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in MATHEMATICS and COMPUTING

cemc.uwaterloo.ca

2024
Canadian Team Mathematics Contest

April 2024

Solutions

©2024 University of Waterloo

2024 CTMC Solutions Page 2

Individual Problems

1. There are 7 days in a week, so 7 × 3 = 21 days after May 3 is also Thursday. Since 3 + 21 = 24,
May 24 is a Thursday.
Thus, May 25 is a Friday, May 26 is a Saturday, May 27 is a Sunday, May 28 is a Monday, and
May 29 is a Tuesday.
Answer: Tuesday
√ √
2. Observe that 32 = 9 < 11 < 16 = 42 , so 3 <√ 11 < 4, which implies that −4 < − 11 < −3.
Similarly, 52 = 25 < 29 < 36 = 62 , so 5 < 29 < 6. √ √
From the calculations above, an integer n is between − 11 and 29 exactly when −3 ≤ n ≤ 5.
There are 9 such integers.
Answer: 9

3. Since A, E, and C lie on a line, ∠AEC = 180◦ , and so ∠AED + ∠DEC = 180◦ .
Suppose ∠AED = 7x◦ . Then ∠DEC = 11x◦ because ∠AED : ∠DEC is 7 : 11. Hence, we
conclude that 7x + 11x = 180.
Solving this equation for x gives x = 10, so ∠DEC = 11 × 10◦ = 110◦ .
The diagonals of a rectangle have equal length and bisect each other, so DE = CE.
Therefore, △CDE is isosceles with ∠EDC = ∠ECD.
If ∠BDC = y ◦ , then since ∠BDC = ∠EDC, we have ∠EDC = ∠ECD = y ◦ .
The angles in △CDE have a sum of 180◦ , so 2y + 110 = 180 or y = 35.
Answer: 35◦

4. If the common ratio is r, then x = 80r, y = xr = 80r2 , z = yr = 80r3 , and 3125 = zr = 80r4 .
3125 625 252
Rearranging 3125 = 80r4 , we get r4 = = = 2.
80 16 4
25 25
2
Taking square roots, r = ± , but r is a real number, so r2 ≥ 0, which means r2 = .
4 4
2 25
Using that y = 80r we get y = 80 × = 500.
4
Although it was not needed to answer the question, there are two possible values of r and they
5 5
are r = − and r = .
2 2
Answer: 500

5. Since x and y are both from −5 to 5 inclusive, the possible values for x2 and y 2 are 02 = 0,
12 = 1, 22 = 4, 32 = 9, 42 = 16, and 52 = 25.
In the table below, the possible sums of x2 and y 2 are summarized. In particular, the integer
in the row for y 2 and the column for x2 is x2 + y 2 .

0 1 4 9 16 25
0 0 1 4 9 16 25
1 1 2 5 10 17 26
4 4 5 8 13 20 29
9 9 10 13 18 25 34
16 16 17 20 25 32 41
25 25 26 29 34 41 50
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 3

If a sum in the table above is of the form x2 + y 2 where neither x2 nor y 2 is zero, then there
are four pairs (x, y) leading to that sum.
For example, the integer 20 coming from x2 = 4 and y 2 = 16 is achieved by (x, y) equal to each
of (2, 4), (2, −4), (−2, 4), and (−2, −4).
If a sum in the table is of the form x2 + y 2 where exactly one of x2 and y 2 is 0, then there are
two pairs (x, y) leading to that sum.
For example, the sum of 16 coming from x2 = 0 and y 2 = 16 comes from (0, 4) and (0, −4).
There are 17 sums in the table above that are from 9 through 25.
Of these, 11 come from adding two non-zero squares, and 6 come from adding 02 = 0 to a
nonzero square.
From the reasoning above, there are 2 × 6 + 4 × 11 = 56 pairs (x, y) with the given properties.
Answer: 56

6. Solution 1
Let P be on AN so that M P is perpendicular to AN , as shown below.

A B
P

M N

D C

Since ABCD is a square, ∠DAB = 90◦ , which means ∠M AP + ∠N AB = 90◦ .

Since △ABN is right-angled at B, we have ∠N AB + ∠AN B = 90◦ .
From ∠N AB + ∠AN B = 90◦ = ∠M AP + ∠N AB, we can deduce that ∠AN B = ∠M AP .
As well, ∠M P A = ∠ABN = 90◦ , so we conclude that △M P A and △ABN are similar.
Since ABCD is a square, BC = AB = 2, and since N is the midpoint
√ of BC, we
√ have BN√= 1.
Applying the Pythagorean theorem to △ABN gives AN = AB 2 + BN 2 = 22 + 12 = 5.
MP AB 2 2AM
By the similarity of △M P A and △ABN , we have that = = √ or M P = √ .
AM AN 5 5
2
M is the midpoint of AD, so AM = 1, hence M P = √ .
5
The lines AN and M C are parallel, so the diameter of the circle is the perpendicular distance
between these two lines, which is the length of M P .  2
MP 1 1 π
Therefore, the radius of the circle is = √ and its area is π √ = .
2 5 5 5
Solution 2
We will coordinatize to get A(0, 2), B(2, 2), C(2, 0), and D(0, 0), from which it follows that M
is at (0, 1) since it is the midpoint of AD. Similarly, N is at (2, 1).
1−2 1 0−1 1
Line segment AN has slope = − and line segment M C has slope =− .
2−0 2 2−0 2
Therefore, AN and M C are parallel. By symmetry and because these lines are parallel, the
1
centre of the circle must be on the line of slope − that is half way between AN and M C.
2  
3
This line must pass through the midpoint of AM , which is 0, so the centre of the circle
2
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 4
1 3
lies somewhere on the line with equation y = − x + .
2 2 
3−a
Therefore, for some a, the centre of the circle is at a, .
2
 2
3−a
The circle has equation (x − a)2 + y − = r2 where r is the radius of the circle.
2
1
The line through M (0, 1) and C(2, 0) has equation y = − x + 1.
2
Line segment M C is tangent to the circle, so it intersects the circle exactly once.
1
Substituting y = − x+1 into the equation of the circle gives the following equivalent equations:
2
 2
2 1 3−a
(x − a) + − x + 1 − = r2
2 2
4(x − a)2 + (−x + 2 − 3 + a)2 = 4r2
4(x − a)2 + (−x + a − 1)2 = 4r2
4x2 − 8ax + 4a2 + x2 + a2 + 1 − 2ax + 2x − 2a = 4r2
5x2 + (2 − 10a)x + 5a2 − 2a + 1 − 4r2 = 0

