\\

Chapter – 1 THEORY CONTENT OF

RELATION AND
FUNCTION

1 RELATIONS

1.1 INTRODUCTION
In our day-to-day life, we often talk about relation between two persons, between two straight
lines (e.g. perpendicular lines, parallel lines) etc.
Let A be the set of all male students in Delhi whose fathers live in Delhi. Let B be the set of all the
people living in Delhi. Let a be a male student living in Delhi i.e. a  A . Let b be the father of a. Then b  B
. And a is related to b under son-father relation. If we denote the son-father relation by symbol R then a is
related to b under relation R. We can also express this by writing aRb . Here R denotes the relation ‘is son
of’.
We can also express this statement by saying that the pair of a and b is in relation R i.e., the ordered
pair (a, b )  R . This pair (a, b ) is ordered in the sense that a and b can’t be interchanged because first co-
ordinate a represents son, and the second coordinate b represents father of a. Similarly, if a1  A and b1
is father of a1 , then (a1, b1 )  R . So we can think of the relation R as a set of ordered pairs whose first
coordinate is in A and the second coordinate is in B. Thus R  A  B . Since the relation ‘is son of’ i.e., R is
a relation relating elements of A to be elements of B, we will say that R is a relation from set A to set B.
1.2 DEFINITION
A relation R, from a non-empty set A to another non-empty set B, is a subset of A  B
Equivalently, any subset of A  B is relation from A to B.
Thus, R is a relation from A to B  R  A  B
 R  (a, b ) : a  A, b  B
Example: Let A = 1, 2, B = a, b, c
Let R = (1, a ), (1, c )
Here R is a subset of A  B and hence it is a relation from A to B.

2 DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A RELATION

2.1 DOMAIN OF A RELATION

Let R be a relation from A to B. The domain of relation R is the set of all those elements a  A
such that (a, b )  R for some b  R . Domain of R is precisely written as domain R.
Thus, domain of (R) = a  A : (a, b ) R for some b  B
Thus domain of R = set of first components of all the ordered pair which belong to R.
2.2 RANGE OF A RELATION
Let R be a relation from A to B. The range of R is the set of all those elements b  R such that
(a, b )  R for some a  A .
Thus, range of R = b  B : (a, b )  R for some a  A .
 Mathematics
Range of R = set of second components of all the ordered pairs which belong to R.
Set B is called as codomain of relation R.
Example1: Let A = 2, 3, 5 and B = 4, 7, 10, 8
Let aRb  a divides b
Then R = (2, 5 ) and range of R = 4, 10, 8
Codomain of R = B = 4, 7, 10, 8
Example2: Let A = 1, 2, 3, B = 2, 4, 6, 8
Let R be a relation defined from A to B by xRy  y is double of x,  x  A
Then 1R 2, 2R 4, 3R 6
 R = (1, 2), (2, 4 ), (3, 6 )

3 REPRESENTATION OF A RELATION

A relation from a set A to set B can be represented in any one of the following four forms.
3.1 ROSTER FORM
In this form a relation R is represented by the set of all ordered pairs belonging to R.
Example: Let A = {–1, 1, 2} and B = {1, 4, 9, 10}
Let aRb means a 2 = b
Then R (in roaster form) = {(–1, 1), (1, 1), (2, 4)}
3.2 SET-BUILDER FORM
In this form, the relation R is represented as (a, b ) : a  A, b  B, a.....b, the blank is to be
replaced by the rule which associates a to b.
Example: Let A = {1, 3, 5, 7}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8}
Let R = {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8)}, then R in the builder form can be written as
R = (a, b ) : a  A, b  B; a − b = −1
3.3 BY ARROW DIAGRAM
In this form, the relation R is represented by drawing arrows from first component to the second
component of all ordered pairs belonging to R.
Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {0, 2, 4} and R be A B
relation ‘is less than’ from A to B, then 1 0
R = (1, 2), (1, 4 ), (2, 4 ), (3, 4 ) 2 2
This relation R from A to B can be 3 4
represented by the arrow diagram as shown 4
in the figure.

