MADONNA’S CALCULATOR TRICKS

ARTHUR DAVID
 CONTENT
Complex numbers for Engineering Mathematics 1

Setting the calculator to complex mode 1 The basic complex number operations on the
calculator Error! Bookmark not defined.
Addition of complex numbers 5
Subtraction of complex numbers 7
Modulus and argument of complex numbes 10
Multiplication of complex numbers 18
Division of complex numbers 19
Converting Cartesian forms to polar forms 21
Addition of polar complex numbers 25
Subtraction, division and multiplication of polar complex numbers 29
Converting polar forms to Cartesian forms 30
Matrices for Engineering Mathematics 31
Setting the calculator to matrix mode 31
Storing matrices for use 34
Viewing the contents of a stored matrix 40
Changing the elements in a matrix after storing 43
Changing the size of a matrix after storing 47
Addition of matrices 48
Subtraction and multiplication of matrices 54
Transpose of a matrix 55
Determinant of a matrix 60
Inverse of matrix 65
Vectors for Engineering Mathematics 67
Setting the calculator to vector mode 67
Storing vectors for use 70
Viewing the contents of a stored vector 76
Changing the elements in a vector after storing 78
Changing the dimension of a vector after storing 81
Addition of vectors 82
Subtraction of vectors 88
Cross product of vectors 88
Dot product of vectors 90
Complex numbers for applied electricity 91
Addition and subtraction of phasor quantities 92
Representation of impedance in complex numbers 94
Conclusion 99

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iv
COMPLEX NUMBERS FOR ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
 Setting the calculator to complex mode

Before you can use your calculator to work in complex numbers, you need to first of all set it to the
complex number mode. The following describes how to switch your calculator to complex mode.
 Press the MODE
Button

Press Button “ 2 ”
to select complx
from the options

STEP 1 STEP 2

1
 Your calculator is now set for
complex numbers operations

STEP 3
HINT:

Make sure “CMPLX” is indicated at the top because without it means your calculator is still in normal mode hence cannot compute
complex numbers and also it will not have access to complex numbers.

2
 The basic complex numbers operators on the calculator

HINT:

• The “ ” operator is obtained by pressing SHIFT followed by THE “ ( - ) ” key and the “ i ” operator is obtained by pressing the

“ENG” key in complex mode.

SHIFT + = and = i

• The “ i ” operator is the same as the “ j ” operator so in places where you see “ j ” just make sure you substitute it with the “ i ” operator
on your calculator .

3
The “ ” operator which is
the short hand form for the
polar representation of complex
numbers
Example
The “ i ” operator
r (𝐜𝐨𝐬 Ө + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏Ө) = r Ө

4
 ADDITION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Example: 1
Solve (4 + j5) + (3 - j2)

5
 Enter this on
(4 + 5i) + (3 – 2i) your calculator (4 + 5i) + (3 – 2i) The answer is
7+3i displayed below

Press the “ = ”
Button

STEP 1
STEP 2
HINT:
STEP 1
• In order to ensure clarity, ensure that you surround each complex number with a pair of brackets even if they are not so in tMake sure
you note the order of appearance of the “ i ” operand in using the calculator. The syntax has been designed to be valid if and he question.

only if the “ i ” operand comes after the number. Therefore make sure you place the “ i ” operand after the number even if itbefore it in the
question. appears

6
• The “ ion your calculator . ” operator is the same as the “ j ” operator so in places where you see “ j ” just make sure you substitute it with
the “ i ” operator

SUBTRACTION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

Example: 2
Solve (4 + 12i) – (3 – 15i)

7
 Enter this on your
(4 + 12i) - (3 – 15i) calculator (4 + 12i) - (3 – 15i)
The answer is
1 – 3i displayed below

Press the “ = ”
Button

STEP 1 STEP 2
HINT:

In order to ensure clarity, ensure that you surround each complex number with a pair of brackets even if they are not so in tMake sure
you note the order of appearance of the “ i ” operand in using the calculator. The syntax has been designed to be valid if and he question.

only if the “ i ” operand comes after the number. Therefore make sure you place the “ i ” operand after the number even if itbefore it in the
question. appears

The “ i ” oon your calculator .perator is the same as the “ j ” operator so in places where you see “ j ” just make sure you substitute it
with the “ i ” op erator

8
 Modulus and argument of complex numbers
Theory of modulus and argument of complex numbers.
Sample : z = x + yj Modulus:
The distance of the corresponding point from the origin in the Argand diagram.

|z| = √𝑥2 + 𝑦2 Argument:

the angle that the line joining the origin to z on the Argand diagram makes with the positive x – axis. The
anticlockwise direction is taken to be positive and the clockwise direction is taken to be negative by
convention.

