Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens.

Examples:
• He swims well.
• He ran quickly.
• She spoke softly.
• James coughed loudly to attract her attention.
• He plays the flute beautifully.
• He ate the chocolate cake greedily.
• The cake was lovingly made.
• She stood up slowly.
• She looked up sadly.
• He asked angrily.

Adverbs that change or qualify the meaning of a sentence by telling us where things
happen are defined as adverbs of place.

➢ An adverb of place always talks about the location where the action of the
verb is being carried out.
➢ Adverbs of place are normally placed after a sentence’s object or main verb.
➢ Adverbs of place can be directional. For example: Up, down, around, away,
north, southeast
➢ Adverbs of place can refer to distances. For example: Nearby, far away,
miles apart
➢ An adverb of place can indicate an object’s position in relation to another
object. For example: Below, between, above, behind, through, around and
so forth.
 ➢ Many adverbs of place indicate movement in a particular direction and end
in the letters “-ward or -wards”. For example: Toward, forward, backward,
homeward, westward, eastwards onwards

Examples:
• John looked around but he couldn't see the monkey.
• I searched everywhere I could think of.
• I'm going back to school.
• Come in!
• What are you doing up there?
• Come over here and look at what I found!
• Here comes the bus!
• There goes the bell!
• There it is!
• Here they are!

Adverbs of time change or add meaning to a sentence by telling us when, for how
long, and how often a certain action happened. They have a standard position in a
sentence, depending on what the adverb is telling us.

Examples:
• Goldilocks went to the Bears' house yesterday.
• I'm going to tidy my room tomorrow.
• My mother lived in France for a year.
• I have been going to this school since 1996.
• I often eat vegetarian food.
• He never drinks milk.
• You must always fasten your seat belt.
• I went to the park yesterday.
• I finished all my homework last night.
• I'm going to see my friend tomorrow.

An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or a pronoun. In general, the purpose of

an adjective is to describe a noun or pronoun and provide more information about it.
Adjectives provide answers to questions such as “What kind?” “Which one?” and
“Whose is it?”

There are two ways that adjectives are used in sentences and clauses:

1. The adjective is right next to the noun/pronoun that it modifies. Most of the time,
adjectives come before the nouns/pronouns they modify, but they can sometimes
come after them:

• The blue birds built a nest. (The adjective blue modifies the noun birds.)
• I was looking for someone else. (The adjective else modifies the pronoun
someone.)

2. The adjective follows a linking verb and functions as a subject complement.

• The house is old. (The adjective old follows the linking verb is. “Old” modifies
the noun house as the subject complement of the sentence.)

Examples:

• I like old houses.

• The boy is tall and skinny.
• Jane is smarter than her brother.
• The dedicated employee starts early.
• The proud soldier is home.
• Simon’s essay is longer than Claire’s.
• The room is cosier with the fire lit and less cosy without it.
• I have never met a more honourable person.
• Even the greatest athletes need adequate rest.
• All the courses were delicious, but the dessert was the tastiest.

A pronoun is a word that can replace a noun in a sentence.

Types of pronouns:

Possessive pronouns

A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that expresses possession, ownership, origin,

relationship, etc.
Examples:

• That toy on the shelf is mine.

• All of the houses in our neighbourhood look the same, but ours is the only
one with a satellite dish.
• Wendy and Ronald separated the French fries into two piles: the left one was
hers and the right one was his.

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns are pronouns that we use to refer to people and, sometimes,
animals. The pronouns it, they, and them can also apply to objects.

Examples:

• I am afraid of mice.
• The toaster gets really hot when it heats bread.
• My cats are friendly, so you can safely pet them.

Relative pronouns

Relative pronouns connect dependent clauses to independent clauses.

Examples:

• I need to find a person who can read Swedish.

• She doesn’t want to eat a meal that is too spicy.
• This book, which ends on a cliff-hanger, is really exciting.