4 TOTAL NUMBER OF RELATIONS

Let A and B be two non empty finite sets having p and q elements respectively.
Then n (A  B ) = n (A ). n (B ) = pq
Therefore, total number of subsets of A  B = 2 pq
Since each subset of A  B is a relation from A and B, therefore total number of relations form A to
B is 2 pq
Note: Empty relation  and universal relation A  B are called trivial relations and any other relation is
called a non-trivial relation.
Example: Let A = {1, 2}, B = {3, 4, 5}
Then n (A  B ) = n (A). n (B ) = 2  3 = 6
 Mathematics

 Number of relations from A to B = 2 6 = 64

Illustration 1
Question: If R is the relation ‘is less than’ from A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} to B = {1, 4, 5}, write down the Cartesian
product corresponding to R. Also find R −1 (aRb is a relation then bR’ a is relation inverse to R i.e. R’
= R–1).
Solution: Clearly, R = (a, b )  A  B : a  b
 R = {1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 5)}
−1
So, R = {(4, 1), (5, 1), (4, 2), (5, 2), (4, 3), (5, 3), (5, 4)}.
Illustration 2
Question: Let A = {3, 5}, B = {7, 11}
Let R = (a, b ) : a  A, b  B, a − b is even
Show that R is an universal relation from A to B.
Solution: Given, = 3, 5, B = 7, 11
Now, = (a, b ) : a  A, b  B and a − b is even  = (3, 7), (3, 11), (5, 7), (5, 11)}
Also A  B = (3, 7), (3, 11), (5, 7), (5, 11)
Clearly, R = A  B
Hence R is an universal relation from A to B.

Important formulae/points

• If R is relation from A to B and (a, b)  R, then we also write a R b (read as a is not related to b)
• In an identity relation on A every element of A should be related to itself only.
• aRb shows that a is the element of domain set and b is the element of range set.

5 FUNCTIONS

The concept of functions is very important because of its close relation with various phenomena of
reality. Thus, when we square a given real number in fact we perform an operation on the number x to get
number x2. Hence a function may be viewed as a rule which produces new elements from some given
elements. Function is also called mapping or map.
• Independent Variable
The symbol which can take an arbitrary value from a given set is called an independent variable.
• Dependent Variable
The symbol whose value depends on independent variables is called a dependent variable.

6 DEFINITION OF A FUNCTION
• Definition 1
A function f is a relation from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B such that domain of f is A
and no two distinct ordered pairs in f have the same first element.
• Definition 2

Let A and B be two non-empty sets, then a rule of which associates each element of A with a unique
element of B is called a mapping or a function from A to B we write f : A → B (read as f is a function from
A to B).
 Mathematics
If f associates x  A to y  B , then we say that y is the image of the element x under the function
f or the f image it by f (x ) and we write y = f (x ) . The element x is called the pre-image or inverse-image
of y.
Thus for a function from A to B:
(i) A and B should be non-empty.
(ii) Each element of A should have image in B.
(iii) No element of A should have more than one images in B.
Illustration 3
Question: Examine each of the following relations given below and state in each case, giving
reasons whether it is a function or not?
(i) R = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 1), (4, 2)}
(ii) R = {(2, 2), (1, 2), (1, 4), (4, 4)
(iii) R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (4, 5), (5, 6), (6, 7)}
Solution: (i) Since first element of each ordered pair is different, therefore this relation is a function.
(ii) Since the same first element 1 corresponds to two different images 2 and 4, hence this
relation is not a function.
(iii) Since first element of each ordered pair is different, therefore this relation is a function.