The x-values that satisfy this equation represent the points of intersection of the circle with
M C. There is only one such point, so the quadratic above must have only one root.
A quadratic with only one root has a discriminant equal to 0, so we get the equivalent equations

(2 − 10a)2 − 4(5)(5a2 − 2a + 1 − 4r2 ) = 0

4 − 40a + 100a2 − 100a2 + 40a − 20 + 80r2 = 0
80r2 = 16

1 π
Solving 80r2 = 16 for r2 gives r2 = , so the area of the circle is πr2 = .
5 5 π
Answer: 5

7. The amount of money, in cents, that Rolo has is 5x + 10y + 25z.

The amount of money, in cents, that Pat has is 5y + 10z + 25x.
The amount of money, in cents, that Sarki has is 5z + 10x + 25y.
Therefore, the total amount of money that they have together is

(5x + 10y + 25z) + (5y + 10z + 25x) + (5z + 10x + 25y) = 40x + 40y + 40z

They have 6480 cents in total, which leads to the equation 40(x + y + z) = 6480.
Dividing both sides by 40, we get x + y + z = 162.
Since Pat has y nickels, z dimes, and x quarters, she has x + y + z = 162 coins in total.
Answer: 162

8. There are five odd digits: 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9.

We will count how many integers less than 1000 with only odd digits have 1 as a units digit.
The integer 1 is one of these integers, and the integers 11, 31, 51, 71, and 91 are the two-digit
integers with 1 as their units digit.
There are 5 × 5 = 25 three-digit integers with only odd digits and 1 as their units digit. This
is because there are 5 choices for the hundreds digit and 5 choices for the tens digit, and these
choices are independent.
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 5

Thus, 25 + 5 + 1 = 31 integers less than 1000 with only odd digits have a units digit of 1.
By nearly identical reasoning, for each possible odd digit, there are 31 integers less than 1000
with only odd digits and that units digit.
When we add all integers less than 1000 that have only odd digits, the units digits contribute

31(1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9) = 31(25) = 775

Doing similar analysis on the tens digits, we find that for any given odd digit, there are exactly
5 two-digit integers with only odd digits and that tens digit, and there are 5×5 = 25 three-digit
integers with that given tens digit. There are no one-digit integers with an odd tens digit.
Therefore, for each odd digit, there are 5 + 25 = 30 integers less than 1000 with only odd digits
and that given tens digit.
When we add all integers less than 1000 that have only odd digits, the tens digits contribute

30(10 + 30 + 50 + 70 + 90) = 7500

Similarly, there are 5 × 5 = 25 three-digit integers with only odd digits for each possible odd
hundreds digit. (An integer with an odd hundreds digit has at least three digits.)
When we add all integers less than 1000 that have only odd digits, the hundreds digits contribute

25(100 + 300 + 500 + 700 + 900) = 62 500

Therefore, the sum of all integers less than 1000 that have only odd digits is

62 500 + 7500 + 775 = 70 775

Answer: 70775

9. Suppose the radius of the sphere is r and let E be any point on the circumference of the circular
cross section in the hemisphere containing A.
AC 1
Then △EAO has ∠EAO = 90◦ and EO = r. As well, since AC = r, so AO = = r.
 2 3 3
1 8
By the Pythagorean theorem, AE 2 + AO2 = EO2 so AE 2 = r2 − r = r2 .
3 9
The cone with A in its base has base radius AE and height AO, so its volume is
 
1 2 1 8 2 r 8π 3
π(AE) (AO) = π r = r
3 3 9 3 81

Let F be any point on the circumference of the circular cross section containing B.
2
Similar to the situation above, we have that △F BO has ∠F BO = 90◦ , F O = r, and BO = r.
 2 3
2 5
By the Pythagorean theorem, we get BF 2 = r2 − r = r2 .
3 9
The cone with B in its base has base radius BF and height BO, so its volume is
 
1 2 1 5 2 2 10π 3
πBF BO = π r r= r
3 3 9 3 81
   
8π 3 10π 3
Therefore, the ratio we seek is r : r which simplifies to 4 : 5.
81 81
Answer: 4 : 5
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 6

10. Label the vertices of the cube by A, B, C, D, E, F , G, and H. The vertices of the cube and
the edges connected them can be represented by the following diagram:

D C

H G

E F

A B

Throughout this solution, we will refer to ants by the vertex from which they originate. For
example, Ant A is the ant that is originally at vertex A.
Each ant has three choices of which vertex it can walk to. These choices are summarized in the
table below.

Ant Choices
A B, D, E
B A, C, F
C B, D, G
D A, C, H
E A, F , H
F B, E, G
G C, F , H
H D, E, G

Since each ant has three choices and their choices are independent, there are 38 possible ways
that the 8 ants can choose vertices. We will count the number of ways that avoid a collision
and get the answer by dividing this total by 38 .
By symmetry, if we assume that Ant A chooses B, we will count exactly one third of the
possibilities. In this case, Ant B cannot choose A without colliding with Ant A, so Ant B must
choose C or F . By symmetry, there are an equal number of choices for each case.
Therefore, we will assume that Ant A chooses B and that Ant B chooses C. This will count
exactly one sixth of the choices that avoid a collision.
Ant C cannot choose B, so it must choose either D or G. For now, suppose Ant C chooses G.
The choices for Ant F are B, E, and G, but B and G were chosen by other ants, so Ant F
must choose E.
The choices for Ant H are D, E, and G, but E and G were chosen by other ants, so Ant H
must choose D.
To summarize the choices so far, the table below is the same as the table above, but with
choices crossed out if either the Ant did not choose that vertex or cannot choose that vertex
because another ant has already chosen it.
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 7
Ant Choices
A B, D, E
B A, C, F
C B, D, G
D A, C, H
E A, F , H
F B, E, G
G C, F , H
H D, E, G

The remaining choices for Ant D are A and H, but Ant D cannot choose H without colliding
with Ant H on an edge.
Therefore, Ant D must choose A, and we can update the table as follows, eliminating A as a
choice for Ant E.
Ant Choices
A B, D, E
B A, C, F
C B, D, G
D A, C, H

E A, F , H
F B, E, G
G C, F , H
H D, E, G

Since Ant F chose E, Ant E cannot choose F since they would collide on an edge. Therefore,
the remaining choices are that Ant E must choose H and Ant G must choose F . One can verify
that the choices have the property that every vertex is chosen by exactly one ant, and no two
ants choose each other’s original vertex, so there is no collision.
We have now deduced that if Ant C chooses G, then there is only one way for the rest of the
ants to choose vertices so that no collision happens.

