Cambridge International AS & A Level

* 4 3 7 2 3 3 3 5 7 0 *

BIOLOGY 9700/42
Paper 4 A Level Structured Questions February/March 2022

2 hours

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.
73 B
--------
100
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 100.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ]. A* :33 !!!

This document has 28 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (LK/CB) 303965/4
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1 The European hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus, is a small omnivorous mammal. Its body is
covered in spines, which are usually brown. A rare variant, which lacks the brown pigment, has
blonde (pale yellow) spines. This characteristic is coded for by a recessive allele.

Fig. 1.1 shows a European hedgehog with blonde spines.

Fig. 1.1

(a) Alderney is a small island between the UK and France. Hedgehogs were not found on
Alderney until the 1960s, when three pairs of hedgehogs were introduced to the island. The
hedgehogs started to breed and some of the offspring had blonde spines.

By 2017, the population of hedgehogs, including individuals with brown spines and individuals
with blonde spines, had increased to approximately 600.

(i) Suggest reasons why the population of hedgehogs increased to such a large number.
They experienced fewer selection pressures thus the population did not decrease significantly.
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
The environment was stable enough for them to survive.

little competition
...........................................................................................................................................
no predators
...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(ii) A survey taken in 2017 showed that 60% of the hedgehogs on Alderney had blonde spines.

Suggest and explain reasons why the proportion of hedgehogs with blonde spines was
so high. blonde spines have a selection advantage
Due to natural selection, the blonde spined hedgehogs were exposed to less harsh conditions as
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
as well as experienced fewer selection pressure. Genetic drift played a part in increasing the

allele frequency of blonde spines. It is also possible that the founding 3 pairs of hedgehogs had
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
more blonde spined hedgehogs than brown hedgehogs and thus blonde hedgehogs had a

a greater number.
...........................................................................................................................................
directional selection
...........................................................................................................................................
smaller gene pool at start
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) The hedgehogs on Alderney are an example of an invasive alien species.

Explain why it is sometimes important to control invasive alien species.

the alien species could be a predator of a local species. the local species which is not adapted to
...................................................................................................................................................
cause extinction
fight off predators will be easily hunted by the alien species. This could lead to a decrease of the local
...................................................................................................................................................
species and the alien species may pose as a selection pressure for the local species, changing their
...................................................................................................................................................
usual allele frequency. The prey of the local species might also increase which will throw off the
...................................................................................................................................................
ecosystem of the habitat and can lead to extinction of some species and the overpopulation of
...................................................................................................................................................
others. ...................................................................................................................................................
can breed more succesfully
...................................................................................................................................................
compete with native species
...................................................................................................................................................
for food
............................................................................................................................................. [4]
might bring disease
[Total: 9]

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2 Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) is a rare autosomal recessive disease, which affects neurones.

(a) Mitochondria can move freely within the axons of neurones.

In GAN, the axons of neurones become enlarged and blocked by the accumulation of specific
proteins. This prevents the free movement of mitochondria and affects the transmission of
action potentials along the axon membrane.

(i) Suggest and explain why preventing the free movement of mitochondria within the
cytoplasm of the axon affects the transmission of action potentials along the axon
membrane.

mitochondria provide energy for the opening and closing of Na+ and K+
...........................................................................................................................................

transporters. If Na+ and K+ are not transported in and out correctly, action
...........................................................................................................................................

potential may not be generated and hence effector will not receive signals
...........................................................................................................................................

for correct response to the stimulation.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) A nerve conduction velocity (NCV) test can be used to measure the speed of transmission
of nerve impulses along neurones in different parts of the body.

NCV tests were carried out on three people with GAN. The speed of transmission of
nerve impulses was measured in neurones in two nerves:

• the median nerve, one of the main nerves in the arm

• the peroneal nerve, one of the main nerves in the leg.

Table 2.1 shows the NCV test results for the three people with GAN and the expected
range for a person without GAN.

