ROBUST DESIGN

1.Define Experiment

A robust parameter design, introduced by Genichi Taguchi, is an experimental design used to

exploit the interaction between control and uncontrollable noise variables by robustification
—finding the settings of the control factors that minimize response variation from
uncontrollable factors.

Examples of robust design include umbrella fabric that will not deteriorate when exposed to
varying environments (external variation), food products that have long shelf lives (internal
variation), and replacement parts that will fit properly (unit-to-unit variation).

2.When do we use ANOVA.

ANOVA is helpful for testing three or more variables. It is similar to multiple two-sample t-
tests. However, it results in fewer type I errors and is appropriate for a range of issues.
ANOVA groups differences by comparing the means of each group and includes spreading
out the variance into diverse sources.

3. the design of one-half fraction of 2k design.

The refers to designs with k factors where each factor has just two levels. These designs are
created to explore a large number of factors, with each factor having the minimal number of
levels, just two.

4. nested design

Nested designs arise when every level of one factor (B, say) is combined with (“nested
inside”) only one level of another factor (A, say) in the design; this compares to the
previously discussed crossed design (or complete factorial designs) where all of the levels of
factor A are combined with all of the levels of factor B.
5. Partial Confounding

Partial confounding means that you confound different effects in every replication. The
efficiency of the estimate is the fraction of replicates where the effect is not confounded. E.g.,
three replications and only confounded in one is 2/3 efficiency.

6.Random Effects Model

In statistics, a random effects model, also called a variance components model, is

a statistical model where the model parameters are random variables. It is a kind
of hierarchical linear model, which assumes that the data being analysed are drawn from a
hierarchy of different populations whose differences relate to that hierarchy. A random
effects model is a special case of a mixed model.
Contrast this to the biostatistics definitions,[1][2][3][4][5] as biostatisticians use "fixed" and
"random" effects to respectively refer to the population-average and subject-specific effects
(and where the latter are generally assumed to be unknown, latent variables).
7. The term Experimental Designs
Experimental design is the process of carrying out research in an objective and controlled
fashion so that precision is maximized and specific conclusions can be drawn regarding a
hypothesis statement. Generally, the purpose is to establish the effect that a factor or
independent variable has on a dependent variable.
Experimental design refers to how participants are allocated to different groups in an
experiment. Types of design include repeated measures, independent groups, and matched
pairs designs

8.Noise Factor
an uncontrollable factor that causes variability under normal operating conditions, but we can
control it during the experiment using blocking and randomization.

9.Robust Design
It is defined as reducing variation in a product without eliminating the causes of the variation.
In other words, making the product or process insensitive to variation.
is an experimental design used to exploit the interaction between control and uncontrollable
noise variables by robustification—finding the settings of the control factors that minimize
response variation from uncontrollable factors.
10.Quality Loss Function
The quality loss function as defined by Taguchi is the loss imparted to the society by the
product from the time the product is designed to the time it is shipped to the customer. In fact,
he defined quality as the conformity around a target value with a lower standard deviation in
the outputs.
11.EMS rule
Expected Mean Square (EMS) is utilized to determine the correct analysis statistics, which is
the F-Statistics. The rules in developing the EMS Table are explained using two fixed factors
A and B with a random factor C. A model consisting of three factors, A, B, and C is written
as in Equation 3.
12.When RSM is Preferred.
Response surface methodology (RSM) includes optimization procedures for the settings of
factorial variables, such that the response reaches a desired maximum or minimum value. The
response is in effect modeled by factorial techniques and ANOVA, but these are extended for
more detailed modeling of the effects.
13.What is blocking in experimental design?
In the statistical theory of the design of experiments, blocking is the arranging of
experimental units in groups (blocks) that are similar to one another. Typically, a blocking
factor is a source of variability that is not of primary interest to the experimenter.
a type of research study in which participants are divided into relatively homogeneous
subsets (blocks) from which they are assigned to the experimental or treatment conditions.
14.Orthagonal Array

Taguchi Orthogonal Array (OA) design is a type of general fractional factorial design. It is a
highly fractional orthogonal design that is based on a design matrix proposed by Dr. Genichi
Taguchi and allows you to consider a selected subset of combinations of multiple factors at
multiple levels.

15.Advantages of Taguchi’s Approach

The Taguchi experimental design reduces cost, Improves quality, and provides robust design
solutions. The advantages of Taguchi method over the other methods are that numerous
factors can be simultaneously optimized and more quantitative information can be extracted
from fewer experimental trials.

16.Significance of S/N Ratio.

A signal-to-noise ratio over 0 dB indicates that the signal level is greater than the noise
level. The higher the ratio, the better the signal quality.

According to the Taguchi method, in order to find the optimal machining parameters, the
signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) [6] of each machining parameter level must be assessed for each
output function. The highest S/N of the considered machining parameter levels indicates an
optimal level.

17.Mean Square Treatment

The treatment mean square is obtained by dividing the treatment sum of squares by the
degrees of freedom. The treatment mean square represents the variation between the sample
means. The mean square of the error (MSE) is obtained by dividing the sum of squares of the
residual error by the degrees of freedom.

18.Features of Confounding

The confounding factor must be associated with both the risk factor of interest and the
outcome. The confounding factor must be distributed unequally among the groups being
compared. A confounder cannot be an intermediary step in the causal pathway from the
exposure of interest to the outcome of interest.