Reflexive pronouns

A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun used as an object of a verb that refers to the same
person or thing as the subject of the verb.

Examples:

• Ken looked at himself in the mirror.

• I like to cheer myself up with desserts.
• The silly clowns made fools of themselves.

Indefinite pronouns

An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that doesn’t specifically identify who or what it is

referring to.

Examples:
 • This note could have been written by anybody.
• Someone ate my lunch.
• The water splashed everywhere.

Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns are used to point to specific things.

Examples:

• This is my favourite shirt.

• I don’t know what that is, but it definitely isn’t friendly.
• I need you to fix these.

Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are pronouns used to ask questions about unknown people
or things.

Examples:

• Who wrote this letter?

• What is an amphibian?
• Which is the correct answer?

Intensive pronouns

Intensive pronouns refer back to the subject in order to add emphasis. Intensive
pronouns are identical in appearance to reflexive pronouns.

Examples:

• I built my house myself.

• The children made the cookies themselves.
• Often, the stress of giving a speech is worse than the speech itself.

Reciprocal pronouns

Reciprocal pronouns express mutual relationships or actions.

Examples:

• My sister and I love each other.

• The members of the team support one another.
• The two fishermen love to compete with each other.
A conjunction is a word or phrase that connects words, phrases, clauses, and
sentences together. The word and is a commonly used example of a conjunction.

List of common conjunctions:

• and
• but
• or
• so
• because
• however
• after
• since
• during
• than
• unless
• that
• while

Examples:

• The parking lot was filled with cars, trucks, and buses.
• Natalie thinks cats are cute, but she can’t have any because she is allergic to
them.
• Before we can travel to Europe, we have to get passports.
• He showed me the jacket that he bought yesterday.
• The talented acrobats impressed both the children and their parents.

Types of conjunctions:

Coordinating conjunctions:

A coordinating conjunction is a conjunction that connects two or more equal

grammatical elements. In practice, this usually means a coordinating conjunction will
connect the same parts of speech, such as a verb to another verb. For example:

• Everyone sang and danced.

Importantly, coordinating conjunctions are the conjunctions used to
connect independent clauses together. An independent clause is a phrase that can
stand alone as a complete sentence. Take a look at the following two clauses:
• He might have gone to the park.
• He may have returned home.
These are both complete sentences. We can use a coordinating conjunction to join
them into one sentence. If we do, the coordinating conjunction will follow a comma:

• He might have gone to the park, or he may have returned home.

Subordinating conjunctions:

A subordinating conjunction is used to connect a subordinate clause, also called a

dependent clause, to an independent clause. Unlike an independent clause, a
subordinate clause cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence. For example:

• where the buffalo roam (not a complete sentence)

However, we can use a subordinating conjunction to attach a subordinate clause to

an independent clause. Subordinating conjunctions can either come at the beginning
of a sentence or somewhere in the middle:

• Whenever it rains, we stay inside and watch movies.

• We stay inside and watch movies whenever it rains.

Correlative conjunctions:

Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together. Some

examples of correlative conjunctions include: both … and, either … or, neither …
nor, and rather … than. Each pair of correlative conjunctions has a different
function. Here are a few examples:

• I need flowers that are either red or pink. (lists two options)
• She would much rather play outside than sit in the house. (states a preferred
choice)
• The dog was as big as a horse! (forms a simile)

A diminutive creates a meaning of ‘small’ or ‘little’. The most common diminutives

are formed with the prefix mini- and with suffixes such as -let and -y. We often use a
diminutive with names or with abbreviated names when we want to be more
informal, or to express affection for someone or something.

Examples:

• There’s a minibus outside waiting to take you all to the station.

• My favorite auntie will be visiting me next month.
• This tiny piglet is just three months old.
• The ducklings had been following their mother around in the pond.
• The water droplet has been trickling down our window
• That young starlet led a life full of fame and success.
• The young maiden is set to step out into the world.
• The little kid was talking to his pet birdie.
• I have a smallish canvas that we can paint on.
• A tallish man approached me last night.
• The mother calls her son ‘sweetie’ as a term of endearment.
• She considers her daughter to be her little darling.

