tions. Research has been done on the development of
buzz. Some say it’s the hottest mobile game ever and the NaviCam for augmenting a video stream and position
next tech trend, while others say its losing popularity, tracking using a fiducially marker. We can overlay routes,
losing millions of players every week. A number of AR- highway hazards, fuel prices, and finger tracking, facial
enabled games take advantage of your actual surround- recognition, etc., on the navigation paradigm for pedes-
ings, creating hypnotic gaming experiences. For instance, trians and cars. The advantage of AR is that it warns the
the game Pokemon Go lets users capture virtual Poke- driver about the possibility of an accident.
mon that are hidden on the real-world map. As players • Tourism Archeoguide is a mobile app based on AR tech-
walk through their surroundings, they can catch over one nology that provides site-specific archaeological infor-
hundred kinds of Pokemon. This app can be used on both mation to visitors at cultural heritage sites and enhances
Android and iOS devices. It has approximately 5 million cultural tourism, as well as historical tourism. AR can
active users every day. Real Strike is another well-known also be used to share and filter information for a tour-
shooting game that is only available on iOS. Even in the ist guide using multimedia sketches from an Augmented
dark, you can accomplish your missions with night and City. A mobile multimedia museum guide is also used to
thermal vision goggles. Users can record their fights and improve knowledge exploration experiences, exhibitions,
store nuclear waste in a pool. This game is ranked first in and museum viewing experiences for tourists visiting K,
the United States. K, respectively.
• Robotics AR is an excellent medium for human–robot • Geospatial hardware and software AR aids in the col-
collaboration. The most anticipated applications are laborative representation and manipulation of geographic
medical robotics, predictive displays for tele-robotics, data. It can be used to aid military training in urban envi-
remote manipulation of robotics using augmented reality, ronments. A combination of AR and GIS can be used to
surgical robot systems for head surgery, tele-operation of visualize the location of ecological barriers in a land-
robotic systems, immersive robot programming, robot scape, as well as to create realistic landscape visualiza-
gaming, and learning-based and image-guided surgery tions. Location-based services for urban navigation were
based augmented reality. improved using AR interface paradigms, and geospatial
• Education Augmented Reality (AR) is becoming one AR provided a tangible augmented street map.
of the most important emerging technologies to impact • Urban planning and civil engineering Architects and
education over the next 5 years because of its educational interior designers use AR as a decision support tool.
benefits. AR’s educational value is directly related to its Based on distributed AR technology, collaborative design
design, implementation, and integration into formal and applications are constructed. AR techniques were used to

13
1072 S. Dargan et al.

