Unit 1: How do organisms regulate their

functions?

Area of Study 1
How do cells function?
(Part 1)

Cellular structure and function

 cells as the basic structural feature of life on Earth, including the
distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
 surface area to volume ratio as an important factor in the limitations of
cell size and the need for internal compartments (organelles) with
specific cellular functions
 the structure and specialisation of plant and animal cell organelles for
distinct functions, including chloroplasts and mitochondria

Unit 1 Biology - Success Criteria: Cellular structure & function

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Cells as the basic structural feature of life on Earth, including the Start End of Before
distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. of lesson SAC
lesson

I can identify the characteristics of living things

I can state cell theory
I can name the scientists who contributed to cell theory
I can identify the characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and
give examples

I can describe similarities and differences of prokaryotic and eukaryotic

organisms

Surface area to volume ratio as an important factor in the limitations of

cell size and the need for internal compartments (organelles) with
specific cellular functions

I can define the term organelle

I can name 12 organelles
I can describe the structure and function of 12 organelles
I can identify cell organelles in a diagram
I can describe the differences and similarities between plant and animal
cells

I can state what photosynthesis and cellular respiration is

I can state the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis and cellular
respiration

I can identify the various parts of a chloroplast and mitochondria

I can explain what the various parts of the chloroplast and mitochondria
are used for

The structure and specialisation of plant and animal cell organelles for
distinct functions, including chloroplasts and mitochondria

I understand what the words unicellular and multicellular mean and

break the word down.

I can measure a diagram of a cell using the appropriate cellular units

I know what the words surface area, volume and surface area to volume
ratio

I can calculate the surface area, volume and surface area to volume ratio
of a cube.

I can explain why cells are so small and why this is beneficial
Key Words

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 Cornell Notes
Topic/Objective: Step up revision. Name:

EQ: Class/Period:
Date:
Essential Question:

Questions: Notes:

Summary:

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 What do you remember from step up?
1. State cell theory below:

2. Name the three scientists that contributed to

cell theory.

3. Complete the table about prokaryotes vs eukaryotes:

Eukaryotic Prokaryotic

Definition

Organism
examples

What do
eukaryotic
and
prokaryotic
cells have in
common.

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 Cornell Notes
Topic/Objective: Organelles. Name:

EQ: Class/Period:
Date:
Essential Question:

Questions: Notes:

Summary:

Questions: Notes:

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.

Summary:

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Organelles Structure Function What cells is
it in.
Cell Bilipid membrane surrounding the cell Encloses the cell and allows All
membrane made of protein and carbohydrates. some substances in and out of
the cell.
Cell wall Made of cellulose or peptidoglycan, it is Holds a ridged shape of the cell. Plant cells and
ridged (strong) and surrounds the cell. prokaryotes

Nucleus Round organelle with a double Stores DNA so it 'controls' the Eukaryotic
membrane around it and is large. cell. cells
Contains a Nucleolus.
Ribosomes Small circular organelles (made from a Produce protein All
large and small sub unit) found scattered
in cytoplasm or on rough ER
Vacuole Fluid filled organelles, large in plant Stores water and nutrients. Eukaryotic
cells and smaller in animal cells. cells
(large in plant
cells and small
in animal
cells)
Mitochondria Jelly bean structure with an inner Respiration occurs here - Eukaryotic
membrane that's highly folded. releases energy from glucose cells

Chloroplast Jelly bean structure that contains The site where photosynthesis Plant cells
dense stacks of oval membranes and occurs.
chlorophyll.
Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance found all throughout Holds organelles and some All
the cell, it makes up the 'body' of the substances like salt may be
cell. dissolved in it.
Rough A network of membranous canals filled Producing and transporting Eukaryotic
Endoplasmic with fluid. It is lined with ribosomes proteins cells
reticulum
(ER)

Smooth A network of membranous canals filled Producing, storing and Eukaryotic

Endoplasmic with fluid transporting lipid (fat), cells
reticulum hormones and some steroids.
(ER)
Golgi body Stacks of flattened membranous stacks Packages protein into vesicles Eukaryotic
/apparatus ((like pancakes) with circle vesicles for transportation cells
coming from it.

Lysosomes Small circular sac structures surrounded Break down wastes (Eg. old Eukaryotic
by a single membrane with strong organelles) cells
digestive enzymes in it.

Organelles, their structure, and functions

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 Identifying Organelles
Letter on Organelle name Organelle function
diagram
A

B
A C
D

J
G

I H

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 Cornell Notes
Topic/Objective: Plant Vs Animal Cells. Name:

EQ: Class/Period:
Date:
Essential Question:

Questions: Notes:

Summary:

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Glue in Foldit here

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 Cornell Notes
Topic/Objective: Practical Using Microscopes Name:

EQ: Class/Period:
Date:
Essential Question:

Questions: Notes:

Summary:

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 Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic cell – Practical

.
AIM
To discover if bacteria or onion cells are prokaryotic by observing their features using a light
microscope.

HYPOTHESIS:

Hypothesis Independent Future verb Dependent Link to scientific

noun: variable (What is variable (what is knowledge/theories
Hypothesis being changed?) (Will_____) being tested)
/
likelihood/
projection/
expectation
The
prediction
is that…

MATERIALS & EQUIPMENT

Onion Knife Microscope

Glass slide Glass slip Blue stain

Prokaryotic specimen slide Pencil and paper

PROCEDURE
1. Cut an onion into small pieces and peel off a thinnest layer of clear skin. Try not to crease the
skin.
2. Lay the skin flat on a glass slide and put a glass slip on top of the skin.
3. Put one drop of the blue stain in between the slide and the slip (onto the skin).
4. Plug the microscope into the wall and turn on, using the lowest magnification.
5. Put the specimen onto the stage of the microscope and observe. Use the knobs to make the
specimen clear.
6. Once the specimen is clear, repeat steps 5 and 6 until you get to the largest magnification.
7. Draw what you observe below.