Arg (z) =

HINT:

• Modulus is the distance of the corresponding point from the origin in the Argand diagram.
• Modulus is denoted by “ | | ”
• Argument is the angle that the line joining the origin to z on the Argand diagram makes with the positive x – axis.
• By convention, the anti-clockwise direction is taken to be positive and the clockwise direction is taken to be negative. Argument is
denoted by “ arg ”
9
 (FINDING THE ARGUMENT)

Modulus and argument of complex numbers

Example: 3
Find the modulus and the argument of the complex number z = 2 – 3i
(FINDING THE MODULUS)

Enter this on
√ (𝟐)𝟐 + (−𝟑)𝟐 your calculator √ (𝟐)𝟐 + (−𝟑)𝟐 The answer is
√13 displayed below

Press the “ = ”
button

STEP 1 STEP 2

10
HINT:

The modulus of a complex number z can be represented as | z | or r

Enter this on
(2 - 3i) your calculator
(2 - 3i)
2 - 3i 2 - 3i
Press the
SHIFT button

The question is
displayed below

Press button “2” to

select [COMPLX]
in order to use
Press the “ = ”
Button complex number
operations
 (FINDING THE ARGUMENT)
STEP 1 STEP 2

12
 (FINDING THE ARGUMENT)

1: arg 2: Conjg arg(

3: r Ө 4: a+bi

Press button “ 1 ” to
select “ arg ” which
means argument Press the “ = ”
button

STEP 1 STEP 2

13
(FINDING THE ARGUMENT)

arg( Ans
The answer is
-56. 30993247 displayed below

STEP 3

14
 more on positive and negative angles

From the positive x- axis moving in the anti-

clockwise
direction to the line gives a
positive angle

From the positive x- axis

moving in the direction to the line gives a clockwise

negative angle

Hence when you get a negative angle, just add 360 to the negative angle to get the positive corresponding angle.
Positive argument = Negative argument + 360 ᶱ

HINT:

15
 (FINDING THE ARGUMENT)
Since argument is normally taken from the positive xyou get and the corresponding positive angle will be your argument.-axis to the line
in the anti-clockwise direction, always add 360 to any negative angle

Positive argument = Negative argument + 360In math, the argument is normally in the positive form so make sure you convert y

our arguments to positive forms unless the answer in the objectives requires a negative argument.If your argument is computed

and is positive please maintain that as your argument. Only negative ones must be converted to p ositive.

16
Now, taking the fact that the answer in example 3 was a negative argument, add 360 to the angle
to give you the corresponding positive argument which is desired.
arg z = Ө = -56.31 + 360
= 303.69 ᶱ

Therefore the answers are:

| z | = r = √𝟏𝟑 arg z
= Ө = 303.69 ᶱ

17
 Multiplication of complex numbers

Example: 4
Solve (3 + 2i) (-1 – 4i)

Enter this on your

(3 + 2i) (-1 - 4i) calculator (3 + 2i) (-1 - 4i)
The answer is
5 – 14i displayed below

Press the “ = ”
Button

STEP 1 STEP 2
HINT:
You may choose to put the multiplication sign between the complex numbers but that will also produce the same answer

Therefore (3 + 2i)(-1 -4i) = (3 + 2i) x (-1 -4i) = 5 -14i

DIVISION of complex numbers

Example: 4

Solve

19
 Enter this on your
(𝟑 − 𝟐𝒊) (𝟑 − 𝟐𝒊)
calculator
(−𝟏 + 𝟒𝒊) (−𝟏 + 𝟒𝒊) 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟎 The answer is
− − 𝒊
𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕 displayed below

Press the “ = ”
Button

STEP 1 STEP 2

HINT:

Anytime you get an answer in fractions, you can convert it to decimal by pressing the button.

