GRADE: X
CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS TO BE WRITTEN IN THE RECORD.
TERM - I
1. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
2. PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AND BASES.
3. pH OF SAMPLES.
4. REACTIVITY SERIES.
INSTRUCTIONS:
Diagrams and observation table must be written on the left hand side of the Record.
Use only pencil in the left hand side.
Aim, Materials required, procedure, result, precautions must be written on the Right
hand side. Blue pen can be used. For headings if you wish black pen can be used.
Write neatly.
EXPT NO:1 DATE: TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
AIM: To perform and observe the following reactions and classify them into:
A. Combination reaction
B. Decomposition reaction
C. Displacement reaction
D. Double displacement reaction
1. Action of water on quicklime
2. Action of heat on ferrous sulphate crystals
3. Iron nails kept in copper sulphate solution
4. Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Test tubes, test tube stand, spatula, test tube holders, lime, Ferrous sulphate, iron nails
solutions of Copper sulphate, Barium chloride and Sodium sulphate solutions.
Basic Principle involved:
(a) Combination Reaction: In this reaction, a colour change, generation of
precipitate or evolution of gas can be observed along with energy changes.
e.g; CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 + heat
(b) Decomposition Reaction: A compound undergoes a decomposition
reaction, usually when heated.
e.g; 2FeSO4(s) Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) +SO3(g)
(c)Displacement reaction: It is characterized by a visible change, in which an ion or
an atom in a compound is displaced by an ion or an atom of another element.
e.g; Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
(d) Double displacement Reaction: The double displacement reactions are
characterized by two main features:
(i) Two compounds exchange ions or elements to form new compounds.
(ii) One of the products is either a compound that will separate out from the reaction
mixture in some way.(commonly as a solid or a gas or a stable covalent
compound,often water)
e.g; Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)
PROCEDURE:
1. Take four test tubes in a test tube stand and label them as A, B, C D.
2. To test tube ‘A’ add quick lime using a spatula and a few ml of water and observe
the change.
3. Hold test tube ‘B’ with a test tube holder and add to it Ferrous sulphate crystals
and heat it in the Bunsen burner and observe the change.
4. Add two iron nails to the test tube ‘C’ containing a solution of copper sulphate
and observe the changes.
5. Take test tube ‘D’ , add 5 ml of sodium sulphate solution to it. Then add equal
amount of barium chloride solution to it and observe the changes.
Observation Table:
S.NO. Test Tube Observation Inference
A white powder is formed with a hissing
It is a
1. A sound and a lot of heat is liberated
combination
during
the process. reaction.
The pale green colour of ferrous sulphate
disappears and a bright red solid is
obtained by evolution of a gas which has a
smell of burning sulphur.
Confirmatory test for evolution of SO2 gas: It is a
2. B
The gas on passing through lime water decompositio
turns it milky, the milkiness disappears if n reaction.
the gas is passed in excess.
Ca(OH)2(aq) + SO2(g) CaSO3(s) +
H2O(l) CaSO3(s) + SO2(g) +H2O(l)
Ca(HSO3)(aq)
Fe displaces Cu from its
The light blue colur of the solution
salt solution, therefore
3. C disappears and it becomes pale green.
this is a displacement
Reddish brown deposits are seen.
reaction.
Since the ions are
exchanged between
A white precipitate s obtained which
4. D the two reactants, it is
is insoluble in dil HCl.
a
double displacement
reaction.
RESULT:
1. The reaction between quick lime and water is accompanied by evolution of
heat and the formation of slaked lime and is a combination reaction.
2. Heating of ferrous sulphate crystals which are pale green in colour yields
Fe2O3 which is bright red and liberates SO2 and SO3 gases and is a
decomposition reaction.
3. Iron is able to diplace copper from its salt solution, therefore it is a
displacement reaction.
4. The reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions is a
double displacement reaction where a precipitate of barium sulphate is
obtained.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Handle the chemicals with care.
2. use a spatula to add solid chemicals to the test tube.
3. Use chemicals in small amounts.
4. Heat ferrous sulphate crystals carefully in the flame using a test tube holder.
5. wash your hands properly after the experiment.