From now on, we will assume that Ant C chooses D. With Ant A choosing B, and B choosing
C, and Ant C choosing D, the choices for the ants are restricted as shown in the table below.
Choices have been eliminated if the vertex was chosen by another ant, or if choosing that vertex
would cause two ants to “swap” vertices and collide on an edge.

Ant Choices
A B, D, E
B A, C, F
C B, D, G
D A, C, H
E A, F , H
F B, E, G
G C, F , H
H D, E, G

We will now consider the two remaining possibilities for the choice of Ant D.
If Ant D chooses H, then the same sort of reasoning that was used earlier leads to the table
below, showing that there is only one possibility if Ant D chooses H.
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 8
Ant Choices
A B, D, E
B A, C, F
C B, D, G
D A, C, H
E H
A, F , 

F B, E, G
G C, F , 
H

H D, E, G

Now we assume that Ant D chooses A and reduce the possibilities as follows.

Ant Choices
A B, D, E
B A, C, F
C B, D, G
D A, C, H

E A, F , H
F B, E, G
G C, F , H
H D, E, G

There are two choices for E, and each of them leads to a unique way of the rest of the ants
choosing vertices. If Ant E chooses F , we get the table below on the left, and if Ant E chooses
H, we get the table below and on the right.

Ant Choices Ant Choices

A B, D, E A B, D, E
B A, C, F B A, C, F
C B, D, G C B, D, G
D A, C, H
 D A, C, H

E A, F , 
H
 E A, F , H
F B, E, G F B, E, G
G C, F , H G C, F , 
H

H D, E, G H D, E, G

To summarize, if we assume that A chooses B and B chooses C, then we will count one sixth
of the possibilities.
Considering cases, if Ant C chooses G, then there is exactly one choice for the rest of the ants
that will avoid collisions.
If Ant C chooses D, then there is one possibility if Ant D chooses H, and two possibilities if
Ant D chooses A.
This means 1 + 1 + 2 = 4 is one sixth of the total number of possibilities, so the answer is
6×4 8 8
8
= 7 =
3 3 2187
8 8
Answer: 37
( 2187 )
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 9

Team Problems

1. Since an hour consists of 3 × 20 = 60 minutes, the cyclist will travel 3 × 8 = 24 km in 1 hour.

Therefore, the cyclist will travel 2 × 24 = 48 km in two hours.
Answer: 48 km

2. Squaring both sides, we get x + 5 = 52 = 25, which can be rearranged to get x = 20.
Answer: 20

3. The units digit of 2A7 × 3 is the same as the units digit of 7 × 3 = 21, so B = 1.
711
Therefore, 2A7 × 3 = 711, so 2A7 = = 237, so A = 3.
3
The sum of A and B is A + B = 3 + 1 = 4.
Answer: 4

4. In order to save money, k individual rides needs to cost more than $90.
This means the answer to the question is the smallest integer k for which k × ($3.25) > $90.
90 9000 360 9
If 3.25k > 90, then k > = = = 27 + .
3.25 325 13 13
9
The smallest integer k such that k > 27 + is k = 28.
13
Answer: 28

5. In this solution, we will refer to the squares by their label.

From the diagram, we can see that E is the only completely visible square, so it must have
been the last to be placed on the table.
Some of G is covering some of F, so G must have been placed later than F.
Some of F is covering some of D, so F must have been placed later than D.
By similar reasoning, D must have been placed later than B, which must have been placed
later than both A and C.
Finally, A is partially covering C, so A was placed after C.
Putting this all together, the papers were placed in the following order, given by their labels:
C, A, B, D, F, G, E.
Answer: CABDFGE
1
6. The equation of the first line can be rearranged to get 6y = 2x + 42 or y = x + 7, so the slope
3
1
of the first line is .
3
1
If k = 0, then the other line is vertical and is not perpendicular to a line with slope .
3
15 d
Therefore, the equation of the second line can be rearranged to y = − x − .
k k
Theslopes
  of perpendicular
 lines have a product of −1 (unless they are vertical and horizontal),
1 −15 5
so × = −1 or − = −1, so k = 5.
3 k k
The lines intersect on the y-axis, which means the two lines intersect when x = 0.
Substituting k = 5 and x = 0 into the two equations, we get −6y + 42 = 0 and 5y + d = 0.
The equation −6y + 42 = 0 can be solved to get y = 7. Substituting into 5y + d = 0 gives
5(7) + d = 0 or d = −35.
Answer: −35
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 10

7. Suppose x = AB, meaning that the tens digit of x is A and the units digit of x is B so that
x = 10A + B.
Then y = BA and we have 18 = y − x = 10B + A − (10A + B) = 9B − 9A.
Dividing both sides by 9 gives 2 = B − A.
We cannot have A = 0 because x would not be a two-digit integer. Therefore, the smallest that
A can be is A = 1, which means B = A + 2 = 3.
The integer B is a digit, so B ≤ 9, which implies A + 2 ≤ 9 or A ≤ 7.
Therefore, A can take on the values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, for a total of 7 possible values of A,
and hence, 7 possible values of x.
Answer: 7

8. Let P be on AC so that BP is perpendicular to AC.

A

P
D

B C
Then △ADB and △CDB have the same altitude, BP .
Since they have equal areas and altitudes, they must also have equal bases, so AD = CD. In
other words, D is the midpoint of AC.
By a fact about right-triangles that we will prove below, the midpoint of the hypotenuse is
equidistant from the three vertices of the triangle, so we conclude that AD = CD = BD, but
AC 5 5
AD = = , so BD = .
2 2 2

We now prove that if △ABC has a right angle at B, then the midpoint of AC is equidistant
from A, B, and C.
Suppose M is the midpoint of AC and let E and F be on AB and BC, respectively, so that
AB is perpendicular to EM and BC is perpendicular to F M .