Table 2.1

speed of transmission of nerve impulse / m s–1

location of
neurones expected
person 1 person 2 person 3
range

median nerve 47 39 43 50–65

peroneal nerve 44 22 28 40–45

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With reference to Table 2.1, describe the effect of GAN on the speed of transmission of
nerve impulses.
speed
GAN significantly decreases the signal of transmission as shown in the table.
...........................................................................................................................................

Person 1 has slower transmission in their arm while Person 1, 2 and 3 has
...........................................................................................................................................

slower transmission in their feet with Person 2 and 3 having significantly more
...........................................................................................................................................

slower transmission. They will have slower reflexes

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Walking requires nervous control to coordinate movements. One of the first signs of GAN
is having problems with walking.

Explain how the speed of transmission of nerve impulses in people with GAN can affect
walking.
Person will have difficulties with moving their feet. They may walk slower than
...........................................................................................................................................
most people. They could feel paralysed at some points.
...........................................................................................................................................
slower/ fewer muscle contractions
...........................................................................................................................................
slower reflexes
...........................................................................................................................................
takes longer for signals to reach the muscles
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(b) GAN is caused by a mutation in a gene that codes for a protein known as gigaxonin.

Scientists have tested gene therapy in mice with GAN. In one study, viral vectors containing
a functioning allele of the gene that codes for gigaxonin were made. Mice with GAN were
treated with one dose of these viral vectors at 12 months of age.

Six months after treatment, when the mice were 18 months old, the scientists used a rotarod
test to measure the effect of the gene therapy.

In the rotarod test:

• the length of time the mice are able to balance on a moving platform is recorded

• the longer the length of time the mice can balance on the moving platform, the
better their neurone activity.

The rotarod test was repeated on the same mice each month until the mice were 23 months
old. The rotarod test was also carried out, at the same time intervals and ages, on mice with
GAN that were not treated with gene therapy and on mice without GAN. All mice were kept in
the same conditions.

The results are shown in Fig. 2.1.

160 key

mice without GAN

120 mice with GAN +

gene therapy

mean time mice with GAN +

balanced on no gene therapy
80
moving
platform / s

40

0
18 19 20 21 22 23
age of mice / months

Fig. 2.1

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From the results, some students concluded that:

• giving the mice with GAN one dose of gene therapy had a benefit, but did not cure the
mice

• the results of the rotarod test were not affected by the age of the mice.

With reference to Fig. 2.1, discuss whether each of these two conclusions is justified by the
data.

Conclusion 1 is justified as seen in graph, mice with gene therapy did have benefit
...................................................................................................................................................

their condition deteriorated from an age of 22 months. Mice with no gene therapy
...................................................................................................................................................

always had worse neurone activity. Even at 23 months they could blanace 0.4 less
...................................................................................................................................................

seconds than with gene therapy. Conclusion 2 is not justified as the mean time
...................................................................................................................................................

differs drastically by age. As the mice ages after 22 months it's condition deteriorates
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(mice with therapy) rate of decline of balance time, slower / less steep, from, 18 to 20 months / initially /
[Total: 10]
at the start
or
(mice with therapy) have a longer balance time ;
(not cure is justified since):
2 (mice with therapy and mice with no therapy)
have, same / similar, balance time, at 23 months / at the end
or
mice with therapy have a, downwards trend / decrease in balance time
or
mice with therapy have shorter balance time (compared to mice without GAN) ;
(results are not affected by age is not justified because):
3 mice without GAN increase balance time, during the experiment / with age
or
balance time decreases for mice with GAN, during the experiment / with age ;
4 comparative figures to support any marking point
or
ref. to need for statistical test

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Question 3 starts on page 9.

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3 The red blood cells of people with sickle cell anaemia have reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.