EXPT NO: 2 DATE: PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AND BASES
Aim
(a) To study the properties of acids (HCl) by their reaction with
1. Litmus solution(Blue/Red)
2. Zinc metal(Zn)
3. Solid sodium carbonate(Na2COs).
Materials Required
Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, cork, droppers, beaker, litmus
(red and blue), Zn metal granules, solid sodium carbonate, dil. HCl.
Theory
1. HCl is an acid. Acids turn blue litmus red and do not affect red litmus.
2. On reacting with zinc metal, it forms a salt, zinc chloride (ZnCl2)
and hydrogen gas (H2) is liberated.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) +H2↑
Hydrogen gas burns in air with a pop
sound. 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H20(l)
3. HCl reacts with sodium carbonate (aqueous/solid) to liberate carbon
dioxide(CO2) which turns lime water milky. When excess of CO 2 is
passed through the solution, the milkiness disappears.
Procedure And Observation Table
Result
1. HCI turns blue litmus red.
2. It releases H2 gas on reaction with Zn metal.
3. It liberates C02 gas on reaction with Na2C03.
Precautions
1. HCI is corrosive, therefore, handle it with care.
2. Use small quantities of chemicals.
3. A fine jet should be taken for burning hydrogen.
4. Use clean zinc metal, otherwise the reaction will occur very slowly.
5. Wash your hands properly with soap after the experiment.
Aim
(b) To study the properties of bases(NaOH) by their reaction with
1. Litmus solution(Blue/Red)
2. Zinc metal(Zn)
3. Solid sodium carbonate(Na2CO3)
Materials Required
Dil. NaOH, test tubes, test tube holder, test tube stand, red and blue litmus
solutions, zinc metal, sodium carbonate and droppers.
Theory
1. NaOH is a base. Bases turn red litmus blue and do not affect blue litmus.
2. On reacting with zinc metal, NaOH forms sodium zincate and
hydrogen gas is liberated. The hydrogen gas burns with a pop
sound.
3. NaOH does not react with solid or aqueous Na2CO3.
Procedure And Observation Table
Result
1. NaOH turns red litmus blue.
2. On reaction with Zn metal, it releases H2
3. It does not react with Na2CO3.
Precautions
1. Handle NaOH with care.
2. Use small quantities of chemicals.
3. A fine jet should be taken for burning hydrogen.
4. Zn granules should be clean.
5. Wash your hands properly after completing experiment.
EXPT NO: 3 DATE: pH OF SAMPLES
AIM
To find the pH of the following samples by using pH paper/universal indicator:
1. Dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl)
2. Dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution
3. Dilute ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) solution
4. Lemon juice
5. Water
6. Dilute sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) solution.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Test tubes, test tube stand, droppers or glass rod, pH paper/universal
indicator, standard colour chart, glazed white tile and samples of dil.
HCl, dil. NaOH, dil. ethanoic acid (acetic acid/vinegar), lemon juice,
distilled water and dil. sodium bicarbonate solution.
THEORY
1. pH is the measure of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
2. The hydrogen ion concentration (H+) for an acidic solution is
always greater than 10-7 mol L-1 and its pH is, therefore, always
less than 7.
3. The hydrogen ion concentration of a basic solution is always less than 10-
7
mol L-1 and, therefore, its pH is always greater than 7.
4. The hydrogen ion concentration of a neutral solution is 10-7
mol L-1 and, therefore, its pH is 7.
5. The pH of a solution can be measured by using a pH paper,
universal indicator or pH meter.
PROCEDURE
1. Take the given solutions in separate test tubes marked as A, B,
C, D, E and F and keep them in the test tube stand.
2. Take six strips of pH paper and place them on a glazed white tile.
3. Using a dropper or a glass rod, place a drop of the test solution
on the pH paper.
4. Note the colour developed on the pH paper and compare it
with the colour chart of the pH paper.
5. Record the pH value corresponding to the colour.
6. Similarly, using a fresh dropper each time, perform the
experiment with the remaining test samples using a fresh strip of
pH paper.
7. Record your observations as indicated in the table below.
8. For using universal indicator, add a few drops of universal
indicator to each of the test tubes with the test solutions.
