Faculty Orientation Program

on
TE (E&TC) Revised Syllabus_2019 Course
Unit III: Introduction of Mobile Communication
Cellular Network
under the aegis of
Board of Studies E&TC, SPPU, Pune.
[27/01/2022 To 29/01/2022]
Dr. Vijay M. Birari
 Content:
III. Introduction to Mobile communication:
• Introduction to Cellular Service Progression,
• Overview of Cellular mobile and Network architecture
• Cell Geometry,
• Cellular radio system design- Frequency assignments,
• frequency reuse channels,
• Concept of cell splitting and Cell sectoring.
• Significance of Handover in cellular systems with
Handoff algorithms and Roaming

Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari

28 Jan. 2022 2
 Objectives
• To be familiar with Cellular/ Mobile service
Progression
• To be understand Cellular mobile and Network
architecture & its functioning
• To be able to analyse & calculate & cellular
capacity & frequency reuse.
• To be able to Compare Handoff / Handover
strategies.
• To be able to calculate Trunking & Grade of
service
28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 3
 Outcome
• Students must be able to compare Cellular/ Mobile
service Progression
• Students must be able to draw Cellular mobile and
Network architecture & know its functioning
• Students must be able to Analyse & Solve cellular
capacity, frequency reuse
• Students must be able to Compare Handoff /
Handover strategies.
• Students must be able to calculate Trunking & Grade
of service

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 4

 Introduction to Cellular Service Progression

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 5

 Evolution of Mobile Generation

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 6

 Evolution
Service type Narrow Band Wide Band Multimedia
1G 2G 3G 4G

Wireless
Internet
Voice Digital IMT Mobile
IS 95 system
2000
IS 136
Analog GSM
AMPS

~ 24kbps ~64kbps ~2Mbps ~20Mbps

1980 1990 2000 2010

Years

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 7

Dr. Vijay M. Birari
 Comparison 1 G to 5G
Technology 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
Deployment 1970-1980 1990-2004 2004-2010 2016- Now Upcoming
Data BW 2Kbps 64Kbps 2Mbps 1Gbps Higher
Technology Analog Digital CDMA2000 Wi-Max, WWWW
UMTS, EDGE WiFi, LTE
Core Network PSTN PSTN Packet NW Internet Internet
Multiplexing FDMA TDMA/CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA
Switching Circuit Circuit/Packet Packet All Packet All Packet
Primary Service Analog Digital Phone Digital Phone All IP Services High Speed,
Telephone Calls & Calls & including Voice Capacity &
Calls Messaging Messaging, Data Services Large Broad D
Key Mobility Secure, Mass Better Internet Faster Better
Differentiator Adoption Broadband, Coverage, No
Low Latency Dropped calls
Expensive / Poor Spectral Limited data Performance Battery use is Better
Weakness Efficiency, Rate Poor, failure to more, Coverage, No
Security Issue WAP for Expensive Dropped calls
Internet
28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 8
28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 9
 Overview of –
Cellular mobile and Network architecture

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28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 11
 GSM
• The GSM network can be divided into three broad parts

• Radio Sub System (RSS)

• RSS = MS + BSS

• BSS = BTS+ BSC

• Network Sub System (NSS)

• NSS = MSC+ HLR + VLR + GMSC

• Operation Sub System

• OSS = EIR + AuC

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 12

Mobile Station
• The mobile station consists of the mobile equipment, i.e.
the handset, and a smart card called the Subscriber Identity Module
(SIM).
• The SIM provides personal mobility
• The mobile equipment is uniquely identified by the
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI).
• The SIM Subscriber card contains the International Mobile
Subscriber Identity (IMSI) used to identify the subscriber to the
system.

Dr. Vijay M. Birari

• The IMEI and the IMSI are independent, thereby allowing
personal mobility.

