F26: Model Answer for class test format

Sandip Foundation’s
Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Electrical Engineering
CLASS TEST II EXAMINATION (A. Y. 2024-25)
Subject Name: - DMT Subject Code: 314322

Model Answer

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No Q. Scheme
. N.
Q. Attempt any Five 10 M
No
. a State working principle of transformer 02
1 Ans:-

Working Principle of a Transformer:

Statement: - The transformer operates on the principle of mutual induction. When ac
supply is applied to primary, it circulates ac flux in core which is going to link with
secondary. The changing flux linking with the secondary induces emf in secondary
winding..
b State two applications of pulse transformer 02
Ans:-
1. Pulse Generating Circuits
2. Analog Switching Applications
3. SCR firing circuit
4. Power Electronics circuits
5. Data Handling Circuits
6. Control Circuit for Firing Control
c State reason why the rating of the transformer is in KVA and not in 02
KW?
Ans:-
1. Generally the rating of a machine should indicate the power supplied by it.
2. But in case of a transformer the output power is not constant. It keeps
changing with the load. The output power factor is also a function of load.
3. Hence the rating of a transformer is expressed in terms of voltage and
current as follows :
Rating of a transformer = Primary voltage × Primary current
Or
Rating of a transformer = Secondary voltage × Secondary current
Rating in VA or KVA or MVA = V1 × I1 = V2 × I2

d Compare shell type and core type single phase transformer (any four 02
points)
Ans:-

Sr. No. Core Type Shell type

 1

2 It has one window It has two windows

3 It has one magnetic circuit. It has two magnetic circuits.

4 Core surrounds the winding. Winding surrounds the core
5 Average length of core is more. Average length of core is less.

6 Area of cross section is less so Area of cross section is more so

more turns are required. less turns are required

7 Better cooling for winding Better cooling for core

e State losses in transformer 02
Ans:-
1) Copper losses (Pcu)
2) Iron losses (Pi): Iron losses further divided into two types
i) Eddy current loss
ii) Hysteresis loss
f State two applications of isolation transformer 02
Ans:-
1. Disconnect the load equipment from supply ground
2. To reduce the amplitude of voltage spikes.
3. In the medical equipment’s for patients safety.
4. It acts as a decoupling device.

g. Why secondary of current transformer is always short circuited. 02

Ans:-
1. The secondary winding of C.T. has a large no. of turns of thin wire.
2. The secondary winding of C.T. should never be open circuited, otherwise
there will be no secondary current and no secondary mmf.
3. The secondary mmf opposes primary mmf and as there is no secondary mmf,
the opposition is zero. Primary mmf will produce a large flux in core.
4. It would produce high eddy current and hysteresis losses.
5. It would increase the temperature of the core which may result in damage of
insulation & core.
6. High voltage will be induced in open circuited secondary and this may be
dangerous to the equipment and personnel.
Q. Sub
Q. N.
Attempt any Five. 20 M
No
.
2 a Explain with circuit diagram, the direct loading tests on single phase 04
transformer. How the efficiency and regulation at given load
condition is determined?
 Ans.

Direct loading test is conducted on small capacity transformers whose voltage and
current ratings are within the limits of direct measurement. The transformer is
directly connected to load and subjected to various load conditions just like its
operation in the field.

Procedure to conduct Direct Loading Test:

i) Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
ii) Adjust primary voltage to its rated value and keep it constant
throughout the experiment.
iii) Take first reading on No-load condition.
No-load supply voltage V0 = Rated primary voltage V1.
No-load primary current = I0
No-load input Power = W0 = Iron loss of transformer.= Wi
No-load secondary load voltage = E2
No-load output power W2 = 0
Increase the load gradually from no load to full load and note down all the
meter readings.
At any particular loading condition,
Secondary on-load voltage = V2
Secondary on-load current = I2
Input power = W1
Output power = W2 = V2 I2 (Load is purely resistive)

