20EC611- DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LABORATORY

INDEX
S.N DATE EXPERIMENT NAME SUBMISSIO MARK SIGN
O N S
DATE
1. GENERATION OF ELEMENTARY
DISCRETE-TIME SEQUENCES

2. LINEAR AND CIRCULAR

CONVOLUTIONS

3. AUTO CORRELATION AND CROSS

CORRELATION

4. FREQUENCY ANALYSIS USING DFT.

5. DESIGN OF FIR FILTERS

(LPF/HPF/BPF/BSF) AND
DEMONSTRATES THE FILTERING
OPERATION.

6. DESIGN OF BUTTERWORTH AND

CHEBYSHEV IIR FILTERS
(LPF/HPF/BPF/BSF) AND
DEMONSTRATE THE
FILTERING OPERATIONS.

7.

8.

9.

10.

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Ex no: GENERATION OF ELEMENTARY DISCRETE-TIME

Date: SEQUENCES

AIM:

● To generate elementary Discrete Time Signals.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

● Scilab 6.1.1

PROCEDURE:

● Open The Scilab Software

● Create A New File.
● Generate the Discrete Time Signals for Cosine, Sine, Unit Step, Ramp,
Rectangular, Signum, Sinc, Exponential.
● Execute and Obtain the Wave Signal.
● Save The File.

COSINE WAVES:

f=0.2;
t=0:0.1:10;
x=cos(2*%pi*t*f);
plot2d3(t,x)
title(' cosine wave ');
xlabel(' t ');
ylabel(' x ');

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SINE WAVES:

f=0.2;
t=0:0.1:10;
x=sin(2*%pi*t*f);
plot2d3(t,x)
title(' sine wave ');
xlabel(' t ');
ylabel(' x ');

UNIT STEP:
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t=0:4;
y=ones(1,5);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot2d3(t,y);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('Unit Step Discrete Signal');

SINC SIGNAL:

t=-10:0.2:10
x=sinc(t);
plot2d3(t,x)
title(' sinc wave ');
xlabel(' t ');
ylabel('x ');

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RECTANGULAR WAVE:

clf;
t=linspace(0,10,50);
vm=5*squarewave(t);
plot2d3(t,vm)

EXPONENTIAL WAVE:

t=-2:0.1:2;
x=exp(t);
plot2d3(t,x)

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title(' exponential wave ');

xlabel(' t ');
ylabel(' x ');

RESULT:

The demonstration of discrete time signal was conducted successfully.

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Ex no: LINEAR AND CIRCULAR CONVOLUTION

Date:

AIM:

● To Perform Linear and Circular convolution of two sequences.

SOFTWARE USED:

● Scilab 6.1.1

PROCEDURE:

● Open The Scilab Software

● Create A New File.
● Perform Linear and Circular convolution of two sequences.
● Execute and Obtain The Wave Signal.
● Save The File.

CODE:

// program for linear convolution

clc;
clf;
clear all;
x =input('enter the first sequence:');
y =input('enter the second sequence:');
n =convol(x,y);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot2d3(x);

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title('first sequence');
xlabel('n−−−−−−>');
ylabel('amp−−−−>');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot2d3(y);
title ('second sequence') ;
xlabel ( ' n−−−−−−> ' ) ;
ylabel ( 'amp−−−−> ' ) ;
subplot (2,2,3) ;
plot2d3(n);
title ( 'convolved sequence') ;
xlabel( ' n−−−−−−> ' ) ;
ylabel ( 'amp−−−−> ' ) ;
disp( 'The Convolved Sequences' ) ;
disp(n);

OUTPUT:
Enter the first sequence : [ 4 2 6 2 ]
Enter the second Sequence : [ 6 5 2 3 ]
The convolved sequences
24 32 54 58 28 22 6