(a) Explain the relationship between the gene mutation that causes sickle cell anaemia and the
reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells.
In the gene mutation, glutamic acid is substituted with valine. There is a base
...................................................................................................................................................
base substitution in gene coding in B-globin. Because of the change
...................................................................................................................................................
in protein, its primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure and 3D structure
...................................................................................................................................................
haemoglobin
changed. Glycolic acid is polar whereas valine is non polar. RBC becomes less
...................................................................................................................................................
soluble to Oxygen in low partial pressures of Oxygen. The RBCs stick
...................................................................................................................................................
together and form long fibres. The RBCs become crescent or sickle shaped and
...................................................................................................................................................
thus has lesser space to carry oxygen. This can lead to anaemia. They also block
...................................................................................................................................................
capillaries due to their shape. Sickle shaped RBCs also break down faster causing
...................................................................................................................................................
low RBC count.
...................................................................................................................................................
homozygous recessive
...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [5]

(b) People with sickle cell anaemia may need a blood transfusion.

One risk associated with a blood transfusion is a condition known as transfusion-associated

circulatory overload (TACO). TACO is caused by a large increase in blood volume over a
short period of time. This increase in blood volume can be harmful.

(i) Predict the effect of an increase in blood volume on ADH secretion and state one
consequence for kidney function of this change in ADH secretion.

An increase in blood volume can mean increase in water volume of a person

...........................................................................................................................................
inhibit ADH secretion
hence this may trigger ADH secretion. Kidneys are to filter blood in larger amounts
...........................................................................................................................................
putting pressure on the kidney and less water is secreted by the collecting
...........................................................................................................................................
reabsorbed
ducts. more dilute urine formed
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) One feature of TACO is an increase in fluid entering the alveoli, which makes it difficult
to breathe. This increase in fluid can be caused by an increase in blood pressure in the
pulmonary capillaries that surround the alveoli.

Suggest how an increase in blood pressure in the pulmonary capillaries can cause fluid
to enter the alveoli.

...........................................................................................................................................
Greater blood pressure may cause lymph or tissue fluid to seep out of the tiny

...........................................................................................................................................
gaps in alveoli. This can flood the internal gaps and can make it harder for

the lungs to expand while inhaling diffusion/osmosis

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(c) People with kidney disease may be at a higher risk of TACO following a blood transfusion.

A study carried out in 2019 investigated whether there is a link between kidney disease and
TACO. This study included data from:

• 200 people who developed TACO after a blood transfusion

• 405 people who did not develop TACO after a blood transfusion.

The people in the study were put into one of four categories:

• people with acute (short-term) kidney injury (AKI)

• people with chronic (long-term) kidney disease (CKD) who do not require dialysis

• people with severe chronic kidney disease who do require dialysis (CKD + D)

• people who do not have kidney disease.

In dialysis, a machine is used to carry out the function of the kidneys.

The results of this study are shown in Fig. 3.1.

60 key

50 percentage of the 200 people

who developed TACO
40
percentage of the 405 people
percentage who did not develop TACO
30
of people

20

10

0
AKI CKD CKD + D no kidney
disease
category

Fig. 3.1

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With reference to Fig. 3.1, describe the effect of having kidney disease on the risk of
developing TACO.

Suggest reasons for this effect.

Kidneys will be needed to filter out the large amount of blood that has entered the
...................................................................................................................................................

body. With a damaged kidney or a poorly functional kidney, it will take longer
...................................................................................................................................................

to filter the blood, putting strain on kidneys and other parts of the body. The less
...................................................................................................................................................
less water is removed from blood
functional the kidney is, the less blood is filtered per second, the more likely
...................................................................................................................................................

the person will develop TACO.

...................................................................................................................................................
more water retained increases blood volume
...................................................................................................................................................
AKI has highest risk (of TACO) ;
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(d) Patients who are at high risk of developing TACO following a blood transfusion can be given
a type of drug called a loop diuretic.

In normal urine production, 99% of sodium ions in the glomerular filtrate are reabsorbed and
1% are excreted. In urine production of people who take loop diuretics, 80% of sodium ions in
the glomerular filtrate are reabsorbed and 20% are excreted.