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 13

 BTS

BTS BSC MSC PSTN

MS

BTS

GSM Radio air [ SS7 MAP

Abis interface A Interface
interface Um & TCAP ]
(standardized)
28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari
14
• Um interface provides communication between mobile & BTS
• A interface deals with network and switching aspects
• network management, controlling and encryption of user data
and signalling information with management
• The Abis interface is associated with the information exchange
related to the radio transmission
• SS7 MAP & TCAP Mobile Application part Signaling Protocol
used in Intelligent Network, Transaction capabilities
application part carries Application data to be exchanged
between nodes

Dr. Vijay M. Birari

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 15
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
• The base station subsystem is composed of two parts,
• Base Transceiver Station and
• Base Station Controller.
• The Base Transceiver Station
consist of radio transceivers that define a cell and handles the
radio-link protocols with the mobile station.
• The Base Station Controller manages the radio resources

Dr. Vijay M. Birari

for one or more base transceiver stations.

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 16

Network Subsystem
• It consist of Mobile services Switching Center.
(MSC). This acts like a normal switching node of
the PSTN, ISDN, PDN
• It additionally provides
• registration,
• authentication,
• location updating,

Dr. Vijay M. Birari

• handovers and
• call routing to a roaming subscriber.
28 Jan. 2022
Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari
17
 Dr. Vijay M. Birari
28 Jan. 2022
Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 18
• The MSC which co works with the VLR currently contains the data
on the called user
• HLR-Home Location Reg is the central database which stores the permanent
parameters of the users and information on their current location.
• VLR is the database consisting of records describing mobile
stations currently registered in the service area of a particular
MSC.
• AUC -Authentication Centre, The data base that allows
checking if the user with the assigned SIM card
• EIR –Equipment Identification register-The database of
serial numbers of the mobile phones used in the system

Dr. Vijay M. Birari

• OMC-The Operation and Maintenance Centre supervises the
operation of particular GSM system blocks.

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 19

 (basic 900 MHz band only).
• Frequency Band
The uplink link frequency band f Downlink
(for transmission from the Mobile stations to Base 960 MHz
124
stations (Uplink)) 890 - 915 MHz

The downlink frequency range 935.2 MHz 1 200 kHz

(for transmission from the base stations to mobile
20 MHz
stations (Downlink)) 935- 960 MHz. .
124
915 MHz
Bandwidth per channel is 200 kHz
Each user is assigned channel for an
890.2 MHz
1 Uplink
uplink and a downlink
t

Dr. Vijay M. Birari

So at most 124 simultaneous calls.

28 Jan. 2022
Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 20
• Modulation
The GSM uses Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) modulation
method.
Access methods- FDMA/TDMA
GSM devised a combination of TDMA/FDMA as the Method to
divide the bandwidth among the users.
FDMA part divides the frequency of the total 25 MHz BW into 124
carrier frequencies of 200 kHz bandwidth.
• Each BS is assigned with one or multiple frequencies, and each of
this frequency is divided into eight time slots using a TDMA scheme.

Dr. Vijay M. Birari

• Each of these slots are used for both transmission as well as
reception of data.
28 Jan. 2022
Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 21
• Channel Spacing
Channel spacing indicates the spacing between
adjacent carrier frequencies.
For GSM, it is 200 kHz.

• Speech Coding
For speech coding or processing, GSM uses
Linear Predictive Coding (LPC).

Dr. Vijay M. Birari

The speech is encoded at 13 kbps.

28 Jan. 2022
Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 22
Telephone services:
• These include emergency calling and facsimile.
• GSM also supports Videotex and Teletex.
• Bearer Services
Data services or Bearer Services are used through a GSM phone to
receive and send data.
• Supplementary services
These are digital in nature and include –
• Call diversion, Caller identification, Short messaging service (SMS) ,

Dr. Vijay M. Birari

Conferencing, Call Waiting , Call Hold, Call Forwarding, Call Barring

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23
• The freq. band
1. 890 and 915 MHz =uplink
2.935 and 960 MHz =downlink
• A duplex transmission = FDD mode
• TDMA/FDMA multiple access scheme
• carriers differ by 45 MHz
• Physical channels are arranged in pairs.