E M

B F C

Since BEM F has three right angles, it must have four right angles and be a rectangle, which
implies BE = F M .
Since EM and F C are parallel, we get that ∠EM A = ∠F CM .
Since EA and F M are parallel, we get that ∠EAM = ∠F M C.
By construction, M is the midpoint of AC, so we also have that AM = M C.
Therefore, △AEM and △M F C are congruent by angle-side-angle congruence.
From this congruence, we get that EM = F C, but EM = BF , so we have BF = F C.
Consider △M F B and △M F C.
These triangles share side M F and we have just shown that BF = F C.
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 11

We also have that M F is perpendicular to BC, so ∠BF M = ∠CF M .

Therefore, △BF M and △CF M are congruent by side-angle-side congruence.
From this congruence, we conclude that BM = CM , but since M is the midpoint of AC, we
also have CM = AM , so AM = BM = CM .
Answer: 25

9. Let m be the number rolled on the 8-sided die and n be the number rolled on the 9-sided die.
We will count ordered pairs (m, n) with the property that mn is a multiple of 6 and divide this
total by 8 × 9 = 72, the number of possible rolls, to get the probability.
Suppose m = 1. Then for mn to be a multiple of 6, we must have that n is a multiple of 6.
The only multiple of 6 between 1 and 9 inclusive is 6, so if m = 1, we must have n = 6.
Therefore, we get the ordered pair (1, 6).
If m = 5 or m = 7, then we also must have n = 6, so we get the pairs (5, 6) and (7, 6).
If m = 2, then n must be a multiple of 3, so n = 3, n = 6, or n = 9. We get 3 pairs in this
case: (2, 3), (2, 6), and (2, 9).
By similar reasoning, there are three pairs for each of m = 4 and m = 8.
If m = 3, then n must be even, so n = 2, n = 4, n = 6, or n = 8, for a total of 4 possibilities.
If m = 6, then mn is always a multiple of 6, so there are 9 possibilities.
The table below summarizes the work above.

m # of n for which mn is a multiple of 6

1 1
2 3
3 4
4 3
5 1
6 9
7 1
8 3

25
The sum of the numbers in the right column of the table is 25, so the probability is .
72
25
Answer: 72

10. The divisors of 120 are

±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5, ±6, ±8, ±10, ±12, ±15, ±20, ±24, ±30, ±40, ±60, ±120

of which there are 32.

120
If a is any of the 16 positive divisors of 120, then b = is also positive and a + b > 0 > −23.
a
Therefore, for each of the 16 positive divisors a of 120, there is exactly one pair that satisfies
the given conditions.
By similar reasoning, if a is negative, then so is b. Therefore, if either a or b is any of −24,
−30, −40, −60, or −120, then a + b will be less than −23.
As well, in any divisor pair of 120, one of the two divisors is at least 12 in absolute value.
Therefore, one of a and b must be −12, −15, or −20.
If a = −12, then b = −10 and a + b = −22 > −23, so we get the pair (a, b) = (−12, −10).
If a = −15, then b = −8, so a + b = −23 which is not greater than −23.
If a = −20, then b = −6, so a + b = −26 which is not greater than −23.
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 12

Similarly, if b = −12 then a = −10 and we get the pair (a, b) = (−10, −12), and if b = −15 or
b = −20, then a + b is not greater than −23.
From earlier, there are 16 pairs where a and b are both positive. We found two additional pairs
when a and b are both negative, and there are no other pairs, so the answer is 16 + 2 = 18.
Answer: 18
b
11. A parabola with equation y = ax2 + bx + c with a < 0 has its maximum y-value at x = − .
2a
4k
For the given parabola, the maximum y value occurs at x = − = k.
−4
The maximum y-value is given to be 48, so we must have

48 = −2(k)2 + 4k(k) − 10k = −2k 2 + 4k 2 − 10k = 2k 2 − 10k

which can be rearranged to get 2k 2 − 10k − 48 = 0.

Dividing through by 2 gives k 2 − 5k − 24 = 0, which can be factored to get (k − 8)(k + 3) = 0.
Therefore, the possible values of k are k = 8 and k = −3.
When k = 8, the parabola has equation y = −2x2 + 32x − 80. This parabola has a maximum
y value at x = 8 and a maximum y value of −2(8)2 + 32(8) − 80 = 48.
When k = −3, the parabola has equation y = −2x2 − 12x + 30. This parabola has a maximum
y value at x = −3 and a maximum y value of −2(−3)2 − 12(−3) + 30 = 48.
Therefore, the only possible values of k are k = 8 and k = −3, which have a sum of 5.

Answer: 5

12. We want to find A + B + C + D, so we first set x = A + B + C + D.

The given information leads to the following three equations:
5 x
× =A
2 4
4 x
× =B
5 4
140 = C + D

Adding these equations gives

5 1
x + x + 140 = A + B + C + D
8 5
5 1
Using x = A + B + C + D, we get x + x + 140 = x.
8 5 
5 1 7
Rearranging this equation, we get x 1 − − = 140, or x = 140.
8 5 40
40
Multiplying both sides by gives x = 800.
7
Answer: 800

38 + 3n
13. Cubing both sides of the given equation, we get = 33 .
32 + 3n
Clearing the denominator gives 38 + 3n = 35 + 33 3n , and rearranging gives 3n (33 − 1) = 38 − 35 .
Factoring 35 out of the right side of the equation above gives 3n (33 − 1) = 35 (33 − 1). After
dividing by 33 − 1, we get 3n = 35 , and so n = 5.
Answer: 5
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 13

14. We begin by computing a few terms of the sequence to look for a pattern.
When n = 3, n − 1 = 2 and t2 = 4, so tn−1 is even. Therefore, t3 = 12 t2 + t1 = 2 + 3 = 5.
When n = 4, tn−1 = 5 is odd, so t4 = t3 − t2 = 5 − 4 = 1.
When n = 5, tn−1 = 1 is odd, so t5 = t4 − t3 = 1 − 5 = −4.
When n = 6, tn−1 = −4 is even, so t6 = 12 (−4) + 1 = −1.
When n = 7, tn−1 = −1 is odd, so t7 = −1 − (−4) = 3.
When n = 8, tn−1 = 3 is odd, so t8 = 3 − (−1) = 4.
Since each term in the sequence depends only on the previous two terms, the fact that we have
a 4 following a 3 again means that the sequence is periodic. Specifically, the sequence is given
by the six terms 3, 4, 5, 1, −4, −1 repeating in that order.
Since 2024 = 6(337) + 2, the first 2024 terms in the sequence are 337 copies of the terms 3, 4,
5, 1, −4, and −1, followed by an additional 3 and an additional 4.
Therefore, the sum of the first 2024 terms is