9. Note the colour of each solution and compare it with
colour on the indicator bottle.
10. Record your observations.
OBSERVATION TABLE
COLOUR
PRODUCED ON
S.NO. SAMPLE SOLUTION APPROXIMATE pH INFERENCE
pH
PAPER/UNIVERS
AL
INDICATOR
A Dil Hydrochoric acid Red 1 Strong acid
B Dil Sodium hydroxide Dark blue 13 Strong base
C Dil Ethanoic acid Orange 4 Weak acid
D Lemon juice Orange red 2.5 Weak acid
E Water Green 7 Neutral
F Dil Sodium bicrbonate Light blue 9 Weak base
RESULT
1. The pH of dilute solutions of hydrochloric acid, ethanoic acid
and lemon juice is less than 7 and therefore, they are acidic in
nature.
2. The pH of dilute solutions of sodium hydroxide and sodium
bicarbonate is more than 7 and therefore, these solutions are
basic in nature.
3. The pH of water is 7 and therefore, it is neutral in nature.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Mark the test tubes carefully.
2. Use distilled water for preparing solutions.
3. Use only standard colour charts supplied with the pH paper for
assessing the pH value.
4. Do not touch the pH paper with unclean and wet hands.
5. Keep the pH paper away from chemical fumes. .
6. Do not touch or taste the solutions.
7. Clean the glass rod/dropper properly before reusing.
8. Do not waste pH paper.
EXPT NO: 4DATE: REACTIVITY SERIES
AIM
1. To observe the action of Zn, Fe, Cu and Al metals on the
following salt solutions:
o ZnSO4(aq.)
o FeSO4(aq.)
o CuSO4(aq.)
o Al2(SO4)3(aq.)
2. Arrange Zn, Fe, Cu and A1 metals in the decreasing order of
reactivity based on the above result.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Test tubes, test tube stand, metals-Zn granules, Fe filings, Cu
turnings, Al foil and aqueous solutions of zinc sulphate, ferrous
sulphate, copper sulphate and aluminium sulphate.
THEORY
In a displacement reaction an ion or an atom in a compound is
replaced by an ion or an atom of zinc sulphate element. It may be
denoted as
X + YZ ——-> XZ + Y
The displacement reactions are based on the reactivity series, where
a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt
solution.
For three different metals A, B, C, if metal A replaces metal B from its
aqueous solution then metal A is more reactive than metal B.
If metal C displaces metal B from its salt solution, but metal A
displaces metal C from its salt solution it follows that the increasing
order of reactivity is:
B < C < A.
When pieces of Zn are dipped in copper sulphate solution, the blue
colour of copper sulphate starts fading and
reddish brown particles of copper settle at the bottom. This occurs
because of the following reaction:
Some other examples of displacement reactions are as follows:
PROCEDURE
1. Take four test tubes and label them as ZnSO4, FeSO4, CuSO4 and Al2(SO4)3
2. Pour equal amount of their aqueous solutions into the
respective test tubes.
3. Add a small strip of Al foil to each of the test tubes.
4. Observe the changes and record your observations.
5. Repeat similar procedure using:
o Cu turnings with ZnSO4, FeSO4, CuSO4 and Al2(SO4)3 solutions.
o Fe filings with ZnSO4, FeSO4, CuSO4 and Al2(SO4)3 solutions.
o Zn granules with ZnSO4, FeSO4, CuSO4 and Al2(SO4)3 solutions.
Record your observations in the table:
OBSERVATION TABLE
RESULT
1. Al is able to displace Fe, Cu and Zn from their salt solutions,
therefore Al is most reactive.
2. Cu is unable to displace any metal among Al, Fe and Zn from
their salt solutions, therefore Cu is least reactive.
3. Fe is unable to displace Zn from its salt solution, whereas Zn
is able to displace Fe from its salt solution, therefore Zn is
more reactive than Fe.
4. The decreasing order of reactivity for these metals follow the order:
Al > Zn > Fe > Cu.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Handle the chemicals carefully.
2. Clean each metal with sand paper.
3. Observe the changes carefully as few reactions may occur slowly.
4. Do not taste the chemicals.
5. Wash your hands properly after the experiment.
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