Encoding Methods

By/Mohammed Mogahed
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction……………………………………..3

Amplitude shift keying….……………………3

Frequency Shift Keying …………………….4

In digital communication, encoding methods are vital for representing analog signals in a digital format, ensuring efficient

transmission, compression, and storage of information. Apart from Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) and Delta Modulation (DM),

which are widely used in audio and signal processing, there are other important encoding techniques. Two prominent methods

are Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) and Frequency Shift Keying (FSK). Both techniques fall under digital modulation schemes,

which transform digital data into analog signals for transmission over various communication channels.

METHOD

Amplitude Shift Keying

amplitudes is zero; that is, one binary digit is represented by the presence, at constant amplitude, of the carrier, the other by the

absence of the carrier .The resulting transmitted signal for one bit time is

ASK s(t) = { A cos(2pi fc t) } binary 1

S(t) = 0 binary 0
where the carrier signal is ASK is susceptible to sudden gain changes and is a rather inefficient modulation technique. On voice-

grade lines, it is typically used only up to 1200 bps. The ASK technique is used to transmit digital data over optical fiber. For LED

(light-emitting diode) transmitters is valid. That is, one signal element is represented by a light pulse while the other signal

element is represented by the absence of light. Laser transmitters normally have a fixed “bias” current that causes the device to

emit a low light level. This low level represents one signal element, while a higher-amplitude Lightwave represents another

signal element. (3.2)

Applications: (4.1)

• Low-Speed Communication Systems: ASK is often used in low-speed systems where signal processing complexity

needs to be minimized, such as optical fiber communication and some wireless applications.

• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): ASK is used in RFID technology to transfer data between tags and readers,

commonly found in inventory tracking and security systems.

• Amplitude Modulation (AM) Radio: Although AM radio typically uses analog techniques, ASK principles are conceptually

similar to the way signals are transmitted in some AM broadcasting systems.

Advantages: (4.2)

• Simple to implement and demodulate.

• Efficient for low-bandwidth channels.

Disadvantages: (4.3)

• ASK is more susceptible to noise and interference because amplitude is easily affected by environmental factors.

• Limited efficiency for high data rate transmission compared to other methods like Frequency Shift Keying.

Frequency Shift Keying

frequencies near the carrier frequency . The resulting transmitted signal for one bit time is

BFSK s(t) = { A cos(2pi f1 t)} binary 1

s(t) = {A cos(2pi f2 t)} binary 0

where and are typically offset from the carrier frequency by equal but opposite amounts. f1 f2 fc (4.4)
Applications: (4.4)

• Modems: FSK was historically used in early dial-up modems, where the variations in frequency were transmitted
through telephone lines to represent digital data.

• Radio Communication: Many two-way radio systems (such as walkie-talkies and marine radios) use FSK to transmit
digital data, due to its ability to operate effectively in noisy environments.

• Telemetric Systems: Systems that transmit data over long distances, such as those used for weather monitoring or
remote equipment control, often use FSK due to its resilience in noisy conditions.

• Low-Frequency Wireless Communication: Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and other short-range wireless systems may
utilize FSK for efficient low-power communication.

Advantages: (4.5)
• Noise Resistance: FSK is more resistant to noise and interference than ASK because frequency, rather than amplitude,

carries the information.

• High Reliability: In noisy environments, FSK offers better reliability, making it ideal for critical communication systems

like marine and aviation communications.

Disadvantages: (4.6)

• Higher Bandwidth Requirements: FSK typically requires more bandwidth than ASK due to the multiple frequency

components.

• Complex Demodulation: The receiver circuit for FSK is more complex than for ASK, making it slightly more expensive to

implement.

REPORT TITLE | 5
CONCLUSION
While PCM and DM are primarily used for converting analog signals into digital formats for

data compression and storage, ASK and FSK are critical modulation techniques for transmitting digital

signals over analog mediums. ASK’s simplicity makes it ideal for low-bandwidth applications, while

FSK is preferred in environments with high noise and interference. These encoding methods are

crucial for modern communication systems, ranging from low-power wireless devices to robust, long-

distance data transmission applications.

7. Chapter 5 - Signal Encoding Techniques.pdf ………………………………………………{(3.2),(4.4)}

https://chatgpt.com/share/67175c11-70c4-8009-8cd0-8295305f5b73 ............{(4.1:4.6)}

https://youtu.be/eJ5m0Sbr2qw?si=-7hosLSnSTYmwTrV