Dr. Vijay M. Birari

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari
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 Dr. Vijay M. Birari
Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 25
28 Jan. 2022
• Channels arranged to organize the information exchange.
• In turn, on the associated carrier always shifted down by
45 MHz,
• In the zero time slot the mobile stations can declare their
need for information exchange with the system or even
their need to set up a call.

Dr. Vijay M. Birari

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari
26
 Dr. Vijay M. Birari
28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 27
• Smart home and smart office
• Transportation
• Medical field
• Location tracker

Dr. Vijay M. Birari

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 28
 3. Cell Geometry, Cellular radio system design-
Frequency assignments

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 29

 “Cell”ular Structure
For a cell of
radius R. the
distance
between the
3 R cell center &
d each adjacent
cell center is
R d=3 R

• Hexagonal cell pattern are considered since they provide

equidistance antenna to the neighboring cell sites

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 30

 “Cell”
Omni Directional Cell
In this category base station antenna is
omni directional (transmits equal power in
all directions

3 sectored

Sector Cell
In this category base station in each cell is
equipped with a directive antenna to cover
specific region.
The cell is divided into several sectors 6
28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari
sectored 31
 Cell Cluster
• A group of cells with different frequencies is
known as cluster
• The no of cells forming a cluster is differentiated
according to cell structure.
• There are several different standards for
clustering as-
• 4 cell cluster/ 7 cell cluster/ 12 cell cluster/ 21 cell
cluster/ 24 cell cluster associated with 3 sector
cells
28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 32
 Inside a cell
• Center-excited cell where the
tower is placed somewhat near
the center with a omni-
directional antenna

• Edge-excited cell where the

towers are placed on three of
the six corners with sectored
directional antennas.

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 33

 Frequency / Channels Reuse
• Cell structure can reuse frequency only when
certain distance is maintained between cells that
use the same channels.
• Fixed frequency assignment:
– certain frequencies are assigned to a certain cell
– problem: different traffic load in different cells
• Dynamic frequency assignment:
– base station chooses frequencies depending on
the frequencies already used in neighbor cells
– more capacity in cells with more traffic
– assignment can also be based on interference
measurements
28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 34
 Interference
• Co-channel interference
– Signals from cells that share a channel cause
co-channel interference
• Adjacent channel interference
– Signals from adjacent cells cause this.

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 35

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 36
 Co-channel Interference
• Frequency reuse is limited by co-channel
interference.
• The receiver threshold level is adjusted to the
cell size.
• For a fixed cell size co-channel interference is a
function of the parameter Q = D/R.
Where D = Min. Distance between co-channel cell
R = Radius of cell in Km
• Keeping Q as small as possible, the capacity of
the channel may be increased
28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 37
 Adjacent channel interference
• Adjacent channel interference is the amount of
power that is transmitted in adjacent channels by
transmitters operating in their assigned channel.
• Interference caused because filters are designed
correctly.

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 38

 Cell Geometry

R
D R

D is the minimum distance between centers of cells that use the same
freq band called co-channel
28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network-
39 Dr. Vijay Birari
 Distance

d
R

Distance between the cell center and each adjacent cell

center is d = 3 R
28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network-
40 Dr. Vijay Birari
 R

D
2 4
3 1
4 2 4
1 3 1
2 4 2
3 1
4 2

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network-

41 Dr. Vijay Birari
Frequency reuse factor
• Total available channels = S
• N “adjacent” cells (called a 2 4
cluster) share S channels 3 1
• System has M clusters 4 2 4
• Each cell gets k channels 1 3 1
– S=kN 2 4 2
3 1
• Capacity of the system is 4 2
C = MS= MkN
• Frequency reuse factor is 1/ N
28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 42
⚫ channels unique in same cluster, repeated over clusters
⚫ keep cell size same
⚫ large N : weaker interference, but lower capacity
⚫ small N: higher capacity, more interference need to maintain
certain S/I level
⚫ frequency reuse factor: 1/N
⚫ each cell within a cluster assigned 1/N of the total available
channels
⚫ In most of the current networks, frequency reuse factor is 1.

Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay

28 Jan. 2022 Birari 43
 Find the number of channels per cluster & total
channel capacity for cellular telephone are
comprised of 10 clusters with 7 cells in each
clusters & 10 channels in each cell

No of channels in a cell= 10

No of cells in cluster = 7
No of cluster in a given area = 10
Total No of channels per cluster = 10 x 7 =70
Total channels capacity= 10 x 7 x 10 =700 channels
28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 44
 Geometry of Hexagonal Cell

30 degrees

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 45

 Distance calculation

(u1,v1) = (0,0) and (u2,v2) = (I,J)

Radius is R for a cell.

Distance between adjacent cells is = 1.732 R =3 R
28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 46
First Tier
Interfering cells

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 47

 1 1
R
Second tier
1 Interfering Cell
First tier
D 1
1

1 1 1

1 1

1 1
28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network-
48 Dr. Vijay Birari
 Co-Channel Reuse Ratio
Intercell interference from different cell is dominated by cochannel interferences
So any wireless communication systems performance is to be
characterized with the effect of interference from co channel cells

If we consider only the effect of distance dependant path loss, simplify the
Signal to co channel interference ratio

Let S & I denote the signal & power of co channel interference at the
output of receiver demodulator

The signal to co channel interference ratio at the desired mobile receiver is

given by-
Where Ni= the no. of co channel interfering cells
Ii = Interference power caused by transmission
SINR:
from ith co channel cell base station

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 49

 Co-Channel Reuse Ratio……continue
If the distance between the ith interferer & the mobile unit is Di & path
loss component k

Then received interference Ii is proportional to (Di)^- k

The other hand the received signal power S is proportional to (Rmbs)^- k
Where Rmbs is the distance between the mobile & serving base station


P  P  d 
d 0 
 
Pr (dBm)  Pt (dBm)  10log  d 
 d0 
28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 50
 The worst case of co-channel interference occurs when
mobile is located at the cell boundary
(i.e.
Considering the hexagonal cell structure & co-channel
interferences only from the first tier cell only, the
number of nearest neighboring co-channel cell

= 6 in our consideration
From this frequency reuse ratio can be easily determined

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 51

 Ex: Now consider frequency reuse factor N=7, for a system that
requires S/I =18 bB. Calculate the worst case of signal to noise
interference ratio. Also justify whether N=7 is an acceptable limit
for co-channel interference.
For N=7, q = 3N = 4.6
If path loss component k= 4, then

S/I = ( (4.6) 4) / 6

= 54.3 OR 17.3 dB

So S/I is less than acceptable limit of 18 dB

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 52
28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 53
 Example
⚫N=19
⚫(i=3, j=2)

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr.

54
 Frequency Reuse Pattern
N=7
2
1 5 2
4 1 5
3 7 4
6 3 7
6

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network-

55 Dr. Vijay Birari
 Cell reuse factor vs Mean S/I
Voice Calls per
Cell reuse Mean S/I
q = D/R Channels per Cell per
factor N dB
cell Hour

4 3.5 99 2610 14.0

7 4.6 56 1376 18.7

12 6.0 33 739 23.3

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 56

 Other Common Channel Sharing
f3 f3 f3
f2 f2
f1 f1 f1
f3 f3 3 cell cluster
f2 f2 f2
f1 f1
f3 f3 f3
f2 f3 f7
f5 f2
f4 f6 f5
7 cell cluster f1 f4
f3 f7 f1
f2 f3
f6 f5 f2

f f f
f1 f2 h f1 f2 h f1 f2
3 2 3
g2 h1 h3 g2 h1 h3
g1 g g1 g
2
g2
3
3 cell cluster
g1 g
3 3 3
with 3 sector antennas