An infinitive verb is the second-most basic form of a verb. When using an infinitive,
simply add the word "to" before the verb in order to use it properly.

Some frequently seen infinitive verb examples:

• To be
• To do
• To see
• To feel
• To eat
• To go
• To wear
• To sleep
• To walk
• To jump

Examples:

• I began to feel better on Saturday.

• It must be nice to be able to sleep so soundly each night.
• I want to be an astronaut.
• James dares to dream about getting the job.
• Do you want to hold the puppy?
 • I’m afraid to look at the messy room.
• The first graders are learning to read this year.
• I’m planning to write a letter to the company.
• It’s time to sleep.
• If Gina doesn’t get her way, she’s going to throw a tantrum.

Singular Number

Singular number is the form of nouns that denotes one person, place, thing.

Examples:

• Girl
• Brother
• Sister
• Mother
• Carpenter
• Man
• Snake
• Box
• Knife
• Cow

Plural Number

Plural Number is the form of nouns that refers to more than one person, place or
thing.

Examples:

• Girls
• Brothers
• Sisters
• Mothers
• Carpenters
• Men
• Snakes
• Boxes
• Knives
• Cows
Types of Plurals:

Regular Plurals

In order to change singular noun into plural form, we usually add ‘s’. The words
which take ‘s’ in plural form they are called regular plurals.

• Book- Books
• Table- Tables
• Pen – Pens
• Cow – Cows
• Girl- Girls
• Ball- Balls

Irregular Plurals

There are many nouns which don’t follow the simple rule. They are called irregular
plurals.

• Sheep – Sheep
• Foot- Feet
• Child – Children
• Woman – Women
• Person – People
• Mouse – Mice

Verbs refer to actions or states of being. We use lots of verbs, and they come in
many different types of verb tenses. The tense of the verb says when in time
something happened or when it was in a certain state. Right now, we are going to
look closer at an especially versatile verb tense: the past continuous tense, also
known as the past progressive tense.

• They were playing basketball after school.

• He was eating food.
• She wasn’t watching the movie.
• They were going to the library.
• He was doing a great job.
• I was not writing a letter.
• My television wasn’t working properly.
• We were celebrating a festival.
• The teacher was teaching in a class.
 • The dog was barking at a man.

As its name suggests, the future continuous tense indicates that an action or state is
going to happen in the future. This tense also indicates that a future action or state
will be continuous, meaning that it will happen over a period of time.

• I will be writing the letter tomorrow.

• The baby will be playing the whole night.
• I will be helping my mother to make breakfast.
• Sheldon will be eating the cake later.
• Penny will be running the marathon tomorrow.
• She will be taking her dog for a walk.
• Ritz will be coming to our place soon.
• My mother won’t be working tomorrow.
• I won’t be watching the series this month.
• Who will be waiting for John at the railway station?

➢ The active voice asserts that the person or thing represented by the
grammatical subject performs the action represented by the verb.

➢ The passive voice makes the subject the person or thing acted on or affected
by the action represented by the verb.

Examples:

• Active- He loves me.

• Passive- I am loved by him.
• Active- They will do the work.
• Passive- The work will be done by them.
• Active- The mother is feeding the baby.
• Passive- The baby is being fed by the mother.
• Active- The dog chases the ball.
• Passive- The ball is being chased by the dog.
• Active- Shira likes birdwatching.
• Passive- Birdwatching is liked by Shira.
 ➢ Direct speech repeats the exact words the person used, or how we remember
their words.
➢ Indirect speech focuses more on the content of what someone said rather
than their exact words.

Examples:

• Direct speech- Maya said ‘I am busy now’.

