Student Study Session

Analyzing f , f , and f 

Free response questions on this topic often require students to justify their answers. Students
may use number lines to analyze the characteristics of the function; however, the justification
must be written in sentence form. This justification should avoid using a pronoun such as “it” to
describe the function and should make use of calculus involving the first or second derivative
test or theorems.

Increase/Decrease
 If f ( x)  0 on an interval, then f ( x) is increasing on the interval.
 If f ( x)  0 on an interval, then f ( x) is decreasing on the interval.

Relative or Local Extrema – highest or lowest point in the neighborhood

 First derivative test
o Candidates – critical numbers (x-values that make f  zero or undefined where f is
defined)
o Test – (1) set up an f  number line; label with candidates
(2) test each section to see if f  is positive or negative
(3) relative maximum occurs when f  changes from + to –
relative minimum occurs when f  changes from – to +
 Second derivative test
o Candidates – critical numbers (x-values that make f  zero or undefined where f is
defined)
o Test – (1) substitute each critical number into the second derivative
(2) f   0 , relative minimum
f   0 , relative maximum
(3) f   0 , the test fails

Absolute or Global Extrema – highest or lowest point in the domain

 Absolute Extrema Test
o Candidates – critical numbers and endpoints of the domain
o Test – (1) find the y-values for each candidate
(2) the absolute maximum value is the largest y-value,
the absolute minimum value is the smallest y-value

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 Analyzing f , f , and f 
Student Study Session
Concavity
 If f ( x)  0 (or f ( x) is increasing) on an interval, then f ( x) is concave up on that
interval.
 If f ( x)  0 (or f ( x) is decreasing) on an interval, then f ( x) is concave down on that
interval.

Point of inflection – point where the concavity changes

 Determining points of inflection using the first derivative
o The graph of f has a point of inflection where f  has a relative maximum or
minimum
 Determining points of inflection using the second derivative
o Candidates – x-values for which f  is zero or undefined where f is defined
o Test – (1) set up an f  number line; label with candidates
(2) test each section to see if f  is positive or negative
(3) any change in the sign of f  indicates a point of inflection

Justifications for Increasing/Decreasing Intervals of a function

Remember: f ( x ) determines whether a function is increasing or decreasing, so always use the
sign of f ( x ) when determining and justifying whether a function f ( x ) is increasing or
decreasing on (a, b) .

Situation Explanation
f ( x ) is increasing on the interval f ( x ) is increasing on the interval (a, b) because
( a, b) f ( x )  0
f ( x ) is decreasing on the interval f ( x ) is decreasing on the interval (a, b) because
( a, b) f ( x )  0

Justifications of Relative Minimums/Maximums and Points of Inflection

Sign charts are very commonly used in calculus classes and are a valuable tool for students to
use when testing for relative extrema and points of inflection. However, a sign chart will never
earn students any points on the AP exam. Students should use sign charts when appropriate to
help make determinations, but they cannot be used as a justification or explanation on the exam.

Situation (at a point x  a on

Proper Explanation/Reasoning
the function f ( x ) )
f ( x ) has a relative minimum at the point x  a because f ( x )
Relative Minimum
changes signs from negative to positive when x  a .
f ( x ) has a relative maximum at the point x  a because f ( x )
Relative Maximum
changes signs from positive to negative when x  a .
f ( x ) has a point of inflection at the point x  a because f ( x)
Point of Inflection
changes sign when x  a

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 Analyzing f , f , and f 
Student Study Session
Students need to be able to:
 Locate critical numbers of the function and its derivatives.
 Determine whether a function is increasing or decreasing using information about the
derivative.
 Determine the concavity of a function’s graph using information about the first or second
derivative.
 Locate a function’s relative and absolute extrema from its derivative.
 Locate a function’s point(s) of inflection from its first or second derivative.
 Sketch any of the related functions.
 Write justifications and explanations.
o Must be written in sentence form.
o Avoid using the pronoun “it” when justifying extrema.
o Use "the function," "the derivative," or "the second derivative" instead of "the graph"
or "the slope" in explanations.

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 Analyzing f , f , and f 
Student Study Session
Multiple Choice

1. (calculator not allowed)

2
If f  x   1  x 3 , which of the following is NOT true?

(A) f is continuous for all real numbers.

(B) f has a minimum at x  0.
(C) f is increasing for x  
(D) f   x  exists for all x.
(E) f   x  is negative for x  

2. (calculator not allowed)

Given the function defined by f ( x)  3x5  20 x3 , find all values of x for which the graph of
f is concave up.

(A) x0
(B)  2  x  0 or x  2
(C) 2  x  0 or x  2
(D) x 2
(E) 2  x  2

3. (calculator not allowed)

What are all values of x for which the function f defined by f ( x )   x 2  3 e  x is
increasing?

(A) There are no such values of x.