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 57

 Cell splitting, Cell sectoring

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 58

 Approaches to increasing Capacity
⚫ Frequency borrowing
⚫ frequencies are taken from adjacent cells by congested
cells
⚫ Cell splitting
⚫ cells in areas of high usage can be split into smaller cells
⚫ Cell sectoring
⚫ cells are divided into a number of wedge-shaped
sectors, each with their own set of channels
⚫ Microcells
⚫ antennas move to buildings, hills, and lamp posts
59
28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay
Birari
 Cell Splitting
• The cell within congested area is
subdivided into smaller cell (with
reduction of cell radius)
• It requires a new base station &
corresponding antenna with lower height
& lower transmitting power
• It is basically addition of new cell
• This method is very effective …but
• It is costly due to the requirement of
installation of towers & antennas
Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay
28 Jan. 2022 60
Birari
 In cell spitting,
• smallest cell is known as Pico- cell
• Medium size cell is called micro cell &
• Original large cell without splitting is called macro cell
Macro cell

Micro cell

Pico cell

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 61

⚫ Suppose the cell radius of the new cells are reduced by half. What is
the required transmit power for these cells?
⚫ We have Pr(old cell boundary)= Pt R-n
⚫ For new cell boundary Pr= Pt(R/2)–n
⚫ For new cell Pt2 =Pt1 / 2n
⚫ For n=3,Pt=Pt1/8
⚫ Thus 9 dB lower power than original transmit power

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari

62
 Cell Sectoring
⚫ In basic form, antennas are omnidirectional
⚫ Replacing a single omni-directional antenna at
base station with several directional antennas,
each radiating within a specified sector. (60 or
120 degree apertures)
⚫ The cell is divided into sectors.
⚫ This is more economical

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari

63
 Cell Sectoring

⚫ It achieves capacity improvement by essentially rescaling

the system.
⚫ less co-channel interference, number of cells in a cluster can
be reduced
⚫ Larger frequency reuse factor, larger will be capacity

28 Jan. 2022
Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari
64
 Micro Cell Zone
⚫ Superior to sectoring, any base station channel
may be assigned to any zone by the base station
⚫ Same channel

⚫ No handoff

⚫ Only the active zone

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari

65
Ex_Discuss the effect of the path-loss exponent on the frequency
reuse for a cellular system with total of 550 duplex voice channel
without frequency reuse. The service area is divided into 152 cells.
The required signal to co-channel interference ratio is 17 dB.
Consider the path-loss exponent is 3,4 & 5 resp.
Also calculate :The cell cluster size, the no of cell cluster in the
service area, the max no of users in service at any instant

As we know freq reuse ratio q = 3N =

For k=3
S/I = 17 dB = 10 ^ 2.833 = 68
68 = 1/6 (3N) ^ 3/2
N = 18.37
The nearest possible value of N will be 19 i.e. cluster cell size
No of cell cluster in service area = 152/19 = 8
Max no of users in service at any instant = 550 x 8 = 4400

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 66

As we know freq reuse ratio q = 3N =
For k = 4
S/I = 17 dB = 10 ^ 2.833 = 68
68 = 1/6 (3N) ^ 3/2
N=7
The nearest possible value of N will be 7 i.e. cluster cell size
No of cell cluster in service area = 152/7 = 21.714
Max no of users in service at any instant = 550 x 21.714 = 11942

For k = 5
S/I = 17 dB = 10 ^ 2.833 = 68
68 = 1/6 (3N) ^ 3/2
N = 3.69
The nearest possible value of N will be 4 i.e. cluster cell size
No of cell cluster in service area = 152/4 = 38
Max no of users in service at any instant = 550 x 38 = 20900
28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 67
 Segmentation
When more cells are needed in frequency reuse distance, the
segmentation & dualization technique are united together.

Segmentation technique divides the group of frequency channels

into smaller group of frequency channels.
These smaller group of frequency channels are allocated to new
cells which are within the reuse distance.
Segmentation also helps to avoid the co-channel interference.