study relationships between perceived architectural space Lens. The HoloLens now projects holograms for guided
and structural systems in order to develop AR systems surgery with near-infrared fluorescence. Augmented real-
for improving methods for construction, inspection, and ity (AR) can be used in healthcare to provide guidance
renovation of architectural structures. Among the most during diagnostic and therapeutic interventions such as
notable achievements of AR in this application are out- surgery. Augmented reality has recently begun to be used
door architectural designs, facility management, and the in neurosurgery, a field that necessitates extensive imag-
luminous planning table. This software assists architects ing prior to procedures.
in making complex design decisions. It was developed to • Navigation During a helicopter flight test in 1999, the
simulate construction operations in 3D using augmented automotive navigation system’s LandForm video map
reality. overlay marked runways, roads, and buildings. During
• Social interaction A framework called Talk2Me allows flight tests from 1998 to 2002, the NASA X-38 used a
people to advertise information and view others’ adver- Hybrid Synthetic Vision system that overlaid map data
tisements in augmented reality, fostering social interac- on video to provide enhanced navigation for the space-
tion. The app will assist users in initiating conversations craft.
and making friends with people in their immediate vicin-
ity. An interaction between two people may suffer if one
person does not wear a headset because the headset could 4 State‑of‑the‑art Work
become a distraction.
• Video games An augmented reality mobile game that The basic idea behind augmented reality is to overlay digital
employs a trigger image as a fiducially marker. A num- content on real-world images, which may include interaction
ber of AR games have been developed to prepare indoor with virtual objects. According to Azuma, the best example
environments, such as AR air hockey, Titans of Space, of intelligence augmentation is the use of a computer as a
and collaborative combat against virtual enemies. Video tool to make a task easier for a human to perform. AR is a
game players can use augmented reality to play digital widely accepted global technology and a rapidly expanding
games in a real-world setting. Disney and Lenovo col- field with numerous applications that customize the many
laborated to create a Star Wars augmented reality game. applications.
• Industrial design AR allows industrial designers to simu- Wojciechowski et al. [7] presented a novel framework
late the design and operation of a product before it is for building virtual and augmented reality museum exhibi-
built. Volkswagen compared calculated and actual crash tions based on 3D models of aircraft. They presented the VR
test imagery using augmented reality. AR has been used exhibitions both inside the museum, e.g. on touch screens,
to visualize and modify car body structure and engine and at the same time on the internet. This presentation, based
layout, as well as to compare digital and physical mock- on Augmented Reality technologies, allows museum visi-
ups to identify discrepancies. tors to interact with the content in an intuitive and exciting
• Healthcare planning, practice and education AR facili- manner. Hcivr has increased the number of real-world AR
tates medical procedures and training through the provi- applications developed. They thoroughly presented surveys
sion of patient monitoring data. Patient data is displayed and classified the user-based studies conducted with AR to
in the style of a fighter pilot’s heads-up display and offers date. Lu et al. [6] presented the positive characteristics and
supplemental information overlaid on patient imaging how AR helps in fulfilling online demands of customers.
records, such as functional videos. The visualization of Experiments were conducted to compare the AR assistant
the position of a tumour in an endoscope video, and the e-commerce tool with the VR tool and found that the AR
radiation exposure risks associated with X-ray imaging enabled Assistant E-commerce tool provides more infor-
devices, are three examples of virtual X-ray views based mation about the products. Ong et al. [8] presented work
on tomography and other imaging techniques. Aug- developed and demonstrated AR applications in manufactur-
mented reality can be extremely useful in the medical ing activities in order to provide researchers, students, and
field. It can be used to give doctors and surgeons access engineers with information on how to use AR as a tool in
to critical information without having to look away from manufacturing research.
the patient. It can help you see a foetus inside a woman’s Zollmann et al. [9] described the use of augmented
womb. In a collaborative effort between Siemens, Karl reality (AR) to aid in the monitoring and documentation
Storz, and IRCAD, a laparoscopic liver surgery system of construction site progress and presented a method for
that uses augmented reality to view subsurface vessels automatically capturing progress information using aerial
and tumours has been developed. Cockroach phobia has 3D reconstruction, as well as a mobile AR client for on-
also been treated using augmented reality. Microsoft site visualization. The goal of their research was to capture
announced its first augmented reality device, the Holo- 3D images, register AR systems in the physical outdoor

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Augmented Reality: A Comprehensive Review 1073

