Chapter 8

The teacher as a user of media

1. Definition of the concept teaching aids

 Teaching aids is used as an umbrella term that embraces both media or software and apparatus (or equipment) that
are used to mediate learning.
 To fully understand the concept to a technology aid, we first need to analyses what the word technology entails.
 Continuum based on levels of sophistication, textbooks would be situated on the lower level end and ICT would be
found on the opposite end.
2. The purpose of teaching aids
 Teaching aids initially served the purpose of making theoretical concepts more concrete to the learner while they were
interacting with content.
 Through touch, taste, smell and seeing, children discover things.
 Piaget tell us that younger children go through a concrete operational stage.
 Create classroom environment that is conducive to learning and stimulates learner’s curiosity and thinking.
3. Pedagogical principles
 Principles of progressing from the concrete to abstract ( make use of all our senses aid to learning)
 Principle of observation (relies on lived experience)
 Principle of motivation( Increase interest in the learning activity)
 Principle of activity (actively engaged)
 Principle of individualization (personalized learning including learner management ,moodle)
 Principle of socialization (Modern technology not only affords opportunities)
4. Teaching aids and related technologies
 ICT enabled devices, locked in storerooms unavailable for general use.
 Teachers unable to utilize technologies in the learning environment
Five different levels of adoption
 Innovators
  Early adopters
 Early majority
 Late majority
 Laggards
Old First generation (Basic Textbooks -Textbooks are versatile and provide
teaching aids) convenient access to information.
- Can be reused for a number of years and cost
per learner is quite low.
-Can never replace a teacher.
Chalkboards -allows a teacher write down test questions or
homework prior to class
-Cover the writing until teacher wants to reveal it.
N.B suggestions on using the black board pg. 223
Images /audio visual -The real objects can easily be substituted with
pictures or images.
-Learner becomes an audio-visual teaching aid.
Posters and wallcharts -extremely useful, particular in school that no
electricity.
-Wall charts are large sheets of paper with pre-
prepared text.
-Is usually an abstract representation of ideas,
 Diagrams objects or concepts?
Graphical -Use of graphics in the form of line graphs ,pie
representation charts or scatter graphs and visual representation
Models of numerical data
-models are recognizable three-dimensional
objects that are reproduced to scale. E.g.
Geography and life science do have models that
can be used in class.
Second generation (Technology Cinema projectors -Movies are popular as ever and as a teaching aid
–enabled teaching aids) in a form of documentaries available for use in
small or big screen.
Cassette recorders -Play a song to your learners and for poems to be
set on music can be applicable using cassette
recorders.
Overhead projector -It also ensure that the same content is covered in
all the classes as transparencies can be shared
among teachers of the same grades and subjects.
Third generation ( Sophisticated TV - Tv can be used as a teaching aid can be put
ICT-enabled teaching aids) to effective use as it
Video -Create an opportunity to take learners on a virtual
field to place they may never visit.
8
CD CDs and DVDs can only be played with the correct
computer equipment that has the necessary
software preloaded.

Desktop computers -when the computer was introduced in the

and laptops classroom and viewed as a type of assistant taking
over some of the teachers tasks.
DVD Create their own multimedia material and save it on
a DVD and either play or distribute it to learners.
Digital video sharing -Popular video sharing website YouTube which
was created in 2005 allows users to upload, view
and sharing digital multimedia artefacts.

Interactive multimedia Improved instructional design of learning materials,

which better accommodated different learning
styles, which resulted in greater learning benefits
for their learners.
‘Data projectors -Is one of the popular technology items of our time
and can project the screen from the desktop
computer, laptop or tablet.
Interactive -The software package screen becomes interactive
 smartboards and whatever is written on the surface as the
lesson unfolds becomes part of a learning
resources that can be save for future.
Simulations - Are online trails that can be manipulated by
using software to test hypotheses are
encountered during chemical experiment.
Visualizers -You can show a page and write on it or display the
New pages of the textbooks at the relevant passage or
show a diagram.
Lms -It keep records of learner performance and to track
the learners progress e.g. Ulink blackboard
Basic cellphones -Can be used for teaching and learning which is
known as mobile learning.
-Can be used to search for images and create
multimedia materials.

Fourth generation (Connected

,interactive and ubiquitous ICTs Cloud services -Create Gmail password and password
as teaching aids) -which give access to the chrome store and many
educational applications on offer
 -google drive that allows you to create interactive
online questionnaire and worksheet
Interactive eBooks -Are one of the most exciting and talked about
development on the educational landscape.

Smart Tv and gaming -Allow users to connect smart TV that are Wi-Fi-
consoles enabled.
-Users are able to watch, browse internet and
skype with friends.

5. What is difference between Open educational resources (Oers) and Massive open online courses (Moocs)?

Open educational resources

 - Type of educational materials that is public domain or introduced with an open license.
- It range from textbooks to curricula, syllabi, lecture note and assignments.
Massive open online courses
- Is open culture of sharing information without expecting any form of remuneration.
- Some Mooc are more structured than others and reward completion with badges and certificates
- Participants are drawn from across the globe.

6 .Teaching in an under-resourced school

- Shoe string approach (Provide an example on your subjects how you can utilize shoestring approach in a poor school or
under resourced school).
- Examples from page 243 to 250