• Indirect speech- Maya said that she was busy then.
• Direct- She said, ‘I am happy’.
• Indirect- She said (that) she was happy.
• Direct- He said, ‘We cannot live without air’.
• Indirect- He said that we cannot live without air
• Direct- She says/will say, ‘I am going’
• Indirect- She says/will say she is going.
• Direct- “I am playing the guitar”, she explained.
• Indirect- She explained that she was playing the guitar.

Collective nouns are names for a collection or a number of people or things.

Examples:

• Our class took a field trip to the natural history museum.

• The herd of bison ran across the prairie, leaving a massive dust cloud in its
wake.
• We waited anxiously for the jury to come to a verdict.
• This year’s basketball team includes three players who are over six feet tall.
• Napoleon’s army was finally defeated at Waterloo.
• The town council has approved plans to create a new park.
• He comes from a huge family: he’s the oldest of eleven kids.
• The rock group has been on tour for months.
• Everyone in the audience applauded loudly when Elvis appeared on stage.
• Every morning, the herd follows its leader to the watering hole for a drink.
Abstract nouns represent intangible ideas—things you can’t perceive with the five
main senses. Words like love, time, beauty, and science are all abstract nouns
because you can’t touch them or see them.

• Honesty is the best policy.

• There is no possibility for you to reach home by six in the evening.
• This place has a really pleasant ambience.
• Pride goes before a fall.
• Brevity is the soul of wit.
• That man is testing my patience.
• Have you read about the theory of evolution?
• Truthfulness is always appreciated.
• Friendship is priceless.
• What do you think about his idea?

An interjection is a word or phrase that is grammatically independent from the

words around it, and mainly expresses feeling rather than meaning.

Examples:

• Oh, what a beautiful house!

• Uh-oh, this looks bad.
• Well, it's time to say good night.
• Actually, um, it's not my dog.
• Shoot. I thought I'd fixed that.
• I can't believe I lost the key! Ugh!
• Wow! That bird is huge.
• Ouch! That hurts!
• Oh boy, I’m tired.
• Psst, what’s the answer to number four?

Alliteration is the repetition of an initial consonant sound in words that are in close
proximity to each other. By “close proximity,” we mean words that can be—but don’t
have to be—consecutive.
Examples:

• Leapin’ lizards!
• Taco Tuesday
• We went whale watching
• Clary closed her cluttered clothes closet.
• Harry hurried home to watch football on TV.
• Rachel ran right until she realized she was running round and round.
• Polly's prancing pony performed perfectly.
• The boy buzzed around as busy as a bee.
• Make a mountain out of a molehill.
• Matthew met Michael at the Moor.

Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds in words that are close together in a
sentence or verse.

Examples:

• Too cool for school.

• His tender heir might bear his memory.
• She seems to beam rays of sunshine with her eyes of green.
• I wish there was a way to make her state similar feelings to those of my soul.
• They’re some creeps who I wouldn’t meet if you paid me a heap of cash!
• The cat is out of the bag.
• Goodnight, sleep tight, don’t let the bedbugs bite.
• After awhile, crocodile.
• Keep your eyes on the prize.
• Lean, mean, fighting machine.

Consonance is a literary device that occurs when words share the same consonant
sounds, but they come after different vowel sounds. The words 'dog' and rig' are
near rhymes that use consonance. They share the same hard 'g' sound, but the
sound is followed by different vowels. 'Paint' and 'dent' are similar, sharing the 'nt'
sound that follows a different vowel sound in each word. These sets of words are
examples of consonance and examples of near rhymes.

• Mike likes his new bike.

 • I will crawl away with the ball.
• He stood on the road and cried.
• Toss the glass, boss.
• It will creep and beep while you sleep.
• He struck a streak of bad luck.
• When Billie looked at the trailer, she smiled and laughed.
• I dropped the locket in the thick mud and it got stuck.
• The black sack is in the back.
• The zoo was amazing, especially the lizards and chimpanzees.