337(3 + 4 + 5 + 1 − 4 − 1) + 3 + 4 = 337(8) + 7 = 2703

Answer: 2703

15. For now, consider only the first five letters.

There are two possibilities for the second letter. There are also two possibilities for the fourth
letter since C and E are the only two letters that can be followed by D.
Therefore, if a sequence of five letters starts with A and ends with D, then it must be configured
in one of the following four ways:

A, B, , C, D A, B, , E, D A, C, , C, D A, C, , E, D

The first configuration above is impossible because there is no letter with the property that it
can both follow B and be followed by C. The third and fourth configurations are impossible by
similar reasoning.
Looking at the second configuration, the only letter that can follow B and be followed by E is
C, and so we conclude that A, B, C, E, D is the only sequence of five letters starting with A
and ending with D.
Therefore, the first five letters must be A, B, C, E, and D in that order.
Using similar reasoning, since the fifth letter is D and the ninth letter is A, there are four
possible configurations of the fifth through ninth letters:

D, A, , D, A D, A, , E, A D, B, , D, A D, B, , E, A

We will examine these four configurations separately.

For the first configuration, C is the only letter that can follow A and be followed by D, so one
possible sequence is D, A, C, D, A.
For the second configuration, both B and C can follow A and be followed by E, so we get
D, A, B, E, A and D, A, C, E, A as possible sequences.
For the third configuration, both C and E can follow B and be followed by D, so we get
D, B, C, D, A and D, B, E, D, A as possible sequences.
For the fourth configuration, C is the only letter that can follow B and be followed by E , so
the only possible sequence is D, B, C, E, A in this case.
There are six possibilities for the last five letters and only one for the first five, so there are six
possible sequence in total.
Answer: 6
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 14

16. If Ferd removes Tile G, then the board will be configured as shown below, and it can be checked
that every available move with this configuration will cause his opponent to lose. Therefore,
Ferd will win if he removes Tile G.

A B D
E F H
J K L

We will now show that every other move will give his opponent the ability to guarantee that
they win.
Currently, Tiles B, D, G, E, and J share an edge with an empty square. If Ferd removes a tile
that shares an edge with any of these six tiles, then he will lose the game.
Therefore, if Ferd removes Tile A, Tile F , Tile H, or Tile K, he will lose.
Consider the three configurations below. In the first, Tiles B and L have been removed, in the
second, Tiles E and L have been removed, and in the third, Tiles D and J have been removed.

A D A B D A B
E F G H F G H E F G H
J K J K K L

Notice that in each of the three configurations above, no remaining tile shares an edge with
with at least two empty squares.
As well, it can be verified that removing any tile from any of these configurations will cause at
least one tile to share an edge with at least two empty squares.
Therefore, if a player is faced with the board in any of the three configurations above, they will
lose the game.
If Ferd removes any of Tiles B, D, E, J, or L, his opponent can guarantee a win.
To see why, consider the possibility that Ferd removes Tile B. Then his opponent can remove
Tile L to leave him in with the first configuration above.
His opponent will have a similar move if Ferd removes any of Tiles D, E, J, or L, according to
one of the three configurations.
We now have that Ferd will lose (provided his opponent makes the correct next move) if he
removes Tile A, Tile B, Tile D, Tile E, Tile F , Tile H, Tile J, Tile K, or Tile L. This means
he must remove Tile G to have any chance of winning.

Answer: Tile G
2 2 2
2
2 2
17. Using exponent rules, 4sin x = 22 sin x and so 4sin x 2cos x = 22 sin x+cos x .
√ 3 2 2 3 3
As well, 2 2 = 2 2 , so we have 22 sin x+cos x = 2 2 which implies 2 sin2 x + cos2 x = .
2
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 15

Using that sin2 x + cos2 x = 1, we have

3
2 sin2 x + cos2 x =
2
3
sin2 x + (sin2 x + cos2 x) =
2
3
sin2 x + 1 =
2
1 1 1
from which it follows that sin2 x = , and so sin x = √ or sin x = − √ .
2 2 2
1
The values of x with 0 ≤ x ≤ 360 for which sin x = ± √ are x = 45◦ , x = 135◦ , x = 225◦ ,
◦ ◦
2
and x = 315◦ .
1
Every value of x with sin x = ± √ is equal to one of these four values plus a multiple of 360◦ .
2
Since 315◦ + 5 × 360◦ = 2115◦ is larger than 2024◦ but 315◦ + 4 × 360◦ = 1755◦ is less than
2024◦ , we can add k × 360◦ to the four angles for k = 0, k = 1, k = 2, k = 3, and k = 4 and
get a value of x in the range 0◦ ≤ x ≤ 2024◦ .
This gives 4 × 5 = 20 x-values.
We also get x = 45◦ + 5 × 360◦ = 1845◦ and x = 135◦ + 5 × 360◦ = 1935◦ in the desired range,
but 225◦ + 5 × 360◦ = 2025◦ is too large, so x = 1935◦ is the largest possible value.
This gives a total of 20 + 2 = 22 possible values of x in the given range.
Answer: 22

18. In the diagram below, H is on AD so that GH is perpendicular to AD.

A F B

H G
D C

14
Since F is the midpoint of AB, we have F B = = 7.
2
The height of △F GB with base F B is equal in length to AH.
Since the ratio of the area of △F GB to the area of ABCD is 5 : 28, we have
1 1
5 (F B)(AH) (7)(AH) AH
= 2 2
= 2
2
=
28 AB 14 56
5 AH
From = , we get AH = 10.
28 56
AD 14
Since AE = = , we get EH = AH − AE = 10 − 7 = 3.
2 2
The line segments HG and DC are parallel, so ∠HGE = ∠DCE.
As well, ∠EHG = ∠EDC = 90◦ , so we get that △EHG and △EDC are similar by angle-angle
similarity.
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 16
EH EG 14 EG 3 7
Thus, we have = , but EH = 3 and ED = = 7, so = or EC = EG.
ED EC 2 EC 7 3
7 7 4
If we let EG = x, then we have EC = x, and so GC = EC − EG = x − x = x.
3 3 3
4
Therefore, EG : GC is x : x, which can be simplified to 3 : 4.
3
Answer: 3 : 4