environment, and visualize progress data. VR is an exciting more visual and communal. Kamboj et al. [18] presented an
and challenging scientific and technological field. In their article in the area of illumination techniques and methods
report, they encouraged more computer scientists to join the in AR. They discussed the limitations, benefits of various
VR research and development team and make many more technologies, and the classification of different methods.
novel contributions. Patil et al. [10] proposed an e-learning The application and classification of different illumination
system for three-dimensional geometry to help users under- methods in diverse scenarios and the best utilization of data
stand three-dimensional geometry concepts more quickly have been discussed by the authors. The goal is to make
and effectively, which was difficult in 2D. The system gener- users aware of new applications of AR. Irshad et al. [19]
ates the three-dimensional object based on the marker and presented state-of-the-art work on MAR, i.e., mobile-based
blends it in with real-world footage, allowing the user to augmented reality. They summarized the work regarding the
manipulate the object via virtual buttons. Damiani et al. [11] user experience of MAR and said it lacked research. They
presented an application of AR and VR applications towards also presented research findings and future opportunities in
industrial experience. They can use AR and VR for work- the MAR domain. The proposals address the inconsistencies
force training and human force organization and organize found in the common usage of these terms. They traced the
qualitative and deep survey work. historical roots of the term “virtual”, examined some major
By investigating advanced scientometrics techniques, definitions of “virtual reality”, discussed the sensory and
Cipresso et al. [12] presented the existing research corpus causal aspects of virtual reality, and defined the ontological
in the field. The presented work discusses the evolution distinction between “virtually”, “possibility”, and “actual-
and changes in the use of VR in the main areas of appli- ity”. Their analysis demonstrated that “virtual reality”, while
cation over time, with an emphasis on the expected future based on recent information technology, does not refer to
capacities, increases, and challenges of VR. In their study, merely technological equipment or purely mental entities, or
Challenor and Ma [13] present the use of augmented real- to some fictitious environment in contrast to the real world,
ity to enhance history education, in developing long-term but rather to an ontological mode of existence that leads to
memories, the capability of conveying the emotional weight an expansion of our ordinary world. Novak-Marcincin et al.
of historical events, and whether or not augmented reality [20] presented an application of AR and VR in the manu-
is appropriate for teaching a complex subject such as the facturing process. They integrate software and hardware
Holocaust. To address this, multiple studies have been ana- tools. AR covers the more complex aspects of manufactur-
lysed for their research methodologies, and the main focus ing and design as compared to VR. Mekni and Lemieux [21]
of their research article is how their findings may aid in the presented the extensive and growing area of AR with the
development of Holocaust education. Augmented Reality growth of mobile phones and AR enabled applications. They
(AR) is a growing topic with a wide range of applications. deeply presented the state-of-the-art work on the potential
In their work, Pascoal et al. [14] presented a survey and a of AR in a variety of application domains. The authors also
framework of acceptance for the implementation of mobile touched on the various ergonomic and technical issues of
outdoor applications enhanced with AR. This survey was mobile devices with the future scenario of AR.
designed to provide a more accurate assessment of user Rosenblum [22] has presented a very impressive article
preferences for the use of AR in outdoor scenarios. Kim on AR and VR technology. The technological requirements
[15] has presented user study trends from VR to AR with of AR and VR with examples and practicable aspects are
the advancements of computer vision, sensing technologies, deeply discussed. The interface, other elements, display
graphics, and mobile computing. What else are the harder options, and technological impact are thoroughly discussed
and software requirements and other basic needs that are the in their study, helping researchers in this field. With the
goals of this article to facilitate the users? advancements of computer vision systems, sensing technolo-
Wanga et al. [16] have presented an AR-based online gies, graphics, mobile computing, etc., AR and VR have
shopping system based on headwear virtually. Chen et al. been becoming the preferred technologies for researchers in
[17] presented a distributed virtual system that enables every field. They can achieve their goals effectively and effi-
users to communicate and interact in a variety of ways in ciently with satisfaction. What needs to be done and what the
order to improve collaboration. Artists can use this space implications are also discussed in their study report. Cruz
to create alternate realities and experiment with concepts et al. [23] presented augmented reality applications for shop-
like representation and interactivity. The Visual Assistant ping experiences. They integrated deep learning and aug-
is a novel tool that allows users to create simple prototype mented reality techniques for getting better information, 3D
3D visualizations of a performance that are then saved in visualization, user location, and analytics. The experiment is
VRML 2.0 format. It was also created with a variety of able to locate the user with 98% accuracy. They proved that
teaching and learning scenarios in mind. It has also been a combination of deep learning with augmented reality tech-
demonstrated that the system makes teaching and learning niques showed promising results. Chatzopoulos et al. [24]

13
1074 S. Dargan et al.