7 DOMAIN, CO-DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A FUNCTION

The set A is called as the domain of the map f and the set B is called as the co-domain.
The set of the images of all the elements of A under the map f is called the range of f and is denoted
by f (A ) .
Thus range of f i.e. f (A ) = f (x ) : x  A .
Clearly f (A )  B
Thus,
• It is necessary that every f image is in B, but there may be some elements in B, which are
not f image of any element of A i.e., whose pre-image under f is not in A.
• Two or more elements of A may have same image in B.
• f : x → y means that under the function f from A to B, an element x of A has image y in B.
• If domain and range of a function are not to be written, sometimes we denote the function
f by writing y = f (x ) and read it as y is a function of x.
• A function which has R or one of its subsets as its range is called “real valued function”.
Further, if its domain is also R or a subset of R, it is called a real function, where R is the
set of real numbers.
•
8 IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS

➢ Algebraic functions: Functions consisting of finite number of terms involving powers and
roots of the independent variable with the operations +, −, ,  are called algebraic
functions.
Examples: f ( x ) = x − 1 , f ( x ) = x + x 3
➢ Polynomial functions: f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ………+ anxn , where a0, a1, a2, ……, an  R
is said to be a polynomial function of degree n.
➢ Logarithmic function: If a > 0, a  1, then the function y = loga x, x  R+ (set of positive
real numbers) is called a logarithmic function, if a = e, the logarithmic function is denoted
by ln x.
Logarithmic function is the inverse of the exponential function.
For loga x to be real, x must be greater than zero.
 Mathematics

y = logax, a > 0 and  1 y

Domain : (0, ) ; Range : (−, ) ;
logax (a > 1)

x
0 1
logax (0 < a < 1)

➢ Exponential function: If a > 0, a  1, then the function defined by y = ax, x  R is called

an exponential function with base a.
y = f(x) = ax , a > 0, a  1 y
a>1
Domain : R ; Range : (0, ) ; 0<a<1

x
0

➢ Identity function: An identity function in x is y f(x) = x

defined as f : R → R, f(x) = x.

x
0

➢ Absolute value function: An absolute value y

function in x is defined as f : R → R, f(x) = |x|.
− x , x  0
y = f(x) = | x | =  f(x) = x
 x, x0 f(x) = −x

Domain : R ; Range : [0, ) ;

x
O

Note that x = 0 can be included either with positive values of x or with negative values of x.
As we know, all real numbers can be plotted on the real number line, | x | in fact represents the
distance of number ‘x’ from the origin, measured along the number-line. Thus | x |  0. Secondly,
any point ‘x’ lying on the real number line will have it’s coordinates as (x, 0). Thus it’s distance from
the origin is x 2 . Hence | x | = x 2 . Thus we can define | x | as | x | = x 2 e.g. if x = −2.5, then
| x | = 2.5, if x = 3.8 then | x | = 3.8.
There is another way to define | x | as | x | = max {x, −x}.
Basic properties of | x |
• || x || = | x |
• Geometrical meaning of |x − y| is the distance between x and y.
• | x | > a  x > a or x < −a if a  R+ and x  R if a  R−.
• | x | < a  −a < x < a if a  R+ and x   if a  R−  {0}
• | xy | = | x || y |
x |x|
• = ,y 0
y |y|
• |x+y||x|+|y|
It is a very useful and interesting property. Here the equality sign holds if x and y either both
are non-negative or non-positive (i.e. x. y  0). (| x | + | y |) represents the sum of distances
 Mathematics
of numbers x and y from the origin and |x + y| represents the distance of number x + y from
the origin (or distance between ‘x’ and ‘−y’ measured along the number line).
• |x − y|  | x | ~ | y |
Here again the equality sign holds if x and y either both are non-negative or non-positive
(i.e. x. y  0). (| x | − | y |) represents the difference of distances of numbers x and y from
the origin and |x − y| represents the distance between ‘x’ and ‘y’ measured along the number
line.
The last two properties can be put in one compact form i.e., |x| ~ |y|  |x  y|  |x| + |y|.
➢ Greatest integer function (step function): The function f(x) = [x] is called the greatest
integer function and is defined as follows:
[x] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x .
Then [x] = x if x is an integer
= integer just less than x if x is not an integer.
Examples: [3] = 3, [2.7] = 2, [−7.8] = −8, [0.8] = 0
In other words if we list all the integers less then or equal to x, then the integer greatest
among them is called greatest integer of x. Greater integer of x is also called integral part
of x.
y = f(x) = [ x ] y