19. Solution 1
1
Let u = x − and observe that
x  3  
3 1 1
u + 3u = x − +3 x−
x x
3 1 3
= x3 − 3x + − 3 + 3x −
x x x
1
= x3 − 3
x
= f (u)
1
So we have that f (u) = u3 + 3u, provided u is a real number of the form u = x − .
x
1 2
Setting 1 = x − and rearranging gives x − x − 1 = 0, which has two real roots since the
x
discriminant of the quadratic is (−1)2 − 4(−1) = 5 > 0.
Therefore, u = 1 is of the given form, so f (1) = 13 + 3(1) = 4.
Solution 2
1
We will first find a value of x for which 1 = x − .
x
Rearranging this equation, we get x2 − x − 1 = 0. By the quadratic formula,
p √
1 ± (−1)2 − 4(−1) 1± 5
x= =
√ 2 2
1+ 5 1
If x = , then x − = 1 by construction, and we have
2 x
√ !3  3
1+ 5 2
f (1) = − √
2 1+ 5
√ √ 2 √ 3
1+3 5+3 5 + 5 8
= − √ √ 2 √ 3
8 1+3 5+3 5 + 5
√
16 + 8 5 8
= − √
8 16 + 8 5
√ 1
=2+ 5− √
2+ 5
√
√ 2− 5
=2+ 5−
√ 4 −√5
=2+ 5+2− 5=4
√
1− 5 1
A similar calculation shows that if x = , then x3 − 3 = 4 as well. Therefore f (1) = 4.
2 x Answer: 4
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 17

20. We will begin by counting the total number of 1s that are printed when the integers from 1
through 99 are printed.
The integers less than 100 that have at least one 1 are

1, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 81, 91

and a total of 20 of the digits written above are 1.

When printing the integers from 100 through 199, there will be 100 1s coming from the hundreds
digit of each of these integers, plus an additional 20 1s coming from the tens and units digits,
as counted above.
When printing the integers from 200 to 299, the digit 1 will be printed 20 times.
Since the 100s digit is not 1 again from 300 to 999, the digit 1 will be printed exactly 20 times
from 300 to 399, 400 to 499, and so on up to 900 to 999.
Therefore, the number of times the digit 1 is printed when the integers from 1 through 999 are
printed is
9 × 20 + 120 = 300
When printing the integers from 1000 to 1099, the digit 1 will be printed once as the thousands
digit for each integer, and an additional 20 times for units and tens digits, for a total of 120
times. Adding to the previous total, in printing the first 1099 positive integers, the computer
prints the digit 1 a total of 300 + 120 = 420 times.
When the computer prints the integers from 1100 to 1199, there will be two 1s for each integer
coming from the thousands and hundreds digits, plus an additional 20 1s, for a total of 220 1s.
The computer will have printed 420 + 220 = 640 1s when it has printed the first 1199 positive
integers.
The number of 1s from 1200 to 1299 is 120, and the number of 1s from 1300 through 1399 is
also 120, so after the first 1399 positive integers have been printed, 640 + 120 + 120 = 880 1s
have been printed.
There are exactly 120 1s from 1400 to 1499, for a total of 880 + 120 = 1000 by the time 1499
is printed.
Since the integer 1499 has one of its digits equal to 1, the 1000th 1 is printed when the integer
1499 is printed.
Answer: 1499

21. In this solution, logarithms are base 10 unless their base is explicitly given.
We can rewrite x as x = 2024log2024 x . Using this, exponent rules, and the change of base formula
for logarithms, we get
√
4 506 = xlog 2024 + 2024log x

log 2024
= 2024log2024 x + 2024log x
log x
= 2024 log 2024 ·log 2024 + 2024log x
= 2024log x + 2024log x
√ √
get 4 506 = 2 · 2024log x or 2 506 = 2024log x .
Therefore, we√ √
1 1
Noting that 2 506 = 2024 2 , we conclude that log x = 21 . Therefore, x = 10 2 or x = 10.
√
Answer: 10

22. The unit circle’s position is completely determined by the location of its centre. Let R1 be the
region inside the square with the property that if the centre of the circle is inside R1 , then the
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 18

circle will be completely inside the square. Similarly, let R2 be the region inside the square with
the property that if the centre of the circle is inside R2 , then the circle will intersect exactly
two of the line segments. The probability is the area of R2 divided by the area of R1 .
In the diagram below, a square of side length 4 is centred inside ABCD so that there is a
“strip” of uniform width 1 between the squares.

D G C

H P F

A E B

Notice that every point inside the smaller square is at least 1 unit away from the boundary
of ABCD, and every point inside the “strip” is less than 1 unit away from the boundary of
ABCD. Therefore, a circle of radius 1 will be completely inside ABCD exactly when its centre
is inside the smaller square.
This means the smaller square is R1 , so the area of R1 is 4 × 4 = 16.
In the diagram below, a circle of radius 1 and a square of side-length 2 are centred at P . The
vertices of the square are labelled J, K, L, and M .

D G C

J K
H P F
M L

A E B

Suppose the centre of the circle is outside the square of side-length 2.

If the centre is somewhere above JK, then every point on EP , F P , and HP is more than one
unit away from the centre of the unit circle, so it is impossible for the unit circle to intersect
any of these line segments.
Therefore, all points above JK are outside of R2 .
Similarly, all points below LM , to the left of JM , and to the right of KL are outside of R2 .
These four regions combine to form the entire region outside JKLM , so we conclude that R2
is contained in R2 .
If the centre of the unit circle is inside the circle centred at P , then P is inside the unit circle
(since both circles have radius 1). In this situation, all four of EP , F P , GP , and HP intersect
the unit circle.
Therefore, the region inside the circle centred at P is not in R2 .
Finally, we suppose the centre of the unit circle is in one of the four regions inside JKLM but
outside the circle centred at P .
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 19