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// program for circular convolution

clc ;
clf ;
clear all;
g = input ( ’ Enter the first sequence : ’ ) ;
h = input ( ’ Enter the second sequence : ’ ) ;
N1 = length ( g ) ;
N2 = length ( h ) ;
N = max (N1 , N2 ) ;
N3 = N1 - N2 ;
if( N3 >=0) then
h =[ h , zeros (1 , N3 ) ];
else
g =[ g , zeros (1 , - N3 ) ];
end

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for n =1: N
y ( n ) =0;
for i =1: N
j =n - i +1;
if(j <=0)
j=N+j;
end
y ( n ) = y( n ) + g ( i ) * h( j ) ;
end
end
disp ( ’ The resultant signal is : ’ ) ;
disp ( y );
subplot (3 ,1 ,1) ;
plot2d3 ( g );
title ( ’ f i r s t i n p u t s e q u e n c e ’ ) ;
subplot (3 ,1 ,2) ;
plot2d3 ( h );
title ( ’ s e c o n d i n p u t s e q u e n c e ’ ) ;
subplot (3 ,1 ,3) ;
plot2d3 ( y );
title ( ’ convolved sequence ’ ) ;

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OUTPUT:
// Enter the first sequence : [ 5 3 6 4 ]
// Enter the second sequence : [ 2 6 5 3 ]
// The resultant signal is :
// 7 3 7 4 6 7 7 4

RESULT:

The Linear and Circular convolution of two sequences was performed.

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Ex no: AUTOCORRELATION AND CROSS CORRELATION

Date:

AIM:

● To perform autocorrelation and cross correlation

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

● Scilab 6.1.1

PROCEDURE:

● Open The Scilab Software

● Create A New File.
● Perform autocorrelation and cross correlation
● Execute and Obtain The Wave Signal.
● Save The File.

AUTOCORRELATION CODE:

t = linspace(0, 100, 2000);

y = 0.8 * sin(t) + 0.8 * sin(2 * t);
[c, ind] = xcorr(y, &quot;biased&quot;);
plot(ind, c)
CROSS CORRELATION CODE:

t = linspace(0, 100, 2000);

x = 0.5 * cos(t) + 0.9 * tan(2 * t);
y = 0.8 * sin(t) + 0.8 * sin(2 * t);
[c, ind] = xcorr(x,y, &quot;biased&quot;);
plot(ind, c)

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OUTPUT:

OUTPUT:

RESULT:
The autocorrelation and cross correlation of signals was performed.

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Ex no: FREQUENCY ANALYSIS USING DFT

Date:

AIM:

● To perform frequency analysis using DFT technique.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

● Scilab 6.1.1

PROCEDURE:

● Open The Scilab Software

● Create A New File.
● Perform frequency analysis using DFT
● Execute and Obtain The Wave Signal.
● Save The File.

CODE:

BasebandFrequency = 10e3;
SamplingFrequency = 1e6;
BufferLength = 200;
n = 0:(BufferLength - 1);
BasebandSignal = sin(2*%pi*n / (SamplingFrequency/BasebandFrequency));
plot(n, BasebandSignal)
BasebandDFT = fft(BasebandSignal);
BasebandDFT_magnitude = abs(BasebandDFT);
plot(BasebandDFT_magnitude);

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OUTPUT:

RESULT:

The frequency analysis of baseband signal using DFT was performed.

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Ex no: DESIGN OF FIR FILTERS (LPF/HPF/BPF/BSF) AND

Date: DEMONSTRATES THE FILTERING OPERATION

AIM:

● To design FIR filters like LPF, HPF, BPF, BSF.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

● Scilab 6.1.1

PROCEDURE:

● Open The Scilab Software

● Create A New File.
● Design various FIR filters like LPF, HPF, BPF and BSF.
● Execute and Obtain the output.
● Save The File.

