subaqueous great Hydrographic
laysBeasuring depth
nding sou ieydrographic
aalSurveying
ong 2 dalong
For
borings, Land
TopographicalSurveys resources
Model Local
tests 9. Seismic
investigation7.SoilMeteorological
8.dataGeological
6.data5. following
Topographical
4. data
Hydrographic
surveys at
3. 2. 1.
1) The th e with Investigation
l 52
a
tahneyout
tng.
111) i ) selectinga After Site BPOUORSRATNDS
the of
planning ographic
Ocean
data comprises of
coast topography
Sounding
c0-sounder Sounding main sounding water test the
soundings
aim role and contour
surveying. pits, and
SOurce. in below
rods inany
cables making ofthe design ofsiteon
or depths, maritime th e buildings, plan of surveys
the
orusing For
area the
Fathometer or
Poles planning of based
Compared surface
Lead one most and the
harbour harbour
soundings toutilities steps:
of structure
be ground.
linesequipment:
followingtthhee of and currents of
the todeveloped abovethe
land water and and should
engineering design
1s and Further
the
to
surveying. 1s localterminal
of should
plottingcalled depths be
determine marine m it factors,
landmarks. is collected.
sounding. area
to
works, a them be of
hydrographic
structures. known.water be
the should data
as noted,
Site
boat
confguration charts The necessary
Measurementsome the be
Investigation
is science
surveying
comprise distance obtained
location
usedfor 10.19
for
of of
RAILWAYS, AIRPORTS AND
10.20
i) SoundingRod or Pole
It is a wooden or bamboo pole of 5
cm diameter and 2.3
A disc of 15 cmn diameter is fixed at the bottom of the
pole. The pole
is
HARBOURIENGINEleRngtINGh.
m
in metres and 1 /10th ofa metre. The sounding pole is suitable
for
graduatej
for depths up to 2 m. In order to measure the depth, the
dipped vertically from a boat at the required place such that the disc
sounding pole
is measurementslowly
the bed of the river. Then the depth of water is noted from the rests on
the pole (Figure 10.11) graduation
Observe
Boat
Water surface olo
D
Sounding pole9 G0
River bottom
Disc eyavuesaidqgoqol
Figure 10.11 Sounding pole
i) Sounding Cable methodd etc jes)boo
Use of sounding pole can not be
more than 2 m and water current is high.effectively used if the depth of water s
In such a case a cable or rope is
us
Pulley.
Observerltqabribcoe s
Boat Water surface
Cable
D
River bottom
Weight
Figure 10.12 Sounding cable method
MARBOURSAND PORTSca 10.21
he cable is attached with a weight of 5 kg at the bottom and released
from a boat by means of a pulley system (Figure 10.12). When the weigh
touches the bottom of the river, a mark is made on the cable exactly at the
NLSt
ater level. Then using a tape the depth is measured on the cable.
O Echo sounder
This is also called as fathometer which is used for measuring depth of
longe rivers and of seas with depth more than l0 m. By this instrument the
from the surface of
depth of water is obtained by sending a sound impulse
water towards the bottom of the river or sea bed. The sound waves are reflected
hack from the bed to the surface in the form of an echo which is arrested by a
receiver. In the instrument there is a provision to automatically record the
time of onward and backward travel of the sound wave. Considering the velocity
of water as 1470 m/s the depth of water can be computed. In order to eliminate
the transmission loss and to obtain an accurate result, the echo sounder is
placed just at the water level.
Transmitter Transmission datum Receiveriqsgoneo0
balsioyal abl n D
River or sea bottomos
Figure 10.13 Principle of echo-sounding
Echo-sounding method has several aavantages compared to other tuo
methods:
1A tulv vertical, sounding can be done by this method, the resut is
more accurate. An accuracy Ol 0 Cm can be obtained
continuous record of the river or sea bottom can be obtained as the
A
2. vessel moves forward.
used even
under strong current environment and in all
3. It can be
weather conditions.
10.22 RAILWAYs, AIRPORTSAND HARBOUR ENGINEEPIMO
4, It is a more sensitive instrument.
5. The measurements are taken with more speed and continuous
recordíng.