For example, suppose the centre of the unit circle is in the top-left of these four regions, with
J as a vertex.
Then the centre of the circle is within 1 unit of HP and GP , so it must intersect both of them.
However, every point on the interior F P and EP is more than 1 unit away from the centre of
the unit circle (since all such points are at least as far away as P ).
We have now shown that if the centre of the unit circle is in this small region, then the unit
circle will intersect the interior of GP and HP , but not EP or F P .
By similar reasoning, the entire region inside JKLM and outside the circle centred at P is
inside R2 . We have also shown that these are the only possible points in R2 , so the area of R2
is the difference between the area of JKLM and a circle of radius 1, or 2 × 2 − π = 4 − π.
4−π 4−π
The probability is = .
42 16
Answer: 4−π 16

23. The number of ways to place zero heads in a row is 1. This can only be done by placing six
tails in the row.  
6
The number of ways to place two heads in a row is = 15.
2 
6
The number of ways to place four heads in a row is = 15.
4
The number of ways to place six heads in a row is 1.
Thus, the number of ways to place an even number of heads in a row is 1+15+15+1 = 32 = 25 .
Suppose the first five rows have been arranged to have an even number of heads in each row.
This can be done in (25 )5 = 225 ways.
In order to have an even number of heads in a given column, there is only one possibility for
the coin in the bottom row in that column: if the first five rows have an even number of heads
in that column, then the sixth must be a tail, and if the first five rows have an odd number of
heads in that column, then the sixth must be a head.
By the previous paragraph, there is exactly one way to assign coins to the bottom row so that
the columns all have an even number of heads.
Once the coins in the bottom row are arranged, there are an even number of heads in each
column, so the total number of heads in the grid must be even.
Since the number of heads in the first five rows is even and the total in all six rows is even, the
number of heads in the last row must also be even.
In other words, if the first five rows are arranged to have an even number of heads in each row,
then there is exactly one way to arrange the coins in the sixth row so that all conditions are
5
satisfied. Therefore, the number of ways that the coins can be arranged is (25 ) = 225 .
Answer: 225

24. The radius of a circle is equal to its circumference divided by 2π. Therefore, the radius of the
3π 3 π 1
base is = , and the radius of the horizontal cross-section through B is = .
2π 2 2π 2
We will first determine the distance from point A to B directly along the surface. This is equal
to the length along the slant height from the base to the cross-section.
We will draw a perpendicular line from B to the base of the cone, intersecting the base at D.
The diagram below is a vertical cross -section of the bottom of the cone.
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 20

A D
√
The length of BD is given to be 3 7 and the length of AD is equal to the difference of the
3 1
radii of the base and the cross-section, which is − = 1.
q √ 2 2
√
By the Pythagorean theorem, AB = (3 7)2 + 1 = 63 + 1 = 8.
If we let E be the centre of the base of the cone, then △AEC is similar to △ADB.
3 AE 3
Since AE is a radius of the base, we have AE = . We saw earlier that AD = 1, so = .
2 AD 2
AC AE 3 3 3
Since △AEC is similar to △ADB, = = , so AC = AB = (8) = 12.
AB AD 2 2 2
We will now imagine cutting the top of the cone along line segment AC. This will give a sector
of a circle with the circumference of the base forming the outer arc, and the circumference of
the cross-section through B forming a smaller sector with the same angle and centre as the
larger sector.
C

A
The radius of the larger sector is AC = 12, and the length of the arc at the bottom is equal to
the circumference of the base of the cone, which is 3π.
3π 1
The circumference of a circle with radius 12 is 2 × 12 × π = 24π, and since = , the angle
24π 8
1 1 ◦ ◦
of the sector is of the angle in a full circle, or × 360 = 45 .
8 8
The length of BC is 12 − 8 = 4, and the shortest path around the surface of the cone is the
line segment connecting A to B in the sector.
In △ABC from the diagram above, we have AC = 12, BC = 4, and ∠ACB = 45◦ .
Using the Cosine law, we have

p2 = AB 2
= AC 2 + BC 2 − 2(AC)(AB) cos ∠ACB
1
= 122 + 42 − 2(12)(4) √
2
√
= 160 − 48 2
√
Answer: 160 − 48 2
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 21

25. The polynomial factors as

x4 + 2x3 + (3 − a2 )x2 + (2 − 2a2 )x + (1 − a2 ) = [x2 + (1 − a)x + (1 − a)][x2 + (1 + a)x + (1 + a)]

To find this factorization, you might first guess that the quartic factors as the product of two
quadratics. The leading coefficient is 1 and the constant term factors as 1 − a2 = (1 − a)(1 + a).
Looking at other coefficients, the factorization can be discovered by trial and error.
The roots of x2 + (1 − a)x + (1 − a) are
p √ p
a − 1 ± (1 − a)2 − 4(1 − a) a − 1 ± a2 + 2a − 3 a − 1 ± (a + 1)2 − 4
= =
2 2 2
The roots of x2 + (1 + a)x + (1 + a) are
p √ p
−(a + 1) ± (a + 1)2 − 4(a + 1) −(a + 1) ± a2 − 2a − 3 −(a + 1) ± (a − 1)2 − 4
= =
2 2 2
A quadratic always has either 0, 1, or 2 real roots. Since the given quartic is the product of
two quadratics, a root of the quartic must be a root of one or both of the quadratics.
For the quartic to have exactly 2 real roots, either one quadratic has 2 distinct real roots and
the other has no real roots, or each quadratic has 1 real root, and those 2 roots are different.
Suppose both quadratics have exactly 1 real root. This implies both quadratics have their
discriminant equal to 0.
Therefore, (a + 1)2 − 4 = 0 and (a − 1)2 − 4 = 0. The first equation is equivalent to a + 1 = ±2
and the second is equivalent to a − 1 = ±2.
Therefore, the first quadratic has exactly 1 real root when a = −3 or a = 1, and the second
has exactly 1 real root when a = −1 or a = 3.
Therefore, there is no real number a for which both quadratics have exactly 1 real root.
We have now shown that the only way for the quartic to have exactly 2 real roots is for one of
the quadratics to have 2 real roots and the other to have no real roots.
Examining discriminants again, we require either (a + 1)2 − 4 > 0 and (a − 1)2 − 4 < 0 or
(a + 1)2 − 4 < 0 and (a − 1)2 − 4 > 0.
Suppose (a + 1)2 − 4 > 0 and (a − 1)2 − 4 < 0.
The second of these two inequalities is equivalent to (a − 1)2 < 4, which is equivalent to
−2 < a − 1 < 2 or −1 < a < 3.
The first is equivalent to (a + 1)2 > 4, which is equivalent to a + 1 < −2 or a + 1 > 2. These
inequalities can be rearranged to get a < −3 or a > 1.
We now conclude that the quartic will have exactly 2 real roots if −1 < a < 3 and either
a < −3 or a > 1.
The inequality a < −3 is incompatible with the condition −1 < a < 3, so we must have
−1 < a < 3 and a > 1.
Putting these together, we get that 1 < a < 3.
Now suppose (a + 1)2 − 4 < 0 and (a − 1)2 − 4 > 0. By similar reasoning to the previous
case, the first of these inequalities implies −3 < a < 1 and the second implies either a > 3 or
a < −1.
This leads to −3 < a < −1, but we only want positive a values, so the answer is that the
quartic has exactly 2 roots when 1 < a < 3.
Answer: 1 < a < 3
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 22