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 68

 Dualization
Dualization techniques avoids cell splitting.
When new cell needs as same frequency channel group as cell
1, the cell 2 & cell 1 are not satisfying the minimum distance
for frequency reuse, then the part of cell 1 in which more
number of call requests are coming is converted to primary
cell & same channel frequencies can be allocated to new cell.
If all available channels are utilized by new cell, interference
would occur because cell1 also using the same group of
channels.
Its disadv is ..it needs more base station at the center of cell1

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 69

 Space Diversity
• Space diversity is a technique in
which two antennas are kept one
above the other so that multiple paths
get created for the incoming signal
from mobile user.

• Thus due to two receiving antennas,

the space diversity creates better
reception for signal transmitted from
mobile handset

• The sufficient distance between two

receiving antennas depends on the
length of antennas which is above the
28earth.
Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 70
⚫ Fixed Channel Assignments

⚫ Dynamic Channel Assignments

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari

71
 HANDOFF / HANDOVER
The transfer of a mobile unit from one base station’s control to
another base station’s control is called a handoff.
A handoff consists of four stages
1. Initiation :
2. Resource reservation:
3. Execution:
4. Completion :

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 72

Dr. Vijay M. Birari
⚫ Reasons for handover
⚫ Moving out of range
⚫ Load balancing
⚫ Cell, BSC (base station controller), MSC (mobile switching
center)
⚫ Handover scenarios
⚫ Intra-cell handover (e.g., change frequency due to
narrowband interference)
⚫ Inter-cell, intra-BSC handover (e.g., movement across
cells)
⚫ Inter-BSC, intra-MSC handover (e.g., movement across
BSC)
28 Jan.⚫ Inter MSC handover Cellular
2022 (e.g.,Network-
movement
Dr. Vijay Birari across MSC)
73
 For any given user of signal transmission from one
base station to a geographically adjacent base station
as the user moves around.

Each base- station transition, as well as the switching

processor sequence itself, is called handoff.

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 74

 Types of handoff

Hard handoff Soft Handoff

Intra cell Handoff Inter cell Handoff Multiway Soft Handoff Softer Handoff

Handoff
Decision

Mobile Assisted Handoff Mobile Controlled Handoff Network Controlled Handoff

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 75
 Soft Handoff

Multiway Soft Handoff Softer Handoff

Multiway Soft Handoff:

In Multiway Soft Handoff, the mobile user can communicate with

more than two sectors of various cells at the same time

Softer Handoff:
In Softer Handoff, the mobile user can communicate with two
sectors of same cells at the same time

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 76

 Handoff Decision

Mobile Assisted Handoff Mobile Controlled Handoff Network Controlled Handoff

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 77

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 78
 Importance of handoff decision
time

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 79

 =handoff threshold -
Minimum acceptable
signal to maintain the call
too small:
Insufficient time
Improper Situation
to complete handoff
before call is lost
More call losses
too large:
Too many handoffs
Proper Situation Burden for MSC

28 Jan. 2022
Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 80
 Umbrella Cell Concept

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 81

 Cell Dragging in practical situations
• If a user travels away
from the base station at a slow
speed and the average signal
strength doesn’t decay rapidly then
it seems like the present cell has
been dragged into the adjacent cell ,
it is called cell dragging.

• It occurs when there is a line of

sight communication path between
the mobile unit and the antenna
most of the time.
82 28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari
• Intra-Cell Handover
• Intra-BSC Handover
• Inter-BSC Handover
• Inter-MSC Handover
 Intra-Cell Handover
• Handover takes place in the same cell from one timeslot to
another timeslot of the same carrier or different carriers (but
the same cell).
Intra-BSC Handover
• Handover takes place between different cell
which are controlled by the same BSC.
Inter-BSC Handover
• Handover takes place between different cell
which are controlled by the different BSC.
Inter-MSC Handover
Handover takes place between different cell which are controlled by the
different BSC and each BSC is controlled by different MSC.
 Reference
• Text
• Rappaport, T. S. (2012). Wireless Communications--Principles and Practice
• Jagannatham, A. K. (2015). Principles of modern wireless communication systems.
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• Vijay K. Garg : Principal And Application Of Gsm,wilkes J.E. PEARSON, 2 Ed

28 Jan. 2022 Cellular Network- Dr. Vijay Birari 85

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