14
 Converting Cartesian forms to polar forms

Theory:
for a complex number in Cartesian form z = a + bi
, polar form = | z | (cos Ө + i sin Ө ) =
r Ө (shorthand form)

= r 𝑒𝑖Ө (Euler’s form)

Example: 5
Express 4 + 3i in
i. Shorthand form
ii. The normal form
iii. Euler’s form

21
 Enter this on your
4 + 3i calculator 4 + 3i
4 + 3i 4 + 3i
Press the
SHIFT button
The question is
displayed below

Press button “2”

to select
[COMPLX] in
Press the “ = ” order to use
Button complex number
operations

STEP 1 STEP 2

23
 1: arg 2: Conjg Ans r Ө The answer is
3: r Ө 4: a+bi 5 36.86989765 displayed below

Press Button “ 3 ” to
Press the “ = ”
select “r Ө ” BUTTON

STEP 3 STEP 4

Therefore shorthand form = 5 36.87ᶱ

Normal form = 5(cos 36.87 + i sin 36.87)

Euler’s form = 5 r𝑒𝑖 36.87

HINT:

24
• To find the polar form of a complex number in the normal or euler’s form, first find the shorthand form using your calculator and
convert them manually to the respective forms you wish to express it in. This is because only the shorthand can be obtain using the
calculator.
• Make sure you study the basic general normal form as well as the euler’s form so that converting wouldn’t be a problem for you.
Addition of Polar complex numbers
Example: 6
Solve 5(cos 56.87 + i sin 56.87) + 10(cos 128.53 + i sin 128.53)

Note:
First of all convert the normal polar forms to the shorthand forms since it’s the type the calculator can work
with.
5(cos 56.87 + i sin 56.87) = 5 56.87ᶱ
10(cos 128.53 + i sin 128.53) = 10 128.53ᶱ

25
 Enter this on
(5 56.87)+(10 128.53) your calculator (5 56.87)+(10 128.53) The answer is
displayed below but it
-3.496540666 + 12 has been contracted

Press the “ = ”
Button

STEP 1 STEP 2

26
HINT:
Always remember to convert the given polar forms to the shorthand form because that is the only form the calculator can work with.

(5 56.87)+(10 128.53)
-3.496540666
+12.00998433i

Press the BUTTON

to expand the answer

STEP 3
Follow STEP 2 through to STEP 4 of the topic, “Converting Cartesian forms to polar forms” to
convert your answer to shorthand polar form. After, you can manually convert it to the normal form
since the question was in that form.

27
HINT:

Note that the same procedure holds for subtraction, multiplication and division of polar forms. The only difference is that the “+” symbol
is replaced with “-”, “x” or “ ” for subtraction, multiplication and division respectively

28
 Subtraction, division and multiplication of polar complex numbers
Subtracting, dividing or multiplying polar complex numbers basically involves the same procedure as addition.
The only difference is at Stage 1 of “Addition of polar complex numbers” where “ + ” is replaced with either
“ - ” or “ ” or “ x ” for subtraction, division and multiplication respectively.
 21
Converting polar forms to Cartesian forms
Example: 7
Convert the following to Cartesian form; 5 36.86969 ᶱ

Enter this on
5 36.86969 your calculator 5 36.86969 The answer is
4.000010872 displayed below
+2.999985504i

Press the “ = ”
Button

STEP 1 STEP 2

30
HINT: You may run the decimals off to suit the needs of objective type answers.

MATRICES FOR ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Setting the calculator to matrix mode

Before you can use your calculator to work in matrices, you need to first of all set it to the matrix mode. The
following describes how to switch your calculator to matrix mode.
 Press the MODE
Button

Press button “6”

to select MATRIX
form the options

STEP 1 STEP 2

23

32
 Your calculator is
now set for matrix
operations
Matrix?
1: MatA 2: MatB
3: MatC 0

Press the “AC”

Button

STEP 3 STEP 4
 24
Storing matrices for use
For most of the topics under matrices, we will assume two matrices.

A=

B=
Before you can work with any matrix, you first need to store it in your calculator.
The next section shows how to store matrices for use.
 25
Example: 8
Store matrix A and matrix B in your calculator.
 1: Dim 2: Data
3: MatA 4: MatB
5: MatC 6: MatAns
0
7: det 8: Trn
Press the SHIFT
button

Press Button “4”

to select
[MATRIX] in Press Button “1” to
order to use choose “DIM” which
matrix operations means dimension

STEP 1 STEP 2
 26

Press the bottom

MatA (mxn) mxn?
Matrix? arrow key for more
1: 3x3 2: 3x2
1: MatA 2: MatB matrix sizes if the 3: 3x1 4: 2x3
3: MatC desired size is not on 5: 2x2 6: 2x1
your screen.

