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MODULE 2a

Ethics is a system of moral principles that guide human behavior and decision-making, emphasizing the distinction between right and wrong. It encompasses various theories, including deontological, consequentialist, virtue, care, social contract, and environmental ethics, each focusing on different aspects of morality. In public administration, ethics is crucial for building trust, ensuring accountability, and promoting social responsibility, with key components including public interest, transparency, and integrity.

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2 views

MODULE 2a

Ethics is a system of moral principles that guide human behavior and decision-making, emphasizing the distinction between right and wrong. It encompasses various theories, including deontological, consequentialist, virtue, care, social contract, and environmental ethics, each focusing on different aspects of morality. In public administration, ethics is crucial for building trust, ensuring accountability, and promoting social responsibility, with key components including public interest, transparency, and integrity.

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tigerabcoc1234
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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general definition: ethics is a system of moral principles; they affect how people make decisions and lead

their lives.

Philosophical: it refers to the principles of right conduct, it involves what is right and wrong in human
behavior.

it deals with question of moral values, rules. guiding individual in distinguishing right and wrong.
moral implication of specific issues.

David Forman: ethics is the systematic study of what is good and right in human conduct. (Ethics as a
structured study, it involves critical analysis of moral behavior)

Edward freeman: ethics is the study of how we ought to live and what we ought to do. (Moral judgement
of actions, impact on individuals, organizations, and society)
Peter Singer (1993): "Ethics is about how to live a good life and how to determine what it means to lead
a life that has moral worth
dynamics of 3Is: identity, independence, integration.

Basic objective situation for Ethics and Professionalism: real-world situation that influence moral
behavior and professional conduct.
objective situation for ethics: dialectics internal, external. (real-world conditions that influence moral
behavior and professional conduct.)

D key aspects for dialectics: contradictions, development through negation, holistic understanding,
change and process.
Contradictions exist in everything/within every system. Contradictions can be the force for change and
development.
development through negation: Ideas/concepts (thesis) improve by facing and combining with their
opposites (antithesis). leading to a synthesis that resolves the contradiction between them. further
development.
holistic understanding : Dialectics emphasizes looking at the whole rather than isolating parts. how
things are connected and how opposites interact.
change and process : tells that reality is not static; everything is in a state of constant change and
development.

D importance of ethics: guidance in decision making, trust N credibility, social justice, risk management,
positive work environment.
guidance in decision making: help to take decision in difficult situations. Moral principles and choices.
Right N wrong.
trust N credibility: among colleagues, society, common public.
Social justice is ensured through ethics, ethical practice will prevent to unethical things.
Risk mgt: help to reduce legal problems.
Positive Work environment , respectful, fairness.
D ethics in PA: refers to moral principles and standard that govern the conduct of public officials.
it includes accountability, transparency, fairness, integrity.

D key component of ethics in PA: public interest, accountability, transparency, fairness N equity,
integrity
public interest: must prioritize public interest over personal and political, benefit the whole society.
Accountability: must take responsibility for their actions.
Transparency: in decision making, openness,
FE: while giving services.
Integrity: consistency in actions, values, and principles, must be ethically standard.

reasons why Ethics PA:


1. Building Public Trust: Ethical behavior builds transparency and accountability, gaining public trust
and support.
2. Upholding the Rule of Law: Ethics ensures fair, just decisions and prevents discrimination,
strengthening democratic governance.
3. Enhancing Organizational Integrity: Ethics fosters a culture of honesty and responsibility in public
institutions.
4. Improving Decision-Making: Ethical principles guide fair and thoughtful decisions in public
service.
5. Preventing Corruption: Clear ethical standards help deter misconduct and promote integrity.
6. Fostering Social Responsibility: Ethics emphasizes serving the public good and prioritizing
community welfare.
7. Enhancing Professionalism: Acting ethically earns respect and strengthens credibility in public
service.
8. Guiding Policy Implementation: Ethics ensures fair and unbiased delivery of public services.
9. Responding to Ethical Dilemmas: An ethical framework helps resolve tough choices with
integrity.
10. Promoting Civic Engagement: Ethical governance encourages citizens to participate in
democracy.

broad categories of ethics: Social ethics, individual ethics, and professional ethics.

social: moral principles that govern how individual and group behave in society.
related issue: justice, rights, common goods, societal norms, and values.

key components of social ethics: focus on community(collective good over personal), social
justice(addressing inequalities, discrimination, and human rights issues.), and responsibility.

individual ethics: moral personal principles that govern individual behavior and decision making.
components: personal morality, autonomy, integrity.

professional ethics: oral personal principles that govern behavior within a specific profession
components: code of ethics, accountability, balancing interests.

Types of Ethics
 1. Deontological Ethics: It judges morality actions based on adherence to rules or duties,
regardless of the outcomes.


 2. Consequentialist Ethics: It judges actions based on their outcomes—if the result is good, the
action is considered moral.


 3. Virtue Ethics: focuses on a person's character and virtues, not just rules or outcomes


 4. Care Ethics: focuses on empathy, compassion, and caring relationships, emphasizes
interpersonal relationships


 5. Social Contract Theory: people agree to follow rules and live together to create a fair and safe
society.


 6. Environmental Ethics: Environmental ethics explores the moral relationship between humans
and the environment,

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