Personification is a type of metaphor and a common literary tool. It is when you

assign the qualities of a person to something that isn't human or that isn't even alive,
such as nature or household items.

Examples:

• The sun kissed me while I was clicking a picture.

• The flowers danced to the wind.
• My clothes stood so erect as if someone had ordered them to stay in
attention, as soon as I had ironed them.
• I felt like the food kept calling me.
• The stars were sparkling and winking at all of us.
• She sat down at the tired, overworked desk.
• Coming home from the lake empty-handed, I figured the fish colluded to avoid
me.
• The child’s stare begged me to take him out for ice cream even though I’d
already said no.
• The perfectly sun-kissed strawberries were calling my name, so I bought them
to go with dessert.
• More birds joined the chorus, turning the sparrow’s solo into an ensemble
performance.

A metaphor is a figure of speech that describes an object or action in a way that isn’t
literally true, but helps explain an idea or make a comparison.

➢ A metaphor states that one thing is another thing

 ➢ It equates those two things not because they actually are the same, but for
the sake of comparison or symbolism
➢ If you take a metaphor literally, it will probably sound very strange (are there
actually any sheep, black or otherwise, in your family?)
➢ Metaphors are used in poetry, literature, and anytime someone wants to add
some color to their language

Examples:

• My mom has a heart of gold.

• My friend’s sister, Sharon, is a night owl.
• My hands were icicles because of the cold weather.
• You just have to consider the world a stage and act accordingly.
• Dileep has a stone heart.
• You have ideas flowing one after the other. Your mind is an ocean.
• She was an autumn leaf.
• He is a lion when he comes to the field.
• Phoebe is a nightingale. Everyone waited eagerly for her to come up on
stage.
• She is such a firecracker.

A simile is a figure of speech that is mainly used to compare two or more things that
possess a similar quality. It uses words such as ‘like’ or ‘as’ to make the comparison.

Similes using ‘as’

• As slow as a sloth
• As busy as a bee
• As innocent as a lamb
• As proud as a peacock
• As fast as a cheetah

Similes using ‘like’

• Jumps like a frog

• Sings like a cuckoo
• Runs like the wind
• Nocturnal like an owl
• Have eyes like a hawk
Examples:

• My love is like a red rose.

• My brother and I fight like cats and dogs all the time.
• Iniyan is always as busy as a bee.
• My cousin chatters like a monkey.
• Kitty is as proud as a peacock.
• Ruthy works like a sloth.
• My dog, Shadow, eats like a pig after I take him for a walk.
• Stephen slept like a baby after working for ten long hours.
• My father has eyes like a hawk. He sees out even the minutest of things.
• Bob is as cunning as a fox.

Reported speech is the form in which one can convey a message said by oneself or
someone else, mostly in the past. It can also be said to be the third person view of
what someone has said. In this form of speech, you need not use quotation marks as
you are not quoting the exact words spoken by the speaker, but just conveying the
message.

Examples:

• Santana said that she would be auditioning for the lead role in Funny Girl.
• Blaine requested us to help him with the algebraic equations.
• Karishma asked me if I knew where her car keys were.
• The judges announced that the Warblers were the winners of the annual
acapella competition.
• Binsha assured that she would reach Bangalore by 8 p.m.
• Kumar said that he had gone to the doctor the previous day.
• Lakshmi asked Teena if she would accompany her to the railway station.
• Jibin told me that he would help me out after lunch.
• The police ordered everyone to leave from the bus stop immediately.
• Rahul said that he was drawing a caricature.

A simple sentence has the most basic elements that make it a sentence: a subject, a
verb, and a completed thought.

Examples:
 • Joe waited for the train.
• The train was late.
• Samantha took the bus.
• I looked for Mary and Samantha at the bus station.
• I know the answer.
• My dog and my cat sleep together on the sofa.
• I cannot drink warm milk.
• A day without sunshine is like night.
• Jack likes walking
• Jessie ate dinner.