Explain how loop diuretics affect water reabsorption in the kidneys and suggest why this
reduces the risk of developing TACO following a blood transfusion.
When 20% of Na+ ions remain in filtrate, tere will be greater water potential
...................................................................................................................................................
medulla less water reabsorbed by osmosis
outside the nephron. This secrete ADH which signals body to remove more water
...................................................................................................................................................
thus down the water potential gradient, more water will be in the nephron or collecting
...................................................................................................................................................
duct. Thus overall volume of water in the entire body is controlled hence
...................................................................................................................................................
the effects of TACO are significantly reduced.
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 14]

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4 (a) Meiosis is an important process that contributes to genetic variation in a population.

Fig. 4.1 shows a pair of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

Fig. 4.1

(i) On Fig. 4.1, use the letter C with a label line to identify where crossing over occurs. [1]

(ii) Describe how crossing over produces genetic variation in a population. non sister chromatids
Crossing over causes the swapping of alleles in between two homologous
...........................................................................................................................................
chromosomes so when chromosomes are lined up in the equator during
...........................................................................................................................................
metaphase. The daughter cells will have a more diverse range of alleles.
...........................................................................................................................................
Random assortment occurs so different daughter cells are produced. The
...........................................................................................................................................
daughter cells will have more variety of genes.
...........................................................................................................................................
random fusion of gametes during fertilisation not variety
...........................................................................................................................................
combintion
non sister chromatids have diff combinations of alleles
...........................................................................................................................................
linkage groups broken
...........................................................................................................................................
non sister chromatids will have new combination
..................................................................................................................................... [4]

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(b) Wing pattern in the butterfly species Heliconius melpomene is controlled by genes on
autosomal chromosomes.

The gene for banding pattern on the upper wing has two alleles:

• a dominant allele coding for a full band

• a recessive allele coding for a broken band.

The gene for ray pattern on the lower wing has two alleles:

• a dominant allele coding for rays

• a recessive allele coding for no rays.

Scientists crossed a butterfly that was homozygous dominant for both genes with a butterfly
that was homozygous recessive for both genes. The scientists wanted to check whether the
phenotypic ratio for offspring in the F2 generation agreed with the expected phenotypic ratio
of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1.

The results of this genetic cross are shown in Fig. 4.2.

full broken
parental band band
×
generation
rays no rays

F1
generation

F2
generation

number of
offspring of each 99 21 8 8
phenotype

Fig. 4.2

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(i) Explain the term F1 generation.

The generation right after parent generation. The offspring of parent generation.
...........................................................................................................................................

pure bred
...........................................................................................................................................

heterozygous
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) The scientists used the chi-squared ( χ 2) test to compare their data to the expected
phenotypic ratio of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. The formula for the chi-squared test is shown in Fig. 4.3.
2
χ 2 = ! (O – E) key to symbols
E
O = observed value

E = expected value

Fig. 4.3

Complete Table 4.1 and use the chi-squared formula in Fig. 4.3 to calculate the χ 2 value
for these data.

Table 4.1

expected (O – E)2
phenotype O E O–E (O – E)2
ratio E
full band
and 9 99 76.5 22.5 506.25 6.62
rays
full band
and 3 21 25.5 – 4.5 20.25 0.79
no rays
broken band
and 3 8 25.5 -17.5 306.25 12.01
rays ............... ............... ............... ...............
broken band
and 1 8 8.5 – 0.5 0.25 0.03
no rays

df= n-1
= 4-1 19.5 19.45
χ 2 = ...............................................................
=3 [3]

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(iii) The critical value at the 0.05 probability level and three degrees of freedom is 7.81.

Using the result of your calculation in (b)(ii), explain whether the results of the study
agree with the expected ratio of phenotypes for the F2 generation.

There is significant difference between the observed results and the expected
...........................................................................................................................................

results. As the critical value is smaller than the calculated value. The results
...........................................................................................................................................

of the study do not agree with the expected ratio of phenotypes for the
...........................................................................................................................................