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 8. Complete steps 4-7 but with the bacteria specimen that has been prepared for you.

RESULTS:

Specimen Drawing
Onion

Bacteria

Specimen Could you observe any organelles?

: What did you notice about the size of the cell?
Any other interesting observations?
Bacteria
slide

Onion
slide

QUESTIONS
1. What specimen had a nucleus? Does this mean they would be prokaryotic or eukaryotic? Why?
2. What cell seemed larger? Does this mean they are probably prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
3. What specimen was prokaryotic?
4. What specimen was eukaryotic?
5. Why could you not see many organelles in the eukaryotic specimen?

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 Cornell Notes
Topic/Objective: Chloroplasts, Mitochondria and Name:
their processes.
EQ: Class/Period:
Date:
Essential Question:

Questions: Notes:

Summary:

Questions: Notes:

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.

Summary:

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 Chloroplast structure
Q1: B
Name A C
A
B

C
D
D
E

E
Q2: Where is chlorophyll found and what is its function?

Mitochondria structure
Q3:

Name
A
B

C
D

Q4: Why is the mitochondria so highly folded?

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 Photosynthesis
1. Which materials are needed for photosynthesis?

2. Why is photosynthesis important in ecosystems?

3. Write down the worded equations for photosynthesis.

4. Briefly describe the steps in photosynthesis.

5. The diagram shows a cross-section of a typical leaf. Identify the tissue where
photosynthesis occurs the most. Describe why this is the case.

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 Cellular respiration

1. Name the organelle which is the site of (aerobic) cellular respiration.

2. Write an overall balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration.

3. Write an overall word equation for cellular Respiration.

4. Why is cellular respiration called an exogenic reaction?

5. What cells don’t undergo some sort of cellular respiration?

6. What molecule is shown here?

7. How do you know this:

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 Cornell Notes
Topic/Objective: Surface area to volume ratio. Name:

EQ: Class/Period:
Date:
Essential Question:

Questions: Notes:

Summary:

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 9.
C

alculate the surface area to volume ratio of the following cubes.

Cube Surface area Volume SA:V

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 1. Explain how each of the following cells works to overcome the issues associated with
surface area to volume ratios.

Cell Explanatio
type n
Human intestinal cells

Plant root hair cells

Red blood cells

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 Cornell Notes
Topic/Objective: SA:V Practical Name:

EQ: Class/Period:
Date:
Essential Question:

Questions: Notes:

Summary:

Questions: Notes:

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.

Summary:

Questions: Notes:

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.

Summary:

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 Surface Area to Volume Ratio - Practical

AIM: To investigate diffusion into or out of pieces of agar gel.

Hypothesis Independent Future verb Dependent Link to scientific

noun: variable (What is variable (what is knowledge/theories
Hypothesis being changed?) (Will_____) being tested)
/
likelihood/
projection/
expectation
The
prediction
is that…

HYPOTHESIS:
.
MATERIALS & E.QUIPMENT
Dissecting board; razor blade; agar gel made in NaOH and phenolphthalein; 250 ml beaker;
HCI; absorbent paper; plastic ruler.
PROCEDURE
1. Take some cubes of agar of different sizes and measure their side lengths.
2. Place the cubes in the beaker and just cover them with HCI. Record the time.
3. After 10 minutes, examine the cubes by removing them from the vinegar and
patting them dry on the absorbent paper.
4. Slice through the centre of each cube.
5. Try to estimate, by measuring the distances across the coloured area of each
block, the extent of diffusion in each different cube.
6. Calculate the percentage of the volume of each cube uncoloured after 10
minutes.
7. Complete the table.

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 Cube Surface area (cm2) Volume (cm3) SA:V Extent of diffusion (%
(cm) uncoloured volume)
3

0.5

RESULTS: include labelled diagrams, photos, table and graph.

QUESTIONS
1. Construct a graph of SA:V against extent of diffusion for each cube.
2. Which cube has the greatest SA:V?
3. What happens to the SA:V as a cell grows larger?
4. If a mature cell divided by mitosis into two smaller daughter cells, would the
daughter cells have the same SA:V as the mother cell? Explain the relationship.
5. What evidence is there that HCI diffused into the agar?
6. What evidence is there that the NaOH-phenolphthalein diffused out of the
cubes?
7. Explain what you think would be a good shape for an organism that absorbs its
nutrients through its external surface

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 Cornell Notes
Topic/Objective: Textbook revision. Name:

EQ: Class/Period:
Date:
Essential Question:

Questions: Notes:
Page 49: Questions: 1, 9, 12a, c, d, 13, 21, 23 and 25,

Summary:

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 Biology SAC1 Revision

The following key knowledge is assessed in this SAC:

 Cells as the basic structural feature of life on Earth, including the distinction between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
 Surface area to volume ratio as an important factor in the limitations of cell size and
the need for internal
 Compartments (organelles) with specific cellular functions
 The structure and specialisation of plant and animal cell organelles for distinct
functions, including chloroplasts and mitochondria
1. What is an organelle?

2. What are the different organelles present in animal and plant cells and what are
their functions?

3. What are the main ideas of cell theory?

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4. Name some of the contributors to cell theory and what were their contributions?

5. Calculate the surface area to volume ratio of three different sized cubes of your
choice.

6. List the similarities between plant and animal calls

7. What are the differences between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell (also
consider their size)?

8. Are you able to view a diagram and identify the different parts of a cell?

9. What do you know about cells and surface to volume ratio?

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