presented an article on the origin and life of AR. This article threats that Augmented Reality has posed to users who are
discusses the fundamentals of MAR, application categoriza- familiar with current and future applications. It compares
tion, user interface, experiences, data management, and the augmented reality, virtual reality, and mixed reality in terms
system’s long-term performance. Mehta et al. [25] presented of technology and application.
an article on the diagnostics of health. It is a virtual recrea- Rana and Patel [32] presented engine-based applica-
tion or transformation of the real world into a virtual world. tions of AR and their comparisons based on the different
This study reveals upcoming plans and innovations that will approaches used, from pose tracking to object rendering.
otherwise cause disruption in the healthcare sector. Fast and efficient feature extraction methods are required for
Yeh et al. [26] presented the use of AR in treating claus- the better execution and computationally effective of real-
trophobia and reducing the effects of anxiety. 34 subjects time systems. Finally, the use of augmented reality (AR) in
were selected and their heartbeat and skin conductance were various fields is discussed, with a focus on military systems,
measured. Chen et al. [17] presented a well-structured sur- equipment support, and training simulation. He et al. [33]
vey on augmented reality. They presented that augmented presented the new technologies of AR and VR with real-
reality is virtual reality plus reality and also elaborated on world technologies in the advancement of 3D processing
the research work, key technologies, tools, progress, and capacity and the emergence of low-cost sensors. They deeply
growth of AR. Umeda et al. [27] proposed research on medi- summarized the concepts along with their differences and
cal training systems using AR. Some tools, such as an AR the connections between them. Military system support and
marker and a web camera, will make computer-generated training simulation are discussed deeply.
images appear in real space. They prepared 3D anatomical
objects to show using the AR platform. The result produces
the best results as compared to the survey work, i.e., the 5 Reporting Latest Survey on AR Based
overlay object best suited to the real scene. Chandrasekaran Applications
and Kesavan [28] presented the use of AR in the adver-
tisement industry as the future of advertising, an advanced Oyman et al. [34] presented their work based on augmented
technology-oriented marketing strategy to boost the market- reality to catch the consumer perception in concern with
ing strategy to reach the customer efficiently. Nasser [29] mobile applications by employing the Technology Accept-
presented the latest developments in learning, teaching, and ance Model (TAM) based on structural equation modelling
education. The study presented the latest scientific findings (SEM). It was reported that perceived AR had a positive and
and state-of-the-art work in education, training, and learn- direct effect on perceived enjoyment (PE), perceived infor-
ing. They suggested the use of content analysis and other mativeness (PI), perceived ease of use (PEU), and perceived
software tools for improving AR usage. usefulness (PU). Liu et al. [35] presented their work based
Ashfaq and Sirshar [30] have presented how Augmented on augmented reality to enhance the importance of physi-
Reality (AR) can extend the digital world into the real world. cal education in schools, colleges, and universities. Using
Augmented reality is not a new concept,it has been around AR simulation techniques, the sportsperson’s performance,
for a long time. AR as a term first appeared in the 1990s. AR training, and learning have been improved. Giannopulu et al.
is experienced through the use of headsets or mobile devices. [36] proposed Augmented Reality with a mental imagery
There are numerous applications for augmented reality in task by generating a transient, coordinated, and synchronised
the military, the medical field, entertainment, games, and neural architecture that cannot be confined to a single brain
education. In this article, various AR games classified as area but engages various interconnected networks. Sun et al.
entertainment and educational games are examined, as well [37] proposed a study to find the influence of AR on the
as some tools for developing augmented reality games. In purchasing habits and attitudes of online customers. Product
this article, some parameters are also used and described attitude has improved by reducing product uncertainty and
to analyze survey articles and tools for creating augmented increasing sense of presence.
reality games. Most people believe that games are only for Menon et al. [38] presented the power of AR in yet
entertainment, but AR games are increasingly being used another very interesting and evolving field named nursing
for educational purposes, such as making lectures more by educating them on heart and lung assessment. Hence, AR
appealing, capturing students’ attention, teaching history, proves to be unbeatable in increasing the performance and
and increasing retention. Augmented reality in mobile games content-mastery of nursing students. A model to conserve
improves learning methodologies while also providing unri- wildlife was presented by Pimentel [39]. To facilitate inter-
valled entertainment. Aggarwal and Singhal [31] presented action with wildlife and promote biodiversity conservation.
an article on the origin of augmented reality and its effect The results proved that interaction will increase connected-
on life. The merits, demerits, and various application areas ness with the species, and that social presence and plausibil-
are discussed in their study. They also discussed the major ity are the important mechanisms for behavioural intentions