F2 generation.
...........................................................................................................................................

differences are not due to chance

...........................................................................................................................................

due to increase in fullband phenotypes

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Suggest two reasons why phenotypic ratios in the F2 generation do not always match
the expected ratios.
environmental effects chance deviations
Natural selection and genetic drift.
...........................................................................................................................................
epistasis (effect of a gene mutation is dependent on the presence or absence of mutation
...........................................................................................................................................
in one or more other genes)
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
linkage
[Total: 15]
mutations

lethal allele

small sample size

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5 Factor VIII can be made as a recombinant human protein.

(a) (i) Name the disease that is treated using recombinant human factor VIII.
Haemophilia
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Before recombinant human factor VIII was available, this disease was treated with
factor VIII from donated blood.

large / unlimited, Give two advantages of using recombinant human factor VIII, instead of factor VIII
supply from donated blood, to treat this disease.

no risk of Recombinant Factor VIII will not need immunosuppressive drugs as it will be
...........................................................................................................................................
infection
made from the DNA of the patient. Patient will not need to wait for suitable
...........................................................................................................................................
no / fewer, ethical
issues donor. If patient has rare blood, recombinant Factor VIII can be made using
...........................................................................................................................................

less chance of, their gene to avoid infections.

...........................................................................................................................................
rejection / immune
response / allergic ..................................................................................................................................... [2]
response / side effects
(b) The gene that codes for human factor VIII can be synthesised from messenger RNA purified
cheap / from human liver cells.
quick, to
produce ; (i) Name the enzyme that uses messenger RNA as a template to produce complementary
DNA.
no need
to wait for donor reverse transcriptase
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Outline two sources, other than messenger RNA, from which genes can be obtained for
genetic engineering.
Template DNA for Polymerase Chain Reaction that duplicates DNA.
...........................................................................................................................................
Viral DNA to produce antibodies.
...........................................................................................................................................

genes cut from donor DNA

...........................................................................................................................................

genes synthesized chemically from nucleotides

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(c) The gene that codes for human factor VIII can be transferred into mammalian cells in tissue
culture.

Explain why a promoter also needs to be transferred into the mammalian cells so that human
factor VIII can be synthesised.
transcription
Promoter initiates transcriptase and allows binding of RNA polymerase and
...................................................................................................................................................
transcription factors and ensures that the correct strand is used as template.
...................................................................................................................................................

required for gene expression

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]

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6 (a) The banana plant, Musa acuminata, is a tall herbaceous plant with very large leaves.

Fig. 6.1 shows a banana plant.

Fig. 6.1

An investigation was carried out to measure the net carbon dioxide uptake by a banana plant
at different light intensities.

Fig. 6.2 shows the results of the investigation.

6.5
6

mean net
carbon dioxide
2
uptake
/ μmolm s–1

–0
-0.2

–2

–4
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10 000 12 000
light intensity / lux

Fig. 6.2
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(i) With reference to Fig. 6.2, describe and explain the results at a light intensity of 1000 lux.
At light intensity 1000 lux, it has a mean net CO2 uptake of 1.6 μmolm s–1
...........................................................................................................................................
It...........................................................................................................................................
has a negative mean value of CO2 because the plant is not receiving enough

light for photosynthesis. It has greater mean CO2 uptake than at 0 lux is due to
...........................................................................................................................................
the little amount of light energy present which is used for light dependant
...........................................................................................................................................
reacns like photosynthesis. Mostly the plant is now using O2 and energy
...........................................................................................................................................
to produce CO2 and water to respire.
...........................................................................................................................................
little photosynthesis occurring
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) With reference to Fig. 6.2, describe and explain what can be concluded from the graph
at light intensities of between 2000 lux and 7000 lux.
As light intensity increases from 2000 lux to 7000 lux, the mean net CO2 uptake
...........................................................................................................................................
increases linearly from -0.2 to 6.5 μmolm s–1. As more light energy is
...........................................................................................................................................
rate of
provided to the plant, more light dependent reaction, that is, photosynthesis
...........................................................................................................................................
is occurring. More CO2 is taken in by plant to produce energy.
...........................................................................................................................................

light intensity is limiting factor

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) Explain why the rate of carbon dioxide uptake levels off as light intensity increases above
10 000 lux.
Light intensity no longer is a limiting factor as it is in excess. Other factors
...........................................................................................................................................
like temperature become limiting factor.
...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(b) Pitcher plants are carnivorous plants that trap and digest insects in a large modified leaf
called a pitcher.