Domain : R ; Range : I 2

−2 −1 x
1 2 3
−1

−2

➢ Signum function: The function is defined as

y = f(x) = sgn (x) y

|x|

sgn (x) =  x , x  0 1

 0, x =0
x
− 1 , x  0 O

or sgn(x) =  0 , x = 0 −1
 1, x  0


Domain : R ; Range → {−1, 0, 1}

p( x )
➢ Rational algebraic function: A function of the form f ( x ) = , where p(x) and q(x) are
q( x )
polynomials and q(x)  0, is called a rational function.
p( x )
The domain of a rational function is the set of all real numbers except points where
q( x )
q(x) = 0.
➢ Constant function: The function defined as f y

: R → {c} where f(x) = c y=c

x
O
 Mathematics

9 ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS

Let us consider two functions.

f : D1 → R and g : D2 → R. We describe functions f + g, f − g, f.g and f/g as follows:
• f + g : D → R is a function defined by
(f + g) x = f(x) + g(x), where D = D1  D2
• f − g : D → R is a function defined by
(f − g) x = f(x) − g(x), where D = D1  D2
• f . g : D → R is a function defined by
(f . g) x = f(x) . g(x), where D = D1  D2
• f / g : D → R is a function defined by
f (x)
(f / g) x = , where D = D1  {x  D2 : g(x)  0}
g(x )
• (f )(x ) =  f (x ), x  D1 and  is any real number.

Illustration 4
Question: If f : R → R is defined by f ( x ) = x 3 + 1 and g : R → R is defined by g (x ) = x + 1 , then

and  f (  R ) .
f
find f + g, f − g, f . g,
g
Solution: f + g : R → R is defined by (f + g ) (x ) = f (x ) + g (x ) = x 3 + 1 + x + 1 = x 3 + x + 2
f − g : R → R is defined by (f − g )(x ) = f (x ) − g (x ) = x 3 + 1 − x − 1 = x 3 − x
( )
f . g : R → R is defined by (fg )(x ) = f (x ) g (x ) = x 3 + 1 (x + 1) = x 4 + x 3 + x + 1
f
: R − − 1 → R is defined by
f 
  (x ) = = =
(
f (x ) x 3 + 1 (x + 1) x 2 − x + 1 )
= x2 − x +1
g  
g g (x ) x + 1 x + 1
 f : R → R is defined by
( f )(x ) =  f (x ) = (x 3 + 1) =  x 3 + 
Illustration 5

Question: Let f (x ) = x and g(x ) = x be two functions defined over the set of non-negative
f 
real numbers. Find (f + g )(x ), (f → g ) (x ), (fg )(x ) and   ( x ) .
g
Solution: Given (f + g )(x ) = x + x, (f − g )(x ) = x − x ,
f 
(fg ) x = x (x ) = x 3 2 and   (x ) =
x
= x −1 2 , x  0
g x

10 TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

We have seen that f is a function from A to B, if each element of A has image in B and no
element of A has more than one images in B.
But for a function f from A to B following possibilities are there
• Distinct elements of A have distinct images in B.
• More then one element of A may have same image in B.
• Each element of B is the image of some element of A.
 Mathematics

• There may be some elements in B which are not the images of any element of A.
Because of the above mentioned possibilities, we have the following types of functions:
10.1 One-one or injective map A f B
A map f : A → B is said to be one-one or
1 2
injective if each and every element of set A has
–2
distinct images in set B. –1
The map f : A− 1, 1, 3 → B− 2, 2, 6, 7 6
3
given by f (x ) = 2 x is a one-one map.
7

10.2 Many one map: A f B

A map f : A− 1, 1, 2 → B1, 4, 7 is said to
1 1
be many one if and only if it is not one-one.
–1 4
The map f : A → B given by f (x ) = x 2 is a
2 7
many-one map.