A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and one or more

dependent clauses connected to it. A dependent clause is similar to an independent
clause, or complete sentence, but it lacks one of the elements that would make it a
complete sentence.

Examples:

• Because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon, I did not
see them at the station.
• While he waited at the train station, Joe realized that the train was late.
• After they left on the bus, Mary and Samantha realized that Joe was waiting at
the train station.
• Don’t leave the restaurant until the dishes here are washed.
• While playing football, the ball thrown by my friend hit the boy crossing the
street.
• Elissa was very sick today and we will take her to the hospital now, before she
gets worse.
• Even after all these years, when I saw her, I was as excited as the first day.
• The game we went to at the mall today was so much fun no matter how long it
lasted.
• Although he wanted to study abroad, he could not go because his father did
not want him to go.
• I saw him going to work in the morning when I was going to school.
 A full stop, also known as a period, is chiefly used to end a sentence. It is mostly
used at the end of declarative sentences and imperative sentences. A full stop marks
a longer pause than a comma and a semicolon. Furthermore, it marks the end of a
thought and the beginning of another.

A full stop is used

• To mark the end of a sentence, primarily

• To mark the end of commands, instructions, orders and requests
• After short forms and abbreviations
• After an initial
• At the end of a sentence containing an indirect question
• In website URLs and email addresses

Using a Full Stop at the End of a Declarative/Assertive Sentence

• Today is the last working day for us.

• Cathy is a teacher.
• No one is ready yet.
• She likes listening to music.
• We will be dancing at my cousin’s reception.

Using a Full Stop at the End of an Imperative Sentence

• Please send the materials as soon as possible.

• Turn off the lights and fans when you leave the room.
• Kindly see to it that you do not leave any column empty.
• Turn left after the junction.
• Eat quickly and leave.

Using a Full Stop after Abbreviations or Short Forms

• I had to buy pencils, pens, erasers, notebooks, etc.

• Mr. Dennis and Ms. Sheena will be the guests for the evening.
• We will be reaching Bangalore around 9 p. m.
• Prof. Neelaveni is our H.O.D.
• St. Francis of Assisi was known for his missionary work in India.

Using a Full Stop after Initials

• M. Kumaran is the manager.

• D. H. Lawrence was known for the imagery in his poetry.
 • Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam was one of the best presidents of India.
• C. S. Lewis was a British writer.
• T. J. Matthew had come to meet you.

Using a Full Stop at the End of an Indirect Question

• The teacher asked us if we were ready for the theoretical geometry test.
• Usha asked Danny if he knew anything about the new educational policy.
• I wonder what is taking them so much time.
• They wanted to know if it would be okay for us to meet them at a club.
• My father asked me what time it was.

Using a Full Stop in Website URLs and Email Addresses

• Multiple full stops are used in website URLs and email addresses. For
example, www.byjus.com, [email protected].

An exclamation mark, also known as the exclamation point, is a punctuation sign that
is used to indicate strong emotions and feelings. It is used in exclamatory sentences
and with interjections.

Using an Exclamation Mark in Exclamatory Sentences

• How careless can you be!

• What an amazing life!
• That is really wonderful!

Using an Exclamation Mark at the End of an Interjection

• Wow! That is great news.

• Oh! I am so sorry.
• Alas! That is really bad. What are you going to do about it?

Using an Exclamation Mark in Direct Speech

• Sam said, “I love this movie!”

• What nerve she has to say, “You are rude”!
• The team shouted together, “Whoa! We finally did it.”

Using an Exclamation Mark at the End of Phrases/Individual Words

• Careful! Will you?

• What a day!
 • Get out! You have pulled the last straw.

An ellipsis, or ellipses in the plural form, is a punctuation mark of three dots (. . .) that
shows an omission of words, represents a pause, or suggests there’s something left
unsaid. Known casually as dot, dot, dot, the ellipsis is a favorite tool of writers
because it can symbolize silence in text, but it’s also used more practically to show
that a direct quote has been altered.