19.Advantages of Taguchi’s approach

20.Four Type of Noise factors

When categorizing noise, there are generally four main types: continuous, intermittent,
impulsive, and low-frequency. The main differentiating factor between these types is how the
noise changes with time.

21.Attribute Data

Attribute data is defined as a type of data that can be used to describe or quantify an object or
entity. An example of attribute data is things like coluor, , yes/no, gender, etc. This type of
data is typically used in conjunction with other forms of data to provide additional context
and insights.

Attribute data can be store as one of five different field types in a table or database: character,
integer, floating, date, and BLOB.

22.Single Factor Experiment

Single-factor design refers to experimental design with only one independent variable or
factor. This might be a between-groups design or a within-subjects one. A between-group
design with an independent variable with three levels is a single-factor between-group design
with four levels.

23.Crossed Factors

Two factors are crossed when each level of one factor occurs in combination with each level
of the other factor. For example, if you use crossed factors in your experiment, the same three
operators would inspect surface finish from both machines.
24.Level of a Factor

The number of levels of a factor or independent variable is equal to the number of variations
of that factor that were used in the experiment.

25. Randomized Block design

A randomized block design is an experimental design where the experimental units are in
groups called blocks. The treatments are randomly allocated to the experimental units inside
each block. When all treatments appear at least once in each block, we have a completely
randomized block design.

26.Latin Square Experimental Design

The Latin square design requires that the number of experimental conditions equals the
number of different labels. The same number of experimental runs as the number of treatment
conditions is also used. The treatment conditions are labelled once using each label and
sampled once under each experimental run.

27.Properties of Orthogonal array

28.How is an Orthogonal array is selected?

The selection of orthogonal arrays is based on the number of parameters and the levels of
variation for each parameter, and will be expounded below. Conduct the experiments
indicated in the completed array to collect data on the effect on the performance measure .
29.Features of Robust Design

The overall objective is to evaluate and develop methods which find solutions that are
optimal both in the sense of handling typical load cases and minimising the variability of the
response, i.e. robust optimal designs.

Robust design refers to quality engineering activities whose goal is the development of low-
cost, yet high quality products and processes. A key tool in robust design is the use of
statistically planned experiments to identify factors that affect product quality and to optimize
their nominal levels.

30.Parameter Design

Taguchi's parametric design is a powerful statistical method to produce high quality product
and optimize the process design problems in a cost efficient way by reducing process
variation through robust design of experiments.

31.Randomization & Replication

Randomisation: the random allocation of treatments to the experimental units. Randomize to

avoid confounding between treatment effects and other unknown effects. Replication: the
repetition of a treatment within an experiment allows: To quantify the natural variation
between experimental units.

Replication is a key feature of experimental design that involves repeating an experiment or a

part of it under the same or similar conditions. Replication can increase the reliability,
validity, and generalizability of experimental results, but it also has some drawbacks that
need to be considered.

Randomization as a method of experimental control has been extensively used in human

clinical trials and other biological experiments. It prevents the selection bias and insures
against the accidental bias. It produces the comparable groups and eliminates the source of
bias in treatment assignments.

32.Factorial Experiment

a full factorial experiment is an experiment whose design consists of two or more factors,
each with discrete possible values or "levels", and whose experimental units take on all
possible combinations of these levels across all such factors.

A factorial experiment is defined as one in which responses are observed for every
combination of factor levels.

33.Interaction effect

Interaction effects include simultaneous effects of two or more variables on the process
output or response. Interaction occurs when the effect of one independent variable changes
depending on the level of another independent variable.
 34.Why do we go for Fractional Factorial Design

The basic purpose of a fractional factorial design is to economically investigate cause-and-

effect relationships of significance in a given experimental setting. This does not differ in
essence from the purpose of any experimental design.

A fractional factorial design allows for a more efficient use of resources as it reduces the
sample size of a test, but it comes with a tradeoff in information. The main use for fractional
factorial designs is in screening experiments.

35.Response Surface Method

Response surface methodology (RSM) includes optimization procedures for the settings of
factorial variables, such that the response reaches a desired maximum or minimum value. The
response is in effect modeled by factorial techniques and ANOVA, but these are extended for
more detailed modeling of the effects.

36. Confounding in Experimental design

A confounding design is one where some treatment effects (main or interactions) are
estimated by the same linear combination of the experimental observations as some blocking
effects. In this case, the treatment effect and the blocking effect are said to be confounded.

Confounding is often referred to as a “mixing of effects”1,2 wherein the effects of the

exposure under study on a given outcome are mixed in with the effects of an additional factor
(or set of factors) resulting in a distortion of the true relationship.

37.Steps to Construct an Orthogonal array

 Identify The Main Function, Side Effects, And Failure Mode.

 Identify The Noise Factors, Testing Conditions, And Quality Characteristics.
 Identify The Objective Function To Be Optimized.
 Identify The Control Factors And Their Levels.
 Select The Orthogonal Array Matrix Experiment.
 Conduct The Matrix Experiment.

38.Noise Factor

noise factors are factors that cause variability in the performance of a system or product, but
cannot be controlled during production or product use. You can, however, control or simulate
noise factors during experimentation.