Relay Problems
(Note: Where possible, the solutions to parts (b) and (c) of each relay are written as if the value of
t is not initially known, and then t is substituted at the end.)
2+5×5 2 + 25 27
0. (a) Evaluating, = = = 9.
3 3 3
1
(b) The area of a triangle with base 2t and height 2t − 6 is (2t)(2t − 6) or t(2t − 6).
2
The answer to (a) is 9, so t = 9 which means t(2t − 6) = 9(12) = 108.
(c) Since △ABC is isosceles with AB = BC, it is also true that ∠BCA = ∠BAC.
The angles in a triangle add to 180◦ , so

180◦ = ∠ABC + ∠BAC + ∠BCA

= ∠ABC + 2∠BAC
= t◦ + 2∠BAC

The answer to (b) is 108, so t = 108. Therefore,

1 1 1
∠BAC = (180◦ − t◦ ) = (180◦ − 108◦ ) = (72◦ ) = 36◦ .
2 2 2
Answer: (9, 108, 36◦ )

1. (a) The integers in the range that are divisible by 2 are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20.
The integers in the range that are divisible by 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18.
The integers that are in both lists are 6, 12, and 18.
Therefore, the integers that are in exactly one of the two lists are

2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 20

There are 10 integers in the list, so the answer is 10.

(b) Subtracting the second equation from the first, we get

(4x + 3y) − (−4x + 3y) = 60 − (t + 2)

8x = 58 − t

58 − t 58 − 10 48
or x = . Substituting t = 10 gives x = = = 6.
8 8 8
(c) The surface area of a rectangular prism with dimensions a by b by c is 2(ab + ac + bc).
The surface area of the rectangular prism in the problem is

2(6r · r + r · t + t · 6r) = 2(6r2 + 7rt) = 12r2 + 14rt

We are given that the surface area is 18r2 , and so 18r2 = 12r2 + 14rt or 6r2 = 14rt.
14t 7t
Since r > 0, we can divide by r to get 6r = 14t so r = = .
6 3
7(6)
Substituting t = 6 gives r = = 14.
3
Answer: (10, 6, 14)
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 23
13
2. (a) Rearranging the equation, we get y = −13x + 9.
2
2 18
Multiplying through by gives y = −2x + .
13 13
The slope of this line is −2, so a perpendicular line must have a slope equal to the negative
−1 1
reciprocal of −2, which is = .
−2 2
EB
(b) It is given that AE = 4 and = 2, so EB = 2AE = 2 × 4 = 8.
AE
Therefore, AB = AE + EB = 4 + 8 = 12.
Since EF is parallel to BC, ∠AF E = ∠ACB and ∠AEF = ∠ABC.
Therefore, △AEF and △ABC are similar by angle-angle similarity.
AF AE 4 1
Since these triangles are similar, we get = = = .
AC AB 12 3
AF 1
Rearranging = gives 3AF = AC.
AC 3
We also have that AF = AC−F C = AC−10, so we can substitute to get 3(AC−10) = AC,
which can be rearranged to get 2AC = 30 or AC = 15.
BC AB 12
Using that △AEF is similar to △ABC, we have = = = 3.
EF AE 4
BC
Rearranging = 3 gives BC = 3EF = 3(4t) = 12t.
EF
We have AB = 12, AC = 15, and BC = 12t, so the perimeter of △ABC is equal to
12 + 15 + 12t = 27 + 12t.
1 1
Substituting t = gives 27 + 12 × = 27 + 6 = 33.
2 2
(c) The parabola passes through the points with coordinates (4, 5) and (0, 5).
Since these points have the same y-coordinate, the axis of symmetry of the parabola must
4+0
be at the average of the x-coordinates, or at x = = 2.
2
The minimum value of the function occurs on the axis of symmetry, so the parabola
achieves its minimum at (2, −3).
This all implies that the parabola has an equation of the form y = a(x − 2)2 − 3 for some
real number a.
Using that the parabola passes through (4, 5), we get 5 = a(4 − 2)2 − 3 or 5 = 4a − 3.
2
Solving this equation for a gives a =2, so the  parabola has equation y = 2(x − 2) − 3.
2t
The parabola also passes through , h , which simplifies to (6, h) when t = 33 is
11
substituted.
Therefore, h = 2(6 − 2)2 − 3 = 2(4)2 − 3 = 29.
Answer: ( 21 , 33, 29)

3. (a) The sum of the other 9 integers is 83 − 11 = 72. Since there are 9 other integers, their
72
average is = 8.
9
(b) Since the y-intercept is −2, the line passes through the point (x, y) = (0, −2).
Substituting (x, y) = (0, −2) and (x, y) = (16, 2) into the equation ax + by = t gives

−2b = t
16a + 2b = t
2024 CTMC Solutions Page 24
t
The first equation is equivalent to b = − , and if we add the equations we get 16a = 2t
2
t
or a = .
8  
t t 5t
Therefore, a − b = − − = .
8 2 8
Substituting t = 8 gives a − b = 5.
(c) A square with side length (t + 2) has area (t + 2)2 .
The rectangle has area (4t + 8)(t3 + 2t2 ), which can be factored as 4(t + 2)t2 (t + 2).
The number of squares needed is the area of the rectangle divided by the area of the
squares, or
4(t + 2)t2 (t + 2)
= 4t2
(t + 2)2
Since t = 5, the number of squares needed is 4(5)2 = 100.
Answer: (8, 5, 100)