Fig. 6.3 shows a pale pitcher plant, Sarracenia alata.

pitcher

Fig. 6.3

(i) Unlike the Venus fly trap, pitcher plants have no moving parts to trap insects. Insects are
attracted to scent produced at the top of the pitcher. Once inside the pitcher, the insect
slides down to the bottom and into a liquid containing digestive enzymes.

Suggest a type of enzyme found in the pitcher plant that is used to digest insects.
protease
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Pitcher plants grow in bogs and wet grassland where the soil has a low concentration of
minerals such as nitrates. The plants obtain nitrates from the digestion of insects.

Calvin cycle intermediates are used to synthesise more complex compounds, some of
which need nitrogen from nitrates.

Name one compound that needs nitrogen from nitrates and name the Calvin cycle
intermediate from which it is synthesised.

protein
compound that needs nitrogen ..........................................................................................
triose phosphate
Calvin cycle intermediate ..................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 10]

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Question 7 starts on page 22.

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7 (a) In aerobic respiration, ATP is synthesised by substrate-linked reactions and by oxidative

phosphorylation.

Outline the process of oxidative phosphorylation.

Hydrogen from NADH and FADH2 turns to H+ ion and electron. electron is excited
...................................................................................................................................................
and is passed through the ETC, where it de excites and releases energy. Energy
...................................................................................................................................................
is used to pump protons diffuse down
...................................................................................................................................................
the gradient
into intermembrane space forming a proton gradient. The H+ ions travels back
...................................................................................................................................................
through the ATP synthase and producing ATP as a result. The electron accepted by
...................................................................................................................................................
Oxygen, to keep the proton gradient.
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
process is chemiosmosis
...................................................................................................................................................
occurs at inner mitochondrial membrane
...................................................................................................................................................
ATP produced from ADP and Pi
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [7]

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(b) In an experiment on respiration, two different populations of yeast cells were used: A and B.

• Yeast cells in population A had no mitochondria in their cells.

• Yeast cells in population B did have mitochondria in their cells.

Both populations were provided with glucose in solution and the concentration of ATP was
measured every minute for seven minutes.

Fig. 7.1 shows the results of the experiment.

120 population B

100

80
ATP
concentration 60
/ μmol dm–3
40

20 population A

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
time / min

Fig. 7.1

Describe and explain the difference in results between population A and population B, as
shown in Fig. 7.1.

...................................................................................................................................................
Both A and B increases as time increases. B increases rapidly but A increases

...................................................................................................................................................
gradually. After 7 minutes, ATP concentration is 120 for population B but 23 for
glycolysis in
...................................................................................................................................................
B. Due to no mitochondria in A, only anaerobic respiration occured. The pyruvate

...................................................................................................................................................
produced during glycolysis is turned into alcohol by alcohol dehydrogenase to

...................................................................................................................................................
produce ATP. Whereas, in B due to the presence of mitochondria, aerobic
glycolysis
...................................................................................................................................................
respiration could occur along with oxidative phosphorylation which produces the

...................................................................................................................................................
most ATP.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 11]

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8 Natural selection and artificial selection (selective breeding) both have important roles in
evolutionary change.

(a) Seahorses are fish with an unusual appearance and many specialised features.

Fig. 8.1 shows a seahorse.

Fig. 8.1

Two species of seahorse, Hippocampus erectus and H. zosterae, are found in the coastal
waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea.

• It is thought that these two species of seahorse have a common ancestor.

• The ranges of the two species overlap in many areas.
• Male and female seahorses stay together for the whole of the breeding season.
• H. erectus is much larger than H. zosterae.
• Few seahorses occur that are intermediate in size between the two species.