LPF CODE:

// code for low pass filter

clc ;
clear ;
xdel ( winsid () ) ;
fc = input("Enter Analog Cutoff Frequency In Hz :") //250
fs = input("Enter Analog sampling Frequency in Hz:")//2000
M = input("Enter order of filter:")//4
w = (2* %pi ) *( fc / fs ) ;
disp(w,'Digital cutoff frequency in radians.cycles/samples');
wc = w/ %pi ;

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disp ( wc ,'Normalized digital cutoff frequency in cycles/samples');

[wft,wfm,fr]=wfir('lp',M+1,[wc/2,0],'re',[0,0]);
disp ( wft ,'Impulse response of LPF FIR filter:h[n]=');
// P l o t t i n g t h e Magnitude R e s po n s e of LPF FIR Filter
subplot (2 ,1 ,1)
plot (2* fr , wfm )
xlabel("Normalized digital frequency w---->");
ylabel("Magnitude |H(w)|=");
title("MAgnitude response of FIR filter");
xgrid(1)
subplot (2 ,1 ,2)
plot(fr*fs,wfm)
xlabel("Analog frequency in Hz f---->");
ylabel("Magnitude |H(w)|=");
title("Magnitude response of FIR LPF");2
xgrid (1)
OUTPUT:

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HPF CODE:

// code for high pass filter

clc ;
clear ;
xdel ( winsid () ) ;

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fc=input("Enter Analog cutoff cutoff frequency in HZ:")// 250

fs=input("Enter Analog sampling cutoff frequency in Hz:")//2000
M=input ("Enter order of filter") // 4
w=(2*%pi)*(fc/fs);
disp(w,'Digital cutoff frequency in radians.cycles/samples') ;
wc=w/%pi ;
disp (wc,'Normalized digital cutoff frequency in cycles/samples') ;
[wft,wfm,fr]=wfir('hp',M+1,[wc/2,0],'re',[0,0]) ;
disp (wft,'Impulse Response of HPF FIR Filter:h[n]=');
20 // P l o t t i n g t h e Magnitude R e s po n s e of HPF FIR Filter
subplot(2 ,1 ,1)
plot(2*fr,wfm)
xlabel("Normalized Digital Frequency w−−−>");
ylabel("Magnitude |H(w)|=");
title("Magnitude Response of FIR HPF");
xgrid(1)
subplot (2 ,1 ,2)
plot(fr*fs,wfm);
xlabel("Analog Frequency in Hz f −−−>");
ylabel("Magnitude |H(w)|=");
title("Magnitude Response of FIR HPF");
xgrid(1)

OUTPUT:
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BPF CODE:

// code for band pass filter

clc ;
clear ;
xdel ( winsid () ) ;
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fc1=input("Enter Analog lower cutoff frequency in Hz:") // 250

fc2=input("Enter Analog higher cutoff frequency in Hz:") // 600
fs=input("Enter Analog sampling frequency in Hz:") //2000
M=input("Enter order of filter:") // 4
w1=(2*%pi)*(fc1/fs);
w2=(2*%pi)*(fc2/fs);
disp(w1,'Digital lower cutoff frequency in radians.cycles/samples') ;
disp(w2,'Digital higher cutoff frequency in radians.cycles/samples') ;
wc1=w1/%pi;
wc2=w2/%pi;
disp(wc1,'Normalized digital lower cutoff frequency in cycles/samples');
disp(wc2,'Normalized digital higher cutoff frequency in cycles/samples');
[wft,wfm,fr]= wfir('bp',M +1,[wc1/2,wc2/2],'re',[0,0]);
disp(wft,'Impulse response of BPF FIR Filter:h[n]=');
// P l o t t i n g t h e Magnitude R e s po n s e of HPF FIR Filter
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(2*fr,wfm);
xlabel('Normalized Digital Frequency w−−−>');
ylabel('Magnitude |H(w)|=');
title('Magnitude Response of FIR BPF');
xgrid(1)
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(fr*fs,wfm);
xlabel('Analog Frequency in Hz f −−−>');
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ylabel('Magnitude |H(w)|=');
title('Magnitude R e s po n s e of FIR BPF');
xgrid(1)

OUTPUT:

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BSF CODE:

// code for band stop filter

clc;
clear;
xdel(winsid());
fc1=input("Enter analog lower cutoff frequency in Hz:")//250
fc2=input("Enter analog higher cutoff frequency in Hz")//600
fs=input("Enter analog sampling frequency in Hz:")//2000
M=input("Enter order of filter:")//4
w1=(2*%pi)*(fc1/fs);
w2=(2*%pi)*(fc2/fs);
disp(w1,'Digital lower cutoff frequency in radians. cycles/samples');
disp(w2,'Digital higher cutoff frequency in radians.cycles/samples');
wc1=w1/%pi;

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wc2=w2/%pi;
disp(wc1,'Normalized digital lower cutoff frequency in cycles/samples');
disp(wc2,'Normalized digital higher cutoff frequency in cycles/samples');
[wft,wfm,fr]=wfir('sb',M+1,[wc1/2,wc2/2],'re',[0,0]);
disp(wft,'Impulse response of BSF FIR Filter:h[n]:');
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(2*fr,wfm)
xlabel("Normalized digital frequency w---->");
ylabel("Magnitude |H(w)|:");
title("Magnitude response of FIR BSF");
xgrid(1)
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(fr*fs,wfm)
xlabel("Analog Frequency in Hz f---->");
ylabel("Magnitude |H(w)|:");
title("Magnitude response of FIR BSF");
xgrid(1)

OUTPUT:

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RESULT:

The FIR filters like LPF, HPF, BPF, BSF were designed and output waveforms
were obtained.

Ex no: DESIGN OF BUTTERWORTH AND CHEBYSHEV IIR

Date: FILTERS (LPF/HPF/BPF/BSF) AND DEMONSTRATE
THE FILTERING OPERATIONS.

AIM:

● To design butterworth and chebyshev IIR filters for LPF, HPF, BPF, BSF.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

● Scilab 6.1.1

PROCEDURE:

● Open The Scilab Software

● Create A New File.
● Design butterworth and chebyshev IIR filters for LPF, HPF, BPF, BSF .

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● Execute and Obtain the output.

● Save The File.

BUTTERWORTH LPF CODE:

// Caption : To design a digital IIR First Order Butterworth LPF Filter

// Using Bilinear Transformation
clear all;
clc ;
close ;
s=poly(0,'s');
Omegac=0.2*%pi; // Cut off f r e q u e n c y
H=Omegac/(s+Omegac); // Analog first order Butterworth filter transfer function
T =1; // Sampling p e r i o d T = 1 Second
z =poly(0,'z');
Hz =horner(H,(2/T)*((z-1)/(z+1))) // Bilinear r a n sf o rm a ti o n
HW = frmag(Hz(2),Hz(3),512); // Frequency response of o r 512 p o i n t s
W =0:%pi/511:%pi;
a = gca();
a.thickness=1;
plot(W/%pi,HW,'r')
a.foreground=1;
a.font_style=9;
xgrid(1)
xtitle('Magnitude Response of Single pole LPF filter cutoff frequency =
0.2*pi','Normalized digital frequency -----> ',' Magnitude');

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OUTPUT :

BUTTERWORTH HPF CODE:

clear all;
clc;
close ;
s = poly(0,'s');
Omegac = 0.2*%pi;
H = Omegac/(s+Omegac);
T=1;
z=poly(0,'z');
Hz_LPF = horner(H,(2/T)*((z-1)/(z+1)));
alpha = -(cos((Omegac+Omegac)/2))/(cos((Omegac-Omegac)/2));

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HZ_HPF = horner(Hz_LPF, -(z+alpha)/(1+alpha*z))

HW = frmag(HZ_HPF(2),HZ_HPF(3),512);
W=0:%pi/511:%pi;
a=gca();
a.thickness=1;
plot(W/%pi,HW,'r')
a.foreground=1;
a.font_style=9;
xgrid(1)
xtitle('Magnitude Response of Single pole HPF Filter Cutoff frequency =
0.2*pi','Normalized digital frequency W/pi ---->','Magnitude');