6. It can be used in any sea or rlver botton condition.
3. Meteorological Data
Wind velocity, duration anddirection at the selected site should be recorded
for atleast for one year. Wind rose diagrams are drawn for aligning different
elements of the harbour. All detalls of wind such as wind velocity, radius of
wind, wind duration, etc are collected. Further, details of cyclonic storm.
frequency. pressure drop are also collected.
Other meterological data such as temperature (daily, monthly, average).
barometric pressure, monthwise rainfall, relative humidity, should be collected
and compled for necessary use. All such datas available from a neighbouring
existing or upcoming harbour site may also be collected.
4. Oceanographic Data
Oceanographic data comprises of data pertaining to tides, waves, currents,
surges, salinity and sea bed details. Tide tables concerned to a site should be
available. If tide details are not available tide gauge stations have to be
established to fnd the various tidal levels. The details needed are diurmal high
waters and low waters and maximum and minimum tide
levels
particular place. These data are needed for optimum design depthexpected
at a
turning circle and sometimes even berths. of channel.
During tidal cycles at maximum spring and neap tides, it is
collect information concerning the direction, velocity and necessary to
In case of fresh water discharge duration of currents
current characterisrics, particularly at highest
flood discharge should be assessed.
Further
locations of structures are to be studied. In thepattern of current at important
areas, the feasibility of existance of under proposed harbour and channel
water cross currents should also oe
investigated.
Based on the available information the
drift should be accurately assessed. quantitly of siltation and littorl
Further information of sea bed matertals.
suspended load, salínity of sea water, and average temperature are to be gathered
ARBOURSANDPORTS
10.23
R GeologicalData
The subsoil and rock below the sea bed should be known to take
structure planned to be constructed over the site. The details required are
thickness, underlying bed rock. Type and strength of
thelayer of soil and their
drock, fissures faults and folds. Presence of any active fault has to be
Scertained.
Soil Investigation
Structures to be constructed on shore or off-shore need a through soil
vestigation. For examples structures for harbours, channels, breakwater,
pier. waves, etc need a detail soil investigation.
50 m 50 m 50 m
975
1.5H
Main borings
Inteimediate
/Boring first ordet
G--@-------oabtesto
JIntemediate boring
^econd order
50 m 50 m 50 m
Figure 10.14 Layout of borings for waterfront structure in docks and harbours
Adeguate borings have to be made and boring logs are to be plotted. Main
borinds should be along the top edge ot shore at every 50 m. In reclained areas
larde diameter bores should be Used. sol profile is ascertained after
probing in
between the bores.
Based on the findingss of main bores, intermediate
denth at which the known uniorm Sou layer, as identifiedborings
are made to a
in the main hore.r
S encountered. These intermediate borings are called as
of frst order. If considerable change in the upper
layer is noticed, intermediate
borings
borings of second order may be made (Fig. 10.14). intermediate
The depth of boring in general the
should be taken atleast 3.0 m
twice in hard
strata or to a depth equal to
difference
in ground
elevation on
side of a structure. either
RAILWAYS, AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR
10.24
All the field tests such as standard penetration test, cone
ENGINEERING
penetration
test, and permeablity tests should be conducted. Other tests needed for the
design of foundation such as shear strength and consolldation tests are to be
done including tests for classification of soil and rock.
7. Seismic Data
Seismic data in the vicinity of the area should be collected. Details of
eartnquakes in the recent past, their level and liqulfication of sea bottom are
to be collected. All important structures (both on-shore and off-shore) should
be designed with proper case of the selismic effects as BIS code (IS: 1893)
8. Local Resources
Availability of construction materials such as bricks, stones, timber, sand
etc should be investigated along with their costs. Apart from construction materials
availability of skilled and unskilled labour and their prevailing rates should be
ascertained.
Further availability of suitable construction equipment like bouldozers,
dredgers, trench cutting machines, etc to be noted. Availability of electrical
power, water andcommunication facilities are to be taken care. All these aspects
are considered while designing the structures.
9. Model Testing
In developing a harbour project, hydraulic model
considered as a necessasity. These modes could be of tidaltesting has been
models or wave
models. A properly conducted hydraulic model yields so
such as many useful results
1) Protection of docks from wave action.
11) Effects of
diffraction and refraction on waves.
1) Effects on littoral drift and
possible eroison and deposition.
iv) Effects of tidal
currents.