Use this information to name and explain the type of speciation that may have occurred in the
evolution of these two species.
Sympatric Speciation as these species are said to be found in the same area.
...................................................................................................................................................
Sympatric speciation can occur due to genetic drift and natural selection.
...................................................................................................................................................
Species may have different behaviours and features causing them to be
...................................................................................................................................................
isolated from each other and thus unable to breed and the allele frequencies
...................................................................................................................................................
changed over time.
...................................................................................................................................................

no geographical isolation
...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

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(b) For many years, farmers have used selective breeding to improve the milk yield of dairy cattle
and to improve the yield of crops.

Explain why improving milk yields in cattle by selective breeding can be more challenging
than improving yields of crops by selective breeding.
Selective breeding can be done with assisted reproduction like in vitro
...................................................................................................................................................
fertilisation and artificial insemination. In selective breeding, the selection
...................................................................................................................................................
pressure is human. Due to the humans selecting mates for cattle, the gene pool
...................................................................................................................................................
will lose diversity and genetic variance will decrease and hybrid vigour will decrease.
...................................................................................................................................................
Mutations will likely occur due to inbreeding and offspring may come out
...................................................................................................................................................
defected.
...................................................................................................................................................
they take a long time to grow and mature cattle require more care thus expensive
...................................................................................................................................................
ethical issues
...................................................................................................................................................
milk yield must be measured over periods
............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) State two examples of crop features that may be improved by selective breeding to increase
the yield of crops.
herbicides
Resistant to pesticides and weed killers. Longer roots to reach more water and
...................................................................................................................................................

minerals.
...................................................................................................................................................

greater mass
...................................................................................................................................................

resistant to pests, diseases

...................................................................................................................................................

rate of growth
............................................................................................................................................. [2]

resistant to flooding [Total: 8]

-4

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9 (a) Describe the biological species concept.

A species is animal that can breed with the same species to produce a fertile
...................................................................................................................................................

offspring. They also have very similar gene coding.

...................................................................................................................................................
are reproductively isolated from other species
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Suggest when the morphological species concept is more useful than the biological species
concept.
When the geographical location matters.
...................................................................................................................................................
for extinct organisms
...................................................................................................................................................
they are easier ti determine
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
organisms that are asexual
(c) Compare the characteristics of members of the domain Archaea with the characteristics of
members of the domain Bacteria.

Include similarities and differences. both prokaryotes

Similarities: They both have circular DNA and plasmidd may be present, nucleus
...................................................................................................................................................
is absent and they are both unicellular. they both have no membrane bound
...................................................................................................................................................
organelles. they both have 70s ribosomes. they both have cell well. they both
...................................................................................................................................................
divide by binary fission
...................................................................................................................................................

Differences: Bacteria not associated with histones, some archaea are

...................................................................................................................................................

associated w histones. cell wall of bateria ismade of peptidoglycan whereas

...................................................................................................................................................

cellwall of archae is not made of peptidoglycan.

...................................................................................................................................................
bacteria cell membrane has ester-linked lipids whereas Archaea cell membrane has ether-linked lipids
...................................................................................................................................................
bacteria form spores whereas archae dont
............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 8]

-1
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10 (a) Fig. 10.1 shows the structure of two guard cells.

Fig. 10.1

Name the structures labelled A, B and C in Fig. 10.1.

chloroplast
A ...............................................................................................................................................
vacuole
B ...............................................................................................................................................
cellwall
C ...............................................................................................................................................
[3]

(b) In times of water stress, abscisic acid is released. This results in the closure of stomata to
reduce water loss by transpiration.

Describe the role of abscisic acid in stomatal closure.

abscisic acid binds to ABA receptors, this results in Ca+ influx. Ca+ acts as 2nd
...................................................................................................................................................
messenger and triggers a cascade of enzyme reactions. Ca+ inhibits proton
...................................................................................................................................................
pumps and H+ cannot move. This promotes K+ effux and inhibits K+ influx.
...................................................................................................................................................
Water potential of guard cell increases thus water moves out of the cell and cell
...................................................................................................................................................
become flaccid. Thus the stomata closes.
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 7]

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