Press button “4” to

choose the matrix
size 2x3 since our
Press button “1” matrix A is a 2x3
to choose MatA
matrix
as the storage
location

STEP 3 STEP 4

HINT:
• There are only three storage locations for matrices in the calculator (MatA, MatB, MatC) which means the calculator can work with a
maximum number of three matrices.
• You can choose any of the storage locations as the destination for your matrix but make sure you keep track of where it has been strored.
• Normally the order for storing matrices is by storing the first matrix that appears in the question in MatA, the second matrix in MatB
and the third one in MatC if it exists.

27
 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟏
A [ ]
𝟒 𝟎 𝟑
3 0

Enter the elements of

the matrix by
pressing the “ = ” Press the
Button after each
“AC” button
input. The elements to clear the
of the matrix gets screen after
stored in the process. the matrix has
been stored.

STEP 5 STEP 6

Follow the same steps to store matrix B

HINT:
 You can make instant changes to the matrix you are storing in Step 5 by highlighting the particular element you want to change by
manipulating the arrow keys and then replacing it with the new one. A highlighted element is identified by its dark background. An
element can be changed by highlighting it and then entering the new element to replace it. Then press the “=” to save the new
element.

28
VIEWING THE CONTENTS OF A STORED MATRIX
After storing a Matrix, it is very advisable to view and check its contents to ensure that the elements are all correct before you
perform operations on them. The following steps describe how to view the contents of a stored matrix.
 1: Dim 2: Data
3: MatA 4: MatB
5: MatC 6: MatAns
0 7: det 8: Trn
Press the Shift
button

Press Button “4”

to select
[MATRIX] in
order to use Press Button “3” to
matrix operations view the contents of
Matrix A

STEP 1 STEP 2

29
 The answer is
MatA Ans displayed here.
[2 3 −1]
4 0 3
0 2

This shows the

currently highlighted
element of the matrix
and will change as
you change the
position with the
arrow keys (the
round button with
replay written on it)
Press the “=”
Button

STEP 3 STEP 4
Follow the same steps to view to contents of matrix B
HINT:
• Viewing the contents of a matrix stored in MatB or MatC involves the same process. The only difference is at Step 2 where button “4” or
button “5” is pressed to view the contents of MatB or MatC respectively.
• You can always skip this process of viewing the contents of a matrix when solving problems. But always ensure that you enter accurate
values
in the storage process.
30
Changing the elements in a matrix after storing.
You can always change the elements in a stored matrix. Do that using the following steps.
 1: Dim 2: Data
3: MatA 4: MatB
5: MatC 6: MatAns
0 7: det 8: Trn
Press the SHIFT
button.

Press Button “4”

to select
[MATRIX] in
order to use
matrix operations Press Button “ 2 ” to
select DATA

STEP 1 STEP 2
31
 Matrix? A
1: MatA 2: MatB The arrow keys can be
[23 −1 ]
4 0 3 2 manipulated to highlight
3: MatC an element in the matrix.
A highlighted element
can be changed by
entering the new element
followed by pressing the
“ = ” key

Press the “AC”

Press Button button to clear the
“ 1 ” in order screen after
to make successfully
changes to changing the
matrix A desired elements.

STEP 3 STEP 4

HINT:

46
 Note that button “1” was selected in step 3 because the matrix whose elements we want to change is MatA. Therefore if we want to change
the elements of another matrix we stored in say MatB, we would have to select the button “2”. Button “3” will be selected if we want to make
changes to the elements in a matrix we stored in MatC.

Changing the SIZE OF a matrix after storing.

You can always change the size of a stored Matrix of a given size. This process is basically the same as storing a
matrix for use.
The only difference is in step 4 where the new size of the matrix is selected on the corresponding button. The
rest of the process remains unchanged.
HINT:
You will barely have to change the size of a matrix after storing in real life problems. The only practical application of this process is when
you mistakenly choose a wrong matrix size when storing the matrix. However you will barely use this process if you carefully select
correct matrix sizes at all times.

