Geometry-1A

Assignment 8: Circles

Name: _________________________________________________________________

Class Section: _________________________________________________________

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Table of Contents

8.1 Circle Terminology Part 1: Tangents

8.2 Circle Terminology Part 2: Chords
8.3 Circle Terminology Part 3: Arcs
8.4 Inscribed Angles
8.5 Angles Inside and Outside of Circles
8.6 Segments & Circles

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8.1 Circle Terminology Part 1: Tangents

DEFINITIONS

Given distinct points 𝑂 and 𝐴, the circle with center 𝑂 and radius 𝑂𝐴 is the set of all points (locus)
𝐵 such that 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑂𝐵.

Two circles are congruent if their radii are congruent.

Two circles are concentric if they have the same center.

Given a circle with center 𝑂, ⊙ 𝑂, and radius 𝑟, the interior of ⊙ 𝑂 is the set of points 𝐴 such that
𝑂𝐴 < 𝑟 and the exterior of ⊙ 𝑂 is the set of points 𝐵 such that 𝑂𝐵 > 𝑟.

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Example 8.1 Given Isosceles Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 with 𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐵𝐶 ∥ 𝑃𝑄, prove that ⊙ 𝑃 ≅ ⊙ 𝑄.

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DEFINITIONS

A line is tangent to a circle if the line and the circle intersect at exactly one point, called the point of
tangency.

Two circles are tangent if they intersect in exactly one point, again called the point of tangency.

The circles on the left (above) are externally tangent, while the circles on the right are internally tangent.

THEOREMS

Tangent ⊥ Radius: If a line is tangent to a circle, then it is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the
point of tangency. Conversely, if a line is perpendicular to a radius at a point on the circle, then
the line is tangent to the circle at that point.

Ice Cream Cone Theorem: The two tangents to a circle from a point outside the circle are
congruent.

Tangent Circles Theorem: If two circles are tangent, then their centers and the point of tangency
are collinear.

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Example 8.2 Prove both directions of the “Tangent ⊥ Radius” theorem.
a) Given ⊙ 𝑂 with radius 𝑂𝐴 and line 𝑙 tangent to the circle at 𝐴, prove indirectly that 𝑂𝐴 ⊥ 𝑙.

b) Given line 𝑙 ⊥ radius 𝑂𝐴 at point 𝐴, prove that 𝑙 is tangent to ⊙ 𝑂 at point 𝐴.

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Example 8.3 Set up a diagram and prove the “Ice Cream Cone Theorem” which states that the two
tangents to a circle from a point outside the circle are congruent.

Example 8.4 Prove the “Tangent Circles Theorem” for internally tangent circles ⊙ 𝑂 and ⊙ 𝑃 indirectly,
by assuming that 𝑂, 𝑃, and 𝐴 are not collinear, and finding a contradiction.

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8.1 PROBLEMS

PROBLEM 8.1 Given 𝐴𝐵𝑂, 𝐴𝑃 tangent ⊙ 𝑂 at 𝑃, 𝐴𝐵 = 4 and 𝐴𝑃 is 2 more than the radius, find the
radius of ⊙ 𝑂.

PROBLEM 8.2 Given that 𝐴𝐶, 𝐴𝐸 and 𝐵𝐷 are tangent to ⊙ 𝑂 and 𝐴𝐸 = 6, find the perimeter of Δ𝐴𝐵𝐷.

PROBLEM 8.3 ⊙ 𝑂 is inscribed in tangential quadrilateral 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷. 𝐶𝐷 = 20, 𝐴𝐵 = 11 and 𝐵𝐶 = 14. Find 𝐴𝐷.

*Let 𝑥 be a part of 𝐴𝐷 and then label the rest of the diagram in terms of 𝑥. This is called the “walk around method”

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PROBLEM 8.4 ⊙ 𝑃 has a radius of 6 and ⊙ 𝑄 has a radius of 2.The circles are externally tangent, and
𝐴𝐵 is a common external tangent. Find the length of 𝐴𝐵.

PROBLEM 8.5 Find the perimeter of right triangle Δ𝑊𝑋𝑌 if the radius of the inscribed circle is 4 and
𝑊𝑌 = 20.