10.3 Onto map or surjective map: A f (x ) = 3 x B

A map f : A → B is said to be onto map
1 1
or surjective map if and only if each element of
B is the image of some element of A i.e. if and –1 –3
only if for every y  B there exists some x  A 2 6
such that y = f (x ) .
Thus f is onto iff f (A ) = B i.e. range of f = co-domain of f.
A map f : A1, − 1, 2 → B1, − 3, 6 given by f (x ) = 3 x is an onto map.
Note: Functions which are not onto, are into.
10.4 One-one onto map or bijective map: A f B
A map f : A → B is said to be one-one
1 2
onto or bijective if and only if it is both one-one
–1 –2
and onto i.e., if
(i) distinct element of A have distinct 3 6
images in B.
(ii) each element of B is the image of
some element of A.
The map f : A1, − 1, 3 → B2, − 2, 6 given by f (x ) = 2 x is a one-one onto map.
• A one-one onto function is also called a one-to-one correspondence or one-one
correspondence.
• Let f : A → B be a function from finite set A to finite set B. Then
1. f is one-one  n (A )  n (B )
2. f is onto  n (B )  n (A )
3. f is one-one onto  n (A ) = n (B )

11 COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS

Let A, B, C be three non-empty sets, f be a function from A to B and g be a function

from B to C. The question arises : can we combine these two functions to get a new function?
Yes! The most natural way of doing this is to send every element x  A in two stages to an element
of C; first by applying f to x and then by applying g to the resulting element f (x ) of B .
DEFINITION
 Mathematics
Let f : A → B and g : B → C be any two mappings. Then f maps an element x  A to
an element f (x ) = y  B and this y is mapped by g to an element z  C . Thus z = g (y ) = g (f (x ))
Thus we have a rule, which associates with each x  A , a unique element z = g (f (x ))
of C. This rule is therefore a mapping from A to C. We denote this mapping by gof (read as ‘g
composition f’) and call it the composite mapping of f and g.
(gof )(x ) = g (f (x ))  x  A
A B C
f g

x z = g(y) = g(f(x))
y=f(x)

gof
The composition of two functions is also called the resultant of two functions or the
function of a function.
Observe that the order of events occur from right to left i.e. gof reads composite of f
and g and it means that we have to first apply f and then follow it up with g.
Note that for the composite function gof to exist, it is essential that range of f must be a
subset of domain of g.
(i) Dom. (gof ) = {x : x  domain (f), f(x)  domain (g)}
(ii) If gof is defined then it is not necessary that fog is defined.
Illustration 6
Question: Let f = (1, 2), (2, 3), (4, 5) and g = (2, 3), (3, 5 ), (5, 2). Check whether gof and fog is
defined, also find the range of gof.
Solution:  f = (1, 2), (2, 3), (4, 5), g = (2, 3), (3, 5), (5, 2)
Then dom . f = {1, 2, 4}; Range f = {2, 3, 5}; dom.g = {2, 3, 5}; Range g = {3, 5, 2}
since dom. g = Range f,  gof is defined
But dom . f  Range g,  fog is not defined.
Also in this particular example, dom. (gof) = dom . f = {1, 2, 4}
(gof )(1) = g[f (1)] = g (2) = 3
(gof )(2) = g[f (2)] = g (3) = 5
(gof )(4) = g[f (4)] = g (5) = 2
Hence range of gof is {2, 3, 5}.

12 INVERSE FUNCTION

Let f be one-one and onto map from A to B. Since f is onto, therefore  y  B there exist
x  A such that f (x ) = y and since f is one-one therefore this element x is unique. Thus we can
define a map, say g from B onto A such that g (y ) = x . This map g is called inverse map of f and
is denoted by f −1 .
 Mathematics

Thus f −1 : B → A such that f −1 (y ) = x iff f (x ) = y

• How to find the inverse of a given function?
In order to find the inverse of the function f (x ), let y = f (x )
From this express x in terms of y. This value of x in terms of y will be f −1 (y ) . Now put x in
place of y in f −1 (y ) to get f −1 (x ) .
−1
Note: f exists if and only if f is one-one onto.