33
ADDITION OF MATRICES.
Example: 9

Solve

48
Store in matrix A

and in matrix B STEP 1

You can refer to the topic

“Storing Matrices for use” if you
have still not mastered the 0
Press the Shift
procedure. Button.

Press Button “4”

to select
[MATRIX] in
order to use
matrix operations

STEP 2
 This shows that
matrix A has been
1: Dim 2: Data
MatA selected and is
3: MatA 4: MatB
ready to be used
5: MatC 6: MatAns
7: det 8: Trn 0

Press button “3”

to select MatA in
order to use the
matrix stored in A

STEP 3 STEP 4

50
 The operation is
MatA + displayed here MatA +

0 0
Press the Shift
Button.

Press Button “4”

to select
Press the “ + ” [MATRIX] in
button since the
order to use
operation being
matrix operations
performed on the
two matrices is
addition

STEP 5 STEP 6

51
 The full operation
1: Dim 2: Data
MatA + MatB in displayed here.
3: MatA 4: MatB
5: MatC 6: MatAns
7: det 8: Trn 0

Press button “4”

to select MatB in
order to use the
matrix stored in B
Press the “ = ”
button to display
the answer.

STEP 7 STEP 8

52
Ans The answer is
displayed here.
𝟓 𝟕 𝟏
[ ]
𝟓 −𝟏 𝟑 5

STEP 9

53
 SUBTRACTION AND MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES.
Subtracting or multiplying matrices is basically the same procedure as addition.
The only difference is at Stage 5 of “Addition of matrices” where “ + ” is replaced with either “ - ” or “ x ” for
subtraction and multiplication respectively.

54
 Transpose of a matrix
Example: 10

Find the transpose of

55
 Store in matrix A

You can refer to the topic STEP

“Storing Matrices for use” if you 1
have still not mastered the STEP
2 procedure.
0
Press the Shift
Button.

Press Button “4”

to select
[MATRIX] in
order to use
matrix operations

56
 1: Dim 2: Data
3: MatA 4: MatB Trn(
5: MatC 6: MatAns 0
7: det 8: Trn
Press the Shift
Button.

Press Button “ 8 ”
to select Trn Press Button “4”
which means to select
Transpose [MATRIX] in
order to use
matrix operations

STEP 3 STEP 4

57
 1: Dim 2: Data The full operation
3: MatA 4: MatB Trn( MatA is displayed here.
5: MatC 6: MatAns 0
7: det 8: Trn

Press button “3”

to select MatA in Press the “ = ”
order to use the button to display
matrix stored in A the answer.

STEP 5 STEP 6

58
Ans The answer is
𝟐 𝟒 displayed here.
[ 𝟑 𝟎]
−𝟏 𝟑 2

STEP 7

59
 Determinant of a matrix
Example: 10

Find the determinant of

Store in matrix A

You can refer to the topic “Storing

Matrices for use” if you have still
not mastered the procedure.
0
Press the Shift
Button.

STEP 1 STEP 2 Press Button “4”

to select
[MATRIX] in
order to use
44 matrix operations

61
 1: Dim 2: Data
3: MatA 4: MatB
det(
5: MatC 6: MatAns
7: det 8: Trn Press the Shift
Button.

Press Button “ 7 ”
to select det which
means Press Button “4”
to select
Determinant
[MATRIX] in
order to use
matrix operations

STEP 3 STEP 4

62
 1: Dim 2: Data The full operation
3: MatA 4: MatB det( MatA is displayed here.
5: MatC 6: MatAns
7: det 8: Trn

Press button “3”

to select MatA in Press the “ = ”
order to use the button to display
matrix stored in A the answer.

STEP 5 STEP 6

63
det( MatA
The answer is
-467 displayed here.

STEP 7

64
 Inverse of a matrix
The inverse of a matrix be it 2x2 or 3x3 cannot be found directly using the calculator. However, the calculator
can speed up the working process by helping you find the determinant easily. The basic inverse theories
For 2x2 matrix,

A=
For 3x3 matrix,

A= x adjoint(A)

Finding the determinant of a 2x2 matrix.

Since the calculator cannot fully find the inverse of the matrix to following steps is used.
• Store the matrix and use the calculator to find the determinant (detA) Manually convert the

matrix into the form Solve to get the inverse.