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PROBLEM 8.6 In the diagram below, externally tangent circles ⊙ 𝑃 and ⊙ 𝑄 are tangent at 𝑇 and
common external tangent 𝐴𝐵 is tangent to ⊙ 𝑃 and ⊙ 𝑄 at points 𝐴 and 𝐵, respectively. If 𝑇𝐶 is
tangent to both circles at 𝑇 and point 𝐶 lies on 𝐴𝐵, prove that ∠𝑃𝐶𝑄 is right.

⃖JJJJ⃗ and 𝐶𝐷
PROBLEM 8.7 Given externally tangent circles ⊙ 𝑃 and ⊙ 𝑄, common external tangent lines 𝐴𝐵 ⃖JJJJ⃗
that meet at point 𝑅, and 𝑋𝑌 tangent to both circles, prove that Δ𝑋𝑅𝑌 is isosceles.

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8.2 Circle Terminology Part 2: Chords

DEFINITIONS

A chord of a circle is a line segment connecting two points on a circle.

A diameter of a circle is a chord that passes through the center of the circle.

A central angle of a circle is an angle whose vertex is the center of the circle and sides are radii.

THEOREMS

Radius ⊥ Chord: A radius is perpendicular to a chord if and only if it bisects the chord.

Central Angle Theorem: In the same or congruent circles, chords are congruent if and only if their
central angles are congruent.

Congruent Chords Theorem: In the same or congruent circles, chords are congruent if and only if
they are the same distance from their centers.

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Example 8.5 Prove one direction of the “Radius ⊥ Chord Theorem”
Given ⊙ 𝑂, if 𝑂𝑃 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵, prove that 𝐵𝑀 ≅ 𝐴𝑀

Example 8.6 Prove one direction of the “Congruent Chords Theorem”

Given: ⊙ 𝑂, 𝑂𝑁 ⊥ 𝐶𝐷, 𝑂𝑀 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵 and 𝑂𝑁 ≅ 𝑂𝑀, prove that 𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐶𝐷

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8.2 PROBLEMS

PROBLEM 8.8 Set up a diagram, givens, and prove the second direction of the “Congruent Chords
Theorem”: If two chords in a circle are congruent, then they are equidistant from the center.

PROBLEM 8.9 Find the length of a chord that is 5 cm from the center of a circle with radius 8 cm.

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PROBLEM 8.10 Find the radius of a circle in which a 48 cm chord is 8 cm closer to the center than a 40
cm chord.

PROBLEM 8.11 Given ⊙ 𝑃, 𝑊𝑋 ≅ 𝑌𝑍, prove that 𝑊𝑄 ≅ 𝑍𝑅

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PROBLEM 8.12 In ⊙ 𝐸, 𝐴𝐷 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶; 𝐸𝐹 ⊥ 𝐴𝐶, 𝐴𝐹 = 6, 𝐸𝐷 = 1. Find the radius of ⊙ 𝐸

PROBLEM 8.13 In ⊙ 𝐶, 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷 bisect each other at point 𝑀. Find the ratio of 𝐴𝐵 to the diameter.

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8.3 Circle Terminology Part 3: Arcs

DEFINITIONS

An arc is the set of all points on a circle between two endpoints. A minor arc is an arc whose
points are on or between the sides of a central angle. A major arc is an arc whose points are on or
outside of a central angle.

U . The major arc joining 𝐴

In the diagram above, the minor arc joining endpoints 𝐴 and 𝐵 is called 𝐴𝐵
V . We use an extra point 𝑋 to make it clear that we are referring to the arc from
and 𝐵 is called 𝐴𝑋𝐵
𝐴 by way of point 𝑋 so as to avoid confusion.

A semicircle is an arc whose endpoints are the endpoints of a diameter

& and 𝐴𝐷𝐵

The figure above shows semicircles 𝐴𝐶𝐵 &

The measure of a minor arc is the equal to the measure of the central angle that intercepts the
U.
arc.1 In the diagram below, we say that ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 intercepts 𝐴𝐵

Two minor arcs are congruent if they lie on the same or congruent circles and their central angles
are congruent.

1
note that circles have a total measure of 360°

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THEOREM
In the same or congruent circles,
Congruent Chords ⇔Congruent Arcs ⇔ Congruent Central Angles

U ≅ 𝐶𝐷
Example 8.7 Given ⊙ 𝑃 and ⊙ 𝑄, ∠𝑃 ≅ ∠𝑄, 𝐴𝑅 ≅ 𝑅𝐷, prove that 𝐴𝐵 U.