Let y = f (x )  y = 2 x  f −1 (y ) =  f −1 (x ) =
y y x
 x=
2 2 2
f −1 (x ) =
1
x
A f (x ) = 2 x B B
2
A
f f −1
1 2 2 1
–1 –2 –2 –1
2 4 4 2
3 6 6 3

Illustration 7
Question: Let A = 1, − 1, 2, 3, B = 2, − 2, 4, 6 . The rule f given by f (x ) = 2 x is a function from A
and B. Give the mapping from A to B.
Solution: Domain of f = A = 1, − 1, 2, 3 , range A f (x ) = 2 x B
of f = 2, − 2, 4, 6
f
Co-domain = {2, –2, 4, 6} 1 2

–1 –2

2 4

3 6

Illustration 8
Question: Show that the map f : A− 1, 1, 2 → B1, 4, 7 given by f ( x ) = x 2 is not an onto map.
 Range of f  co-domain of f f (x ) = x 2
Solution: A B
 f is not an onto map.
1 1
–1 4

2 7

Illustration 9
Question: Let f : R → R be a function given by f (x ) = ax + b for all x  R . Find the constants a
and b such that fof = x .
Solution: Given, f (x ) = ax + b …(i)
Now, fof = x
 (fof )(x ) = x , for all x R  f (f (x )) = x , for all x  R
 Mathematics

 f (ax + b ) = x , for all x  R  a(ax + b ) + b = x , for all x  R

 (a − 1)x + ab + b = 0 , for all x  R
2

Equating the coefficients of similar powers of x, we get,

a 2 − 1 = 0 and ab + b = 0
[ (a − 1)x + (ab + b) = 0 is an identity in x]
2

 a = 1 and b(a + 1) = 0
When a = 1, b(a + 1) = 0  2b = 0  b = 0
 a = 1 and b = 0 and when a = −1 , b(a + 1) = 0, for all b  R
 a = −1 and b may be any real number.
Hence, either a = 1 and b = 0 or a = −1 and b  R
Illustration 10
Question: Let f : R → R and g : R → R be defined by f (x ) = x 2 , g(x ) = x + 2;  x  R (set of all
real numbers), then find gof and fog . Is gof = fog ?
Solution: (gof )(x ) = g[f (x )] = g (x 2 ) = x 2 + 2
(fog )(x ) = f [g (x )] = f (x + 2) = (x + 2)2
(gof )(2) = 22 + 2 = 6 and (fog )(2) = (2 + 2)2 = 16 .
Hence gof  fog

Illustration 11
Question: Let the function f : R → R defined by f (x ) = 4 x − 7 be one-one and onto. Find inverse
of f(x).
Solution: We have, f (x ) = 4 x − 7, x  R
y +7
To find f −1 : f (x ) = y  4x − 7 = y  x=
4


y +7
f −1 (y ) =
4
 f (x ) = y  x = f −1
(y )
x +7
 f −1 (x ) = , x R
4

Important formulae/points

Function f from A to B have the properties.

• Distinct elements of A may have distinct images in B.
• More then one element of A may have same image in B.
• There may be some elements in B which are not the images of any element of A.

EXERCISE

1. Find the domain and range of the following relations:

(a) R1 = {(1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (1, 10)}
 1  
(b) R2 =  x,  : 0  x  4, x is an integer 
 x  
 Mathematics

2. Let A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}. Find the number of relations from A to B.

3. Let A = a, b, c, B = x, y . Find the total number of relations from A to B.

4. Which of the following relations are functions? Give reasons. If it is a function, find its
domain and range.
(i) f = {(2, 1), (2, 3), (4, 3), (1, 2)}
(ii) g = {(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3), (8, 4), (10, 5), (12, 6), (14, 7)}
(iii) h = {(–4, 4), (4, 4), (3, 2)}

5. Which of the following relations are function?

 
(i) f = (x, y ) : y is the square root of x : x  R + , y  R
(ii) g = (x, y ) : e = x; x, y  R
y

(iii) h = (x, y ) : y is the square root of x; x, y  R  +

(iv) k = (x, y ) : e = x; x  R , y  R
y +

6. The relation R1 and R 2 are defined as

 x3 ; 0  x  4 x + 2 ; − 2  x  0
R1 (x ) =  2 and R 2 (x ) =  .
4 x ; 4  x  6  3x ; 0  x  6
Show that R1 is a function and R 2 is not a function.