Calculation of Efficiency: % Efficiency = (W2 /W1) × 100

Calculation of Regulation: % Regulation = {(E2 – V2) / E2} × 100

b Explain with circuit diagram use of C.T. to measure high value 04

current in a line.
Ans:-
 1. The construction of a C.T. is shown in fig a and its equivalent circuit is
shown in fig b.
2. CT has a primary coil which is of one or more turns. In fig. a the bar
acts as a conductor.
3. The primary of CT carries the large current I1 which is to be measured ,
so the bar is of large crossectional area
4. The secondary of CT is made up of large no of turns , it is wound on
core.
5. The secondary winding is a low current winding hence its crossectional
area is small.
6. An ammeter of small range is connected across the secondary.
Operation :
1. CT is basically a step up transformer hence the secondary is a high
voltage low current winding. The current is stepped down.
2. The secondary current is given by
I2 = I1 × N1/N2
3. The current I2 is measured by the ammeter. So if we know the turn’s
ratio N1/N2 then it is possible to measure I1.
I1 = I2 × N2/N1
4. The ammeter can be calibrated directly to measure the current I1 if the
turn’s ratio is known.
5. Thus a CT can be used to measure a high current without actually
connecting the ammeter directly in series with the high current.
c The maximum flux density in the core of 250/3000 V, 50 Hz single 04
phase transformer is 1.2 wb/m sq. If emf/turn is 8V, determine area
of core and primary and secondary turns.
Ans:-
d List the condition for parallel operation of three phase transformer. 04
Ans:-
1) Voltage ratings of both the transformers must be identical.
2) Percentage / per unit impedance should be equal in magnitude.
3) X / R ratio of the transformer winding should be equal.
4) Transformer connections w.r.t. polarity must be that identical polarity terminals of
corresponding phases are connected together.
5) Phase displacement between primary & secondary line voltages of the
transformers must be identical.
6) Phase sequence of both transformers must be same.
e Compare distribution transformer and power transformer 04
Ans:-

Parameters Distribution Power Transformer

Transformer
Typical Voltages 11kV,6.6kV, 3.3kV, 400kV, 220kV,
440V, 230V 110kV,66kV,33kV
Power Rating Lower (< 1MVA) Higher (> 1MVA)

Size Small Big

Load 50-70% of full load Full load

Insulation Level Low High

 Installation Pole mounted/ Plinth Compulsory Plinth
Mounted. Mounted
Type of efficiency All day efficiency needs Only power efficiency is
to be defined sufficient
Maximum efficiency Obtained near 50% of Obtained near 100% of
full load full load

f Give the specification of three phase transformer as per IS 1180

(part 1) 1989 (any six)
Ans:-
Specification of 3-phase transformer:
1) kVA rating of transformer
2) Voltage ratings for the primary and secondary voltages
3) HV and LV currents
4) Operating frequency of the transformer
5) % impedance of transformer
Allowable temperature rise.
7) Wiring instructions for HV and LV windings/terminal diagram
8) Model number and serial number of the transformer
9) Weight of the transformer
10) Information related to the tap changer
11) Transformer vector group
12) Winding connection diagrams
13) Type of cooling
14) Insulation class
15) Name of the manufacturer
16) Weight of core
17) Weight of winding
18) Volume of oil in liters.
g Derive the EMF equation for the single phase transformer.
Ans:-

Emf equation of transformer:

N1 = No. of turns on primary winding
N2 = No. of turns on secondary winding
m= Maximum value of flux linking both the windings in Wb
f = Frequency of supply in Hz

Maximum value of flux is reached in time t = 1/ 4f

Avg. rate of change of flux = m/t = m/(1/ 4f) = 4 mf Wb/sec
From faraday‟s laws of electromagnetic induction
Avg. emf induced in each turn = Avg. rate of change of flux = 4 mf volt
Form factor = ( RMS value)/( Avg. value) = 1.11for sinusoidal voltage
R.M.S. emf induced in each turn = 1.11 x Avg. value = 1.11 x 4 mf = 4.44 m f volt
R.M.S. emf induced in primary winding = ( RMS emf / turn) x N1
E1 = 4.44 mf N1 volts
Similarly, E2 = 4.44 mf N2 volts