13
Augmented Reality: A Comprehensive Review 1075

and environmental concern. Yavuz et al. [40] proposed the product variety, workforce, 3D model designing, and qualita-
use of Augmented Reality in mobile applications in Turkey tive assessment. De Souza et al. [54] evaluated the efficiency
(MAR). Mobile Augmented Reality enhances security and of low-cost Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) and Desktop
privacy, followed by other parameters such as ease of learn- Augmented Reality (DAR) in motor rehabilitation using a
ing and improving the visual quality of a 3D model. Due comparative cross section method and concluded that IVR
to the limited surgical access, Bussink et al. [41] proposed has high fidelity for range of motion data generation. Zhang
a 3D virtual proportional condylectomy using augmented et al. [2] proposed a framework named “Inverse Augmented
reality. Mohanty and Goswami [42] presented applications Reality” (IAR), which describes the scenario that a virtual
based on Augmented Reality such as medical, engineering, agent living in the virtual world can observe both virtual
simulation, entertainment, route planning, and military, and objects and real objects. It is a virtual agent-based centred
emphasizing the importance of AR in enriching people’s framework that understands reality from a virtual agent’s
lives. Kolivand et al. [43] presented a review of Augmented perspective and aims to squabble the uniformity of the vir-
Reality (AR)-based applications and scenarios. This tech- tual and physical worlds concerning the whole physical
nique undoubtedly eases our work, saving us time and popu- structure. Ping et al. [55] used an optical see-through head
larize. Mishra et al. [44] proposed a unique application of mounted display to compare depth perception in AR and VR
augmented reality (AR) for virtual labs. To better understand systems, and the results demonstrated that the accuracy for
the concept of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO), AR has depth estimation in AR is greater than in VR. Augmented
been proving wonders by using an application called Unity Reality has been widely used in industrial applications such
3D, which will make it easy for the students to get a better as maintenance and guided systems. Kim et al. [52, 53] pre-
understanding of the CRO and its working. Liu et al. [45] sented an AR Guidance System that helps unexperienced
proposed a VR system for industrial training and learning researchers accomplish difficult maintenance jobs. The AR-
by building a realistic virtual environment and providing a based Remote Service System also helps technicians to cre-
reliable visual operation for industrial production. The VR ate a voice/video stream, 3D design, and quality assessment.
based training system provides an improvement in indus-
trial safety, production efficiency, and quality. VanHorn
and Cobanoglu [46] presented the use of VR in biomedical
6 Tabularized Representation
image classification and concluded that AI in the biomedical
of the State‑of‑the‑art Work on AR
domain can be realized satisfactorily.
Lemmens et al. [47] presented data collected by survey-
In the above section, we have a detailed report of the survey
ing people suffering from the physiological and emotional
on AR-based applications. This survey only reports the crux
effects of VR. The study revealed that commercial VR
of the findings with strength and highlights in Table 1.
games surely affect the feelings of an individual’s presence,
physiological and emotional state. Rodriguez et al. [48]
improved the experience of tourists when visiting a cul-
tural heritage destination by using a tourist product based 7 Analysis, Discussions and Future
on a virtual tour to promote the destination and encourage Perspectives of AR
entrepreneurs to innovate in the tourism sector to meet the
desires of tourists. Gong [49] presented a three-dimensional This section discusses that although we have many wonder-
space detection algorithm and created a virtual environment ful, useful, and unbelievable applications where segmented
that can adjust the structure of architectural decoration in reality has been in use, there are still some areas where the
real time and performed the experiment to verify the perfor- usage of AR technology is not familiar with. We also discuss
mance of the system. Lu et al. [50] presented their research some compelling arguments for AR’s success and popular-
work on mobile augmented reality (MAR) by focusing on ity. This section describes that the applications are really
remote sensing image processing technology and mapping quite acceptable, but what else is required and what applica-
engineering. The BRISK feature point detection algorithm tions need modifications are mentioned herein.
and SVM were used for remote sensing feature classification
and the experiment showed a recognition success rate of • The key observation of AR must be to provide comfort in
84%. Lorenz et al. [51] presented their work for maintenance designing and using models, as well as auto-adjustment
workers with Augmented Reality (AR), presented user, envi- features that work well with dedicated smartphones.
ronmental, technical, and regulative requirements for an AR • Every AR-enabled application must be thoroughly vali-
maintenance worker support system. dated both quantitatively and qualitatively.
Kim et al. [52, 53] presented the Augmented Reality • The ultimate goal of AR should be to render the virtual
concept in view of Industry Maintenance workers for high objects indistinguishable from the real ones.