Examples:

• Brandon remarked, “… and I will not arrive until 5:15 p.m.”

• Michael reminded us, “The school day at all schools…begins at 8:30 a.m.”
• Jennifer explained, “Due to unforeseen circumstances, I was unable to arrive
on time…”
• The instructor stated, “First, make certain you take notes at all the workshops.
Transcribe your notes while the material is still fresh in your mind… finally,
always date your notes.”
• Kimha asked, “Will we leave at daybreak? ... What type of gear should I
take?”
• The dark, clammy evening foretold stormy weather, unless…could it be? ...
• Rachel was not sure she wanted to go…
• She opened the door . . . and saw . . . a cake!
• "I'm not sure what to do . . .," he said.
• I never thought . . .

Quotation marks are a type of punctuation used to show direct quotes, dialogue,
and certain titles or otherwise to set aside words in text.

The six main uses for quotation marks:

➢ Quote a source directly
• Stephen Hawking warned that the Higgs boson could potentially lead to
“catastrophic vacuum decay” in the universe, caused by “a bubble of the true
vacuum expanding at the speed of light.”

➢ Show dialogue or transcribe speech

• “Where is the emergency room?” he asked the nurse urgently.

➢ Signal the titles of short works

 • Written by Sylvia Plath, “Tulips” is a sad poem with a happy title
.
➢ Set apart a word to show irony, sarcasm, or skepticism (scare quotes)
• My “pet” is really just a stray cat that comes by once a day.

➢ Discuss words as words

• The “p” in “pterodactyl” is actually silent.

➢ Differentiate a nickname from a given name

• Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson can’t escape his origins as a wrestler.

Examples:

• Jimmy said, "I have to clean my room later."

• When will you read Edgar Allan Poe's short story "The Tell-Tale Heart"?
• According to Anderson Davis, "Boys are more likely to be aggressive than
girls".
• "My uncle said 'Pain is weakness leaving the body,'" Greg said.
• "Clean your room," said my mom.
• The word "being" is often used incorrectly.
• Cynthia asked, "Have you seen the new Sherlock Holmes movie?"
• While running down the street, the criminal shouted, "Get in the van!"

A question mark, also known as an interrogation point or interrogation mark, is a

punctuation mark that is used to indicate that a sentence is a question.

• How are you?

• Is the test on Friday?
• She asked me, “Where is the storage closet?”
• The train comes when?
• Where is the bathroom?
• Are you home?
• Why did you stop here?
• How did you do that?
• What colour is the shirt?
• When will you arrive?
 ➢ An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word, like Dr. for doctor or Jan. for
January.
➢ An acronym is a shortened word of a phrase made up of the initial letters,
and is pronounced as a single word, such as laser for light amplification (by)
stimulated emission (of) radiation.
➢ Keep in mind that the difference between abbreviations and acronyms is that
abbreviations are considered shortened forms of a word; acronyms are
shortened forms of a phrase that make up a new word.

Abbreviation

There are a few ways abbreviations can be made: you can use only the first few
letters, and omit the rest, like in cont. instead of continued or Dec. instead of
December. Sometimes the middle of the word is omitted instead, like when using Mr.
in place of mister. What you may have noticed with these examples is that even
though the word is shortened, there’s no change in how it’s pronounced.

Examples:

• Ave. (Avenue)
• Etc. (Etcetera)
• St. (Street)
• Atty. (Attorney)
• Govt. (Government)

Acronyms

An acronym is a shortened form of a phrase. It’s formed by using the first letters of
the words that make up the phrase. With acronyms, the shortened phrase creates a
new word. In other words, the letters aren’t pronounced individually but are
pronounced as a whole.

• NASA = National Aeronautics and Space Administration

• Radar = Radio Detecting and Ranging
• Scuba = Self-contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
• PIN = Personal Identification Number
• Sonar = Sound Navigation and Ranging