65
Finding the determinant of a 3x3 matrix.
Since the calculator cannot fully find the inverse of the matrix to following steps is used.
• Store the matrix and use the calculator to find the determinant (detA)
• Manually find the matrix of cofactors (the calculator can help you get the determinant at every
stage of finding the cofactor matrix but since the process involves so many determinants, finding
them manually might be better since you’ll be finding determinants for 2x2 matrices after the
elimination of a row and column)
• Find the Adjoint by transposing the cofactor matrix (you can do this with the calculator) Solve
x adjoint(A) to get the inverse.

66
 Vectors for engineering mathematics
Setting the calculator to vector mode
Before you can use your calculator to work in vectors, you need to first of all set it to the vector mode. The
following describes how to switch your calculator to vector mode.

67
 Press the MODE
Button

Press Button “ 8 ”
to select VECTOR
from the options

STEP 2
STEP 1

68
Vector? Your calculator is
now set for vector
1: VctA 2: VctB
operations
3: VctC

Press the “AC”

Button

STEP 3 STEP 4
 51
Storing vectors for use
For most of the topics under vectors, we will assume these two vectors.
A = < 2, -3, 4 > = 2i -3j +4k
B = < -2, 1, 1 > = -2i +j +k
Before you can work with any vector, you first need to store it in your calculator.
The next section shows how to store vectors for use.
 52
Example: 11
Store vectors A and matrix B in your calculator.
 1: Dim 2: Data
3: Vct A 4: Vct B
5: Vc tC 6: Vc tAns
Press the Shift 7: Dot
Button.

Press button “5”

to select
[VECTOR] in Press button “1” to
order to use choose “DIM” which
vector operations means dimension

STEP 1 STEP 2

53
 Vector? VctA(m) m?
1: VctA 2: VctB 1:3 2:2
3: VctC

Press button “1” Press button “1” to

to choose vector choose the 3 since
A as the storage our vector A is 3
location dimensional

STEP 3 STEP 4

HINT:

• There are only three storage locations for vectors in the calculator (VcttA, VctB, VctC) which means the calculator can work with a
maximum number of three vectors.
• You can choose any of the storage locations as the destination for your vector but make sure you keep track of where it has been strored.
• Normally the order for storing vectors is by storing the first vector that appears in the question in VctA, the second matrix in VctB and
the third one in VctC if it exists.
• In Step 4, press button “2” to select 2 as the dimension if you are storing a 2-dimensional vector.

54

A
[ 2 -3 4]
4 0

Enter the elements of

the vector by
pressing the “ = ”
button after each
input. The elements
of the vector gets Press the
stored in the process. “AC” button
to clear the
screen after
the matrix has
been stored.

STEP 5 STEP 6
Follow the same steps to store vector B

HINT:
• You can make instant changes to the vector you are storing in Step 5 by highlighting the particular element you want to change by
manipulating the arrow keys and then replacing it with the new one. A highlighted element is identified by its dark background. An
element can be changed by highlighting it and then entering the new element to replace it. Then press the “=” to save the new
element.

55
 VIEWING THE CONTENTS OF A STORED VECTOR
After storing a vector, it is very advisable to view and check its contents to ensure that the elements are all correct before you
perform operations on them. The following steps describe how to view the contents of a stored vector.

1: Dim 2: Data
3: Vct A 4: Vct B
5: Vc tC 6: Vc tAns
Press the Shift 7: Dot
Button.

Press button “5”

to select
[VECTOR] in
order to use
vector operations Press Button “3”
to select vector A

76
 STEP 1 STEP 2

The answer is
VctA Ans
displayed here.
[ 2 -3 4]
0 2

This shows the

currently highlighted
element of the matrix
and will change as
you change the
position with the
arrow keys (the
Press the “=” round button with
Button replay written on it)
 STEP 3 STEP 4

HINT:
• Viewing the contents of a vector stored in VectB or VctC involves the same process. The only difference is at Step 2 where button
“4” or button “5” is pressed to view the contents of VctB or VctC respectively.
• You can always skip this process of viewing the contents of a vector when solving problems. But always ensure that you enter
accurate values in the storage process.

57
Changing the elements in a vector after storing.
You can always change the elements in a stored vector. Do that using the following steps.