13
 Table 1  Summarized Crux of the reported survey
1076

Authors Year Name of Journal/Conference Application defined Strength and highlights of the study

13
Kamboj et al. [18] 2013 IEEE Illumination Techniques with AR Illumination methods were discussed along with the scope
of illumination techniques in AR for future scenario
Phon et al. [56] 2014 IEEE Education and AR Presented the use of collaborative learning with AR in
boosting the scenario of education
Tatwany and Ouertani [57] 2017 IEEE Text Translation using AR Focus on Arabic script for the text translation with AR.
And presented a deep survey on text translation using
Augmented Reality
Irshad et al. [19] 2014 IEEE Mobile AR (MAR) The concept was discussed earlier in online databases and
digital libraries
The classification of UX areas that lack research in the
MAR domain was highlighted and thoroughly analyzed
Kurniawan et al. [58] 2019 IEEE VR A comprehensive and systematic review of the use of virtual
reality technology for learning
Chen and Yang [59] 2009 Journal of System Simulation VR A distributed VR system generated a novel tool called Vir-
tual Assistant to promote SD visualizations
Zhang et al. [60] 2020 Automation in Construction VR based applications It is explained that a thorough survey, using quantitative
and qualitative methods of VR-based applications was
presented
Wojciechowski et al. [7] 2004 IEEE Museum exhibitions Building virtual and augmented reality museum exhibitions
based on 3D models of aircraft is a challenge
Boud et al. [61] 1999 IEEE Training of manual skills
Investigation on the completion time, VR conditions, con-
text free AR
Rosenblum [22] 2000 Computer Graphics and Applications Survey of applications with tech- Technologies of AR and VR
nological requirements Applications are studied in detail
Patil et al. [10] 2016 International Conference on Computing Communication Learning system E-learning system for three-dimensional geometry
Control and Automation
Challenor and Ma [13] 2019 Multimedia Technology and Interaction Historical Studies Use of augmented reality to enhance history education,
Holocaust education Long-term memories
Pascoal et al. [14] 2018 IEEE Mobile Outdoor Applications Survey on mobile outdoor applications
Use of AR in outdoor scenarios
Kim [15] 2012 AR technology requirements Study trends from VR to AR with the advancements of
computer vision, sensing technologies, graphic and mobile
computing
Hardware and software requirements and other basic needs
Chatzopoulos et al. [24] 2017 MAR Study of MAR, interface, experiences, applications
Mehta et al. [25] 2018 International Conference on Automation and Computa- Heath diagnostic Deep Review on healthcare industry
tional Engineering Trained medical practitioners
Vision of internal state of body
Discloses
S. Dargan et al.
 Table 1  (continued)
Authors Year Name of Journal/Conference Application defined Strength and highlights of the study

Yeh et al. [26] 2018 IEEE Stress management Treating of claustrophobia and to reduce the effects of anxi-
ety
Umeda et al. [27] 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Informatics and Medical training Medical training system
Biomedical Sciences Placed 3D anatomical objects on the real scene
Nasser [29] 2018 International Conference on Computing in Arabic, and E-Learning Learning, teaching and education
International Conference on Geo-computing Use of content analysis and other software tools for improv-
ing the AR usage
Ashfaq and Sirshar [30] 2018 International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Gaming Using AR gaming can be enhanced from entertainment
Engineering Technologies games to educational games
Mekni and Lemieux [21] 2014 Applied Computational Science MAR Mobile AR
Augmented Reality: A Comprehensive Review