OUTPUT :

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BUTTERWORTH BPF CODE:

clear all;
clc;
close;
omegaP = 0.2*%pi;
omegaL = (1/5)*%pi;
omegaU = (3/5)*%pi;
z=poly(0,'z');
H_LPF=(0.245)*(1+(z^-1))/(1-0.509*(z^-1));
alpha = (cos((omegaU+omegaL)/2)/cos((omegaU-omegaL)/2));
k=(cos((omegaU-omegaL)/2)/sin((omegaU-omegaL)/2))*tan(omegaP/2);
NUM = -((z^2)-((2*alpha*k/(k+1))*z)+((k-1)/(k+1)));
DEN = (1-((2*alpha*k/(k+1))*z)+(((k-1)/(k+1))*(z^2)));

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HZ_BPF=horner(H_LPF,NUM/DEN);
disp(HZ_BPF,'Digital BPF IIR Filter H(Z)= ');
HW = frmag(HZ_BPF(2),HZ_BPF(3),512);
W=0:%pi/511:%pi;
a=gca();
a.thickness=1;
plot(W/%pi,HW,'r')
a.foreground=1;
a.font_style=9;
xgrid(1)
xtitle('Magnitude Response of BPF Filter cutoff frequency [0.2,0.6]','Normalized
digital frequency --->','MAgnitude');

OUTPUT :

BUTTERWORTH BSF CODE:

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clear all;
clc;
close;
omegaP = 0.2*%pi;
omegaL = (1/5)*%pi;
omegaU = (3/5)*%pi;
z=poly(0,'z');
H_LPF=(0.245)*(1+(z^-1))/(1-0.509*(z^-1));
alpha = (cos((omegaU+omegaL)/2)/cos((omegaU-omegaL)/2));
k=tan((omegaU-omegaL)/2)*tan(omegaP/2);
NUM = -((z^2)-((2*alpha/(1+k))*z)+((1-k)/(1+k)));
DEN = (1-((2*alpha/(1+k))*z)+(((1-k)/(1+k))*(z^2)));
HZ_BPF=horner(H_LPF,NUM/DEN);
HW = frmag(HZ_BPF(2),HZ_BPF(3),512);
W=0:%pi/511:%pi;
a=gca();
a.thickness=1;
plot(W/%pi,HW,'r')
a.foreground=1;
a.font_style=9;
xgrid(1)
xtitle('Magnitude Response of BSF Filter cutoff frequency [0.2,0.6]','Normalized
digital frequency --->','MAgnitude');

OUTPUT :

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CHEBYSHEV LPF CODE:

clear all;
clc;
close;
Wp= input('Enter the digital pass band edge frequency');
Ws= input('Enter the digital stop band edge frequency');
T=input('sampling interval')
OmegaP = (2/T)*tan(Wp/2)
OmegaS = (2/T)*tan(Ws/2)
Delta1 = input('Enter the pass band ripple');
Delta2 = input('Enter the stop band ripple');
Delta = sqrt(((1/Delta2)^2)-1)
Epsilon = sqrt(((1/Delta1)^2)-1)
N = (acosh(Delta/Epsilon))/(acosh(OmegaS/OmegaP))

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N=ceil(N)
OmegaC = OmegaP/((((1/Delta1)^2)-1)^(1/(2*N)))
[pols,gn]=zpch1(N,Epsilon,OmegaP)
Hs=poly(gn,'s','coeff')/real(poly(pols,'s'))
z=poly(0,'z');
Hz=horner(Hs,((2/T)*((z-1)/(z+1))))
HW = frmag(Hz(2),Hz(3),512);
W=0:%pi/511:%pi;
a=gca();
a.thickness=1;
plot(W/%pi,abs(HW),'r')
a.foreground=1;
a.font_style=9;
xgrid(1)
xtitle('Magnitude Response of Chebyshev LPF Filter','Normalized digital
frequency --->','MAgnitude in dB');

OUTPUT :

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