7. Let f (x + 1) = 3 x + 5 , find f (x ) . Using definition of f (x ) complete the table given below:

x –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 7
f (x )
Also draw the graph of y = f (x ) .

8. A = {1, 2, 3, 5) and B = {4, 6, 9). Define a relation R from A to B by R = {(x, y): the difference
between x and y is odd; x  A , y  B}. Write R in roster form.

9. Determine the domain and range of the relation R defined by

R = (x, x + 5 ) : x  0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

10. Find the domain and range of following functions:

(i) x −5 (ii) 1 − x

  
 : x  R  be a function from R into R. Find the range of f.
x4
11. Let f =  x, 
 1 + x 4  

x 2 + 2x + 1
12. Find the domain of the function f (x ) = .
x 2 − 8 x + 12
 Mathematics

13. Let f , g : R → R be defined, respectively by f (x ) = x + 1, g (x ) = 2 x − 3 . Find f + g, f − g and

f
.
g

14. Let f be the subset of Z  Z defined by f = (ab, a + b ) : a, b  Z  . Is f a function from Z to

Z? Justify your answer.

15. Let A = {9, 10, 11, 12, 13} and let f : A → N be defined by f (n ) = the highest prime factor
of n. Find the range of f.

16. If f : R → R is defined by f (x ) = sin x and g : (1,  ) → R is defined by g (x ) = x 2 − 1 , then

find gof (x ) .

17. Solve the relation R defined on set A = x :| x |  3, x  z by R = (x, y ) : y = | x | .

18. Let the functions f , g, h are defined from the set of real number R to R such that

f (x ) = x 2 − 1, g (x ) = (x 2
) 0 ; if x  0
+ 1 and h(x ) =  , then find ho (fog ) (x ) .
 x , if x  0

 1
If af (x ) + bf   = x + , (a  b ) , then find f (x ) .
5
19.
x x

20. Find the domain of the following functions:

(i) f (x ) = 1 − 1 − 1 − x 2
 16 − x 2 
(ii) f (x ) = log 
 3−x 
 

(iii) f (x ) =
(x + 1)(x − 3)
(x − 2)
3−x
(iv) f (x ) = log10
x
 Mathematics

ANSWERS TO EXERCISE

1. (a) Domain = {1}, Range = {2, 4, 6, 10}

 1 1
(b) Domain R = {1, 2, 3}, Range R = 1, , 
 2 3

2. 16

3. 64

4. (i) Not a function as ordered pair (2, 1) and (2, 3) have the same first component.
(ii) It is a function, as first element of ordered pairs belongs to {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}, which
are all distinct.
Domain of g = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14}
Range of g = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
(iii) It is a function.
Domain of h = {–4, 4, 3}
Range of h = {4, 2}

5. (i) f is a function (ii) g is not a function

(iii) h is a function (iv) k is a function

7. f (x ) = 3 x + 2
x –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 7
f (x ) –4 –1 2 5 8 11 14 23

8. R = {(1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 9), (3, 4), (3, 6), (5, 4), (5, 6)}

9. Domain of R = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Range of R = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

10. (i) Domain = [5, )

Range = [0, )
(ii) Domain = R
Range = [0, )

11. Range = [0, 1)

12. R – {2, 6}
f  x +1
13. (f + g )x = 3 x − 2 ; (f − g )x = − x + 4 and   x = ,x
3
 
g 2 x − 3 2
14. No

15. Range of f = {3, 5, 11, 13}

16. gof is not defined

17. R = (− 2, 2), (− 1, 1), (0, 0 ), (1, 1), (2, 2)
 Mathematics

18. x2

 
f (x ) =  x (a − 5b ) + x (5a − b )
1 1
19.
a − b2
2
 

20. (i) [−1, 1]

(ii) (− 4, 3)
(iii) [−1, 2)  [3, )
 3
(iv)  0, 
 2