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Example 8.8 In ⊙ 𝐸, 𝐵𝐷 ⊥ 𝐶𝐸, and ∠𝐵𝐸𝐴 = 50°. Find each of the following measures:

U
a. 𝐵𝐶

U
b. 𝐴𝐷

V
c. 𝐴𝐶𝐷

V
d. 𝐴𝐷𝐶

Y ≅ 𝑋𝑍
Example 8.9 Given trapezoid 𝑊𝑋𝑌𝑍 inscribed in ⊙ 𝑃, if 𝑊𝑌 U , prove that 𝑊𝑋 ≅ 𝑌𝑍.

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8.3 PROBLEMS

U , 𝐴𝐵
PROBLEM 8.14 In ⊙ 𝐸 with diameter 𝐴𝐷. If 𝐶 is the midpoint of 𝐵𝐷 U = 35 − 𝑥 and 𝐶𝐷
U = 𝑥 ! + 65 ,
find all possible measures of ∠𝐴𝐸𝐶.

U ≅ 𝐶𝐸
PROBLEM 8.15 Given ⊙ 𝐵 ≅ ⊙ 𝐷 and externally tangent at 𝐸, and 𝐴𝐸 U , prove that 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a
parallelogram.

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8.4 Inscribed Angles

DEFINITIONS

An inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex lies on a circle and whose sides contain chords of the
circle.

%.
We say that inscribed angle, ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶, intercepts 𝐴𝐶

A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral that is inscribed (or can be inscribed) in a circle. i.e., all
four vertices lie on a circle.

A tangent-chord angle is an angle whose vertex is on a circle and whose sides are determined by a
tangent and a chord that intersect at the point of tangency.

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THEOREMS

Inscribed Angle Theorem: The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to half the measure of its
intercepted arc.

Congruent Inscribed Angles: In the same or congruent triangles, inscribed angles are congruent if
and only if their intercepted arcs are congruent.

Thales’ Theorem: An angle inscribed in a semicircle is right

.
Cyclic Quadrilaterals Theorem: The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.

Tangent-Chord Angle Theorem: An angle formed by a tangent and a chord is equal to half the
measure of its intercepted arc.

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Example 8.10 To prove the inscribed angle theorem, we need consider all possible cases.

a. Case 1: One side of the inscribed angle is a diameter of the triangle.

b. Case 2: The center of the circle lies inside the inscribed angle

c. Case 3: The center of the circle lies outside the inscribed angle.

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8.4 PROBLEMS

"
U , using the diagram below.
PROBLEM 8.16 Prove the tangent-chord angle theorem, ∠𝐴𝐵𝐷 = ! 𝐴𝐵

PROBLEM 8.17 Given internally tangent circles at point 𝑇, prove that 𝐴𝐵 ∥ 𝐶𝐷.

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PROBLEM 8.18 In the circle below, 𝐴𝐵 ⊥ 𝐶𝐻, 𝐴𝐷 ≅ 𝐷𝐶, ∠𝐵𝐴𝐷 = 60°, ∠𝐻𝐵𝐸 = 110°. Find the
measure of:

a. ∠𝐴𝐷𝐶

b. ∠𝐻𝐶𝐵

U
c. 𝐵𝐶

PROBLEM 8.19 Let 𝐴𝐵 be a diameter of ⊙ 𝑂, where 𝐴𝐵 = 2. Suppose 𝐴𝑋 is tangent to ⊙ 𝑂, and that

JJJJJ⃗
𝐴𝑌 bisects ∠𝑋𝐴𝑂. The angle bisector of ∠𝑌𝐴𝐵 intersects ⊙ 𝑂 at point 𝑍 (where 𝐴 and 𝑍 are different
points). Find the length of 𝐴𝑍. Leave your answer in calculator ready form.

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8.5 Angles Inside & Outside of Circles

DEFINITIONS

A chord-chord angle is formed by two intersecting chords, and the vertex lies inside a circle, but
not at the center.

A secant line is a line that intersects a circle at two points.

A secant-secant angle is an angle formed by two secants intersecting outside of a circle.