State of art work on variety of applications

Ergonomic and technical issues of mobile devices with AR
Aggarwal and Singhal [31] 2019 AR Comparing AR, VR and MR
Survey of Applications of AR
Threats given by AR are also discussed
Rana and Patel [32] 2019 International Conference on Communication and Signal Application in engines Engine based applications of AR
Processing (ICCSP) Comparisons based on the different approaches and used
from pose tracking to object rendering
He et al. [33] 2017 3D processing using Sensors Presented new AR and VR technologies with real-world
applications in the advancement of 3D processing capacity
and the emergence of low-cost sensors
Novak-Marcincin et al. [20] 2014 Advances in intelligent systems and computing Manufacturing Process Presented an application of AR and VR in the manufactur-
ing process for engineers
Khan et al. [62] 2019 Advances in human–computer interaction Education and learning Measure and understand the impact of an augmented reality
mobile application on learning motivation

13
1077
1078 S. Dargan et al.

• The promise of AR technology should enhance the 8 Conclusion

effective and comfortable interaction of non-augmented
users with AR-equipped individuals. AR is a fast-growing technology with bright future prospects.
• Ubiquitous tracking and system portability, i.e., wear- It is a multidisciplinary application that combines informa-
able and portable systems which are comfortable and tion technology, physiology, psychology, philosophy, and a
unobtrusive, are the requirements for AR to be success- variety of other disciplines. This technology can achieve fast,
fully implemented. healthy, and long-term developments in almost every area and
• The systems should have minimum calibration or cal- will enrich the lives of individuals. It will constantly improve
ibration-free and auto-calibration and setup require- interaction and immersion while adapting to human-centered
ments. applications. It is believed that this novel technology will
• Novel visualization algorithms are required to handle inspire people to incorporate this new innovation into their
density, occlusion, and situational awareness issues. daily lives. During the short period of approx. 10 years, aug-
• AR-based applications should be used to treat cyber mented reality has been successfully applied to many areas,
sickness. All perceptual dimensions of AR and VR are such as military, aerospace, entertainment, medical, and so
expected to be handled with care in the future. Meth- on. This means that while this new methodology has a lot of
odologically and technologically, well-established and potential and broad prospects, it is still a young discipline,
reliable models will handle all problems. with many unresolved theoretical issues and technical barriers
• Requirement for low-cost hardware equipment in order to overcome. Some issues, like high cost, complexity, being
to reduce hardware costs. uncomfortable to use, and affecting user interaction activities
• Augmented reality (AR) is a very dynamic, high-tech- are the hindrances that must be solved. This article covers the
nological-based innovative study, and cybersickness is basic concepts and terms of understanding augmented real-
another well-known application. ity and how augmented reality differs from virtual reality and
• The perceptual dimensions of AR experiences must be mixed reality. Through this article, the authors try to explain
considered. the technological requirements of AR and VR, such as hard-
• Another application for AR is wide-area tracking and ware devices and software applications supporting AR, the
modelling with 3D interactions. merits of AR to society, and the limitations or issues while
• Another option for AR is photorealistic rendering and using AR. The main target is to present the survey work, i.e.
(re-)lighting. state-of-the-art work on Augmented Reality, and list many
• Deep learning with true artificial intelligence is still possible applications where AR is being accommodated. The
in its infancy when it comes to supporting AR and VR tabular representation shows the achievements of the author
experiences. on the application they developed with AR with the name of
• As VR/AR systems become more widely used, ethical the journal.
and societal issues arise.
• A “code of ethics” for VR/AR should be established.
• Most current registration strategies are focused on a Funding No funding was received.
single strategy. Data Availability No.
• AR requires the synchronization of the virtual and real
worlds. Declarations
• Accurate timestamps must be made available.
• Real-time performance given by AR systems is in high Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of
interest.
demand.
• Perception and psychological experiments must gener- Ethical Approval No human and animal participants were used.
ate good performance.
• Registration errors must be tolerable and the perfor- Consent to Participate All authors are agreed to participate.
mance must be. Consent for Publication All authors are agreed for publication of this
• Technological, social, and political issues must be work.
taken care of when using AR.
• When it comes to AR, the most important considera-
tions are ergonomics and ease of use.
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doi.​org/​10.​1109/​ISMAR-​Adjun​ct.​2018.​00055 Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds
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