(B) x  1 and x  3
(C) 3  x  1
(D) 1  x  3
(E) All values of x

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 Analyzing f , f , and f 
Student Study Session
4. (calculator not allowed)
If f "  x   x  x  1 x  2  , then the graph of f has inflection points when x 
2

(A) –1 only
(B) 2 only
(C) –1 and 0 only
(D) –1 and 2 only
(E) –1, 0, and 2 only

5. (calculator not allowed)

The function f is given by f  x   x 4  x 2  2 . On which of the following intervals is f
increasing?

 1 
(A)   ,
 2 
 1 1 
(B)   , 
 2 2
(C)  0, 
(D)  , 0 
 1 
(E)  ,  
 2 

6. (calculator not allowed)

5
The graph of y  is concave downward for all values of x such that
x2

(A) x
(B) x
(C) x
(D) x
(E) x

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 Analyzing f , f , and f 
Student Study Session
7. (calculator not allowed)
If f  x   x 2 e x , then the graph of f is decreasing for all x such that

(A) x   (B) 2  x   (C) x   (D) x   (E) x  

8. (calculator allowed)
Let f be the function given by f  x   cos  2 x   ln  3x  . What is the least value of x at
which the graph of f changes concavity?

(A) 0.56 (B) 0.93 (C) 1.18 (D) 2.38 (E) 2.44

9. (calculator allowed)

x 0 1 2 3 4
f  x 2 3 4 3 2

The function f is continuous and differentiable on the closed interval  0, 4  . The table
above gives selected values of f on this interval. Which of the following statements must be
true?

(A) The minimum value of f on  0, 4  is 2.

(B) The maximum value of f on  0, 4  is 4.

(C) f  x   0 for 0  x  4

(D) f   x   0 for 2  x  4

(E) There exists c, with 0  c  4, for which f   c   0.

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 Analyzing f , f , and f 
Student Study Session
10. (calculator allowed)
Let f be the function with derivative defined by f   x   sin x3 on the interval  
1.8  x  1.8. How many points of inflection does the graph of f have on this interval?

(A) Two (B) Three (C) Four (D) Five (E) Six

11. (calculator allowed)

If the derivative of f is given by f ( x )  e x  3x 2 , at which of the following values of x does
f have a relative maximum value?

(A) –0.46
(B) 0.20
(C) 0.91
(D) 0.95
(E) 3.73

12. (calculator allowed)

If g is a differentiable function such that g  x   0 for all real numbers x and if
f '  x    x 2  4  g  x  , which of the following is true?

(A) f has a relative maximum at x  2 and a relative minimum at x = 2.

(B) f has a relative minimum at x  2 and a relative maximum at x = 2.
(C) f has relative minima at x  2 and at x = 2.
(D) f has relative maxima at x  2 and at x = 2.
(E) It cannot be determined if f has any relative extrema.

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 Analyzing f , f , and f 
Student Study Session
Free Response

13. (calculator not allowed)

 3
Given the function defined by y  x  sin x for all x such that   x .
2 2

(a) Find the coordinates of all maximum and minimum points on the given interval.
Justify your answers.

(b) Find the coordinates of all points of inflection on the given interval. Justify your answers.

(c) Sketch the graph of the function.

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 Analyzing f , f , and f 
Student Study Session
14. (calculator not allowed)
A function f is defined by f ( x )  xe 2x with domain 0  x  10 .

(a) Find all values of x for which the graph of f is increasing and all values of x for which the
graph is decreasing.

(b) Give the x- and y-coordinates of all absolute maximum and minimum points on the
graph of f . Justify your answers.

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 Analyzing f , f , and f 
Student Study Session
15. (calculator not allowed)
Suppose that the function f has a continuous second derivative for all x, and that f (0)  2 ,
f (0)  3 , and f (0)  0 . Let g be a function whose derivative is given by
g ( x)  e 2 x  3 f ( x )  2 f ( x)  for all x.

(a) Write an equation of the line tangent to the graph of f at the point where x  0 .

(b) Is there sufficient information to determine whether or not the graph of f has a point of
inflection when x  0 ? Explain your answer.

(c) Given that g (0)  4 , write an equation of the line tangent to the graph of g at the point
where x  0 .

(d) Show that g ( x )  e 2 x  6 f ( x )  f ( x )  2 f ( x )  . Does g have a local maximum at

x  0 ? Justify your answer.

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 Analyzing f , f , and f 
Student Study Session
16. (calculator not allowed)
Let h be a function defined for all x  0 such that h(4)  3 and the derivative of h is given
x2  2
by h( x)  for all x  0 .
x

(a) Find all values of x for which the graph of h has a horizontal tangent, and determine
whether h has a local maximum, a local minimum, or neither at each of these values.
Justify your answers.

(b) On what intervals, if any, is the graph of h concave up? Justify your answer.

(c) Write an equation for the line tangent to the graph of h at x = 4.

(d) Does the line tangent to the graph of h at x = 4 lie above or below the graph of h
for x  4 ? Why?

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