A tangent-tangent angle is an angle formed by two tangent lines intersecting outside of a circle.

A tangent-secant angle is an angle formed by a secant and a tangent intersecting outside of a

circle.

THEOREMS

Chord-Chord Angle Theorem: The measure of a chord-chord angle is one-half the sum of the
measures of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its vertical angle.

Angles Outside Circle Theorem: The measure of any angle with a vertex outside of a circle (secant-
secant angle, secant-tangent angle, or tangent-tangent angle) is one-half the difference of the
measures of the intercepted arcs.

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"
U + 𝐷𝐵
Example 8.11 Prove the chord-chord angle theorem: ∠𝐴𝐸𝐶 = ! _𝐴𝐶 U`

!
+ − 𝐵𝐶
Example 8.12 Prove the angles outside a circle theorem for a tangent-secant angle: ∠𝑃 = " *𝐴𝐶 +-

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8.5 PROBLEMS

U = 3𝑦 − 𝑥 and 𝐴𝐵
PROBLEM 8.20 If 𝐷𝐶 U = 3𝑥 − 2𝑦, solve for 𝑥 and 𝑦.

PROBLEM 8.21 Given isosceles triangle Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 with 𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐴𝐶, and 𝑃 is the intersection of the line
tangent to the circle at point 𝐴 and the angle bisector of ∠𝐵, prove that Δ𝐴𝐵𝑃 is isosceles.

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PROBLEM 8.22 If the ratio of major arc: minor arc of the circle below is 3: 2, find the measure of ∠𝐴

PROBLEM 8.23 Prove that the sum of the measures of a tangent-tangent angle and its minor arc is 180°.

U , prove that 𝐴𝐵 ∗ 𝐴𝐺 = 𝐴𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝐹
PROBLEM 8.24 Given that 𝐴 is the midpoint of 𝐷𝐸

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PROBLEM 8.25 Prove that parallel chords cut off congruent arcs. In other words, given ⊙ 𝐶 and parallel
U ≅ 𝐴𝐷
chords 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐷𝐸, prove that 𝐵𝐸 U.

PROBLEM 8.26 In ⊙ 𝐶 below, ∠𝑌 = 58° and ∠𝑊 = 20°

a. Find ∠𝑊𝑂𝑉

b. Find ∠𝑍𝑋𝑉

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PROBLEM 8.27 Given that ∠𝐴𝑄𝐷 is supplementary to ∠𝑃, prove that 𝐴𝐷 is a diameter.

"
V − " 𝐴𝐵
PROBLEM 8.28 Given ⊙ 𝑃 ≅⊙ 𝑄 , prove that ! 𝐷𝐸𝐹 U = 𝐺𝐶
U
!

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8.6 Segments and Circles

THEOREMS

Chord-Chord Segments Theorem: If two chords of a circle intersect, then the product of the
segments of one chord is equal to the product of the segments of the other.

Secant-Secant Segments Theorem: If two secants of a circle intersect (outside of the circle), then
the product of one secant and the external part of that secant is equal to the product of the other
secant and the external part of the other secant.

Secant-Tangent Segments Theorem: If a secant and a tangent of a circle intersect, then the
product of the secant and the external part of the secant is equal to the square of the tangent.

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8.6 PROBLEMS

PROBLEM 8.29 Use the segments & circles theorems to provide two different proofs of the
Pythagorean theorem, given the diagram below.

PROBLEM 8.30 Square 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 with side length 10 has a circle inscribed in it. Let 𝑀 be the midpoint of
𝐴𝐵. Calculate the portion of 𝑀𝐶 that lies outside of the circle.

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PROBLEM 8.31 𝐴𝐵 is tangent to the circle at point 𝐴 as shown in the diagram below. Given that
𝐴𝐵 = 21√2, 𝐴𝑂 = 20, 𝑂𝐶 = 12, 𝐸𝐵 = 18, and 𝑂𝐸 > 𝑂𝐷. Find 𝑂𝐸.

PROBLEM 8.32 Given 𝐵𝑃 = 8, 𝐴𝐵 = 10, 𝐶𝐷 = 7, and ∠𝐴𝑃𝐶 = 60°, find the radius of the circle.

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Ms. Bensky, Ms. Kim & Ms. Preis

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