78
 1: Dim 2: Data
3: Vct A 4: Vct B
5: Vc tC 6: Vc tAns
Press the Shift 7: Dot
Button.

Press Button “5”

to select
[VECTOR] in
order to use
Press button “2”
vector operations to select Data

STEP 1 STEP 2
 Vector? A The arrow keys can be
1: VctA 2: VctB [ 2 -3 4] manipulated to highlight
3: VctC 2 an element in the vector.
A highlighted element
can be changed by
entering the new element
followed by pressing the
“ = ” key

Press the “AC”

Press Button button to clear the
“ 1 ” in order screen after
to make successfully
changes to changing the
vector A desired elements.

STEP 3 STEP 4

HINT:

Note that button “1” was selected in Step 3 because the vector whose elements we want to change is VctA. Therefore if we want to change
the elements of another vector we stored in say VctB, we would have to select the button “2”. Button “3” will be selected if we want to
make changes to the elements in a vector we stored in VctC.

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 Changing the dimension OF a vector after storing.
You can always change the dimension of a stored Vector of a given dimension. This process is basically the
same as storing a vector for use.
The only difference is in step 4 where the new dimension of the vector is selected on the corresponding button.
The rest of the process remains unchanged.

HINT:

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 You will barely have to change the dimension of a vector after storing in real life problems. The only practical application of this process
is when you mistakenly choose a wrong vector dimension when storing the vector. However you will barely use this process if you carefully
select correct vector dimensions at all times.

ADDITION OF VECTORS.
Example: 11
Solve < 2, -3, 4 > + < -2, 1, 1 >

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 Store < 2, -3, 4 > in vector A
And < -2, 1, 1 > in vector B
STEP 1
STEP 2 You can refer to the topic

“Storing vectors for use” if you

have still not mastered the
procedure. Press the Shift
Button.

Press button “5”

to select
[VECTOR] in
order to use
vector operations

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 This shows that
vector A has been
1: Dim 2: Data selected and is
3: Vct A 4: Vct B VctA
ready to be used
5: Vc tC 6: Vc tAns
7: Dot 0

Press button “3”

to select VctA in
order to use the
Vector stored in A

STEP 3 STEP 4
 62

The operation is
VctA + displayed here VctA +

0 0
Press the Shift
Button.

Press the “ + ” Press Button “5”

button since the to select
operation being [VECTOR] in
performed on the order to use
two matrices is vector operations
addition

STEP 5 STEP 6
 63

The full operation

1: Dim 2: Data VctA + VctB in displayed here.
3: Vct A 4: Vct B
5: Vc tC 6: Vc tAns
7: Dot 0

Press button “4”

to select VctB in
order to use the
Vector stored in B Press the “ = ”
Button to display
the answer.

STEP 7 STEP 8

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 Ans The answer is
[ 0 -2 5] displayed here.
0 .

STEP 9
Therefore answer is
< 0, -2, 5> = -2j +5k
HINT: The Answer is displayed in the order [ i j k] for 3 dimensional and [ i j] for 2 dimensional.

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SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS.
Subtracting of vectors basically follow the same procedure as addition.
The only difference is at Stage 5 of “Addition of vectors” where “ + ” is replaced with “ - ”.

CROSS PRODUCT OF VECTORS.

In vectors, cross product is basically the multiplication of two vectors.
Finding the Cross product of two vectors is basically follows the same procedure as addition of vectors.
The only difference is at Stage 5 of “Addition of vectors” where “ + ” is replaced with “ x ”.

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 DOT PRODUCT OF VECTORS.
Finding the dot product of vectors basically follows the same procedure as addition.
The only difference is at Stage 5 of “Addition of vectors” where “ + ” is replaced with “ ” (the dot symbol).
However the dot symbol doesn’t have a designated button like the “ + ” , “ - ” and “ x ” on the calculator.

The following steps should be followed in order to obtain the dot symbol.

• At stage 5 of addition of vectors, press the SHIFT button followed by the “5” button .
• Select Dot by pressing the “7” button.
• The dot should appear on the screen in front of VctA .
• Continue with stage 6 through to stage 9 to find dot product.

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 COMPLEX NUMBERS FOR APPLIED ELECTRICITY
This is no different from what we have already studied in complex numbers for Engineering Mathematics.
The following foreknowledge is highly required for this section.
• How to convert your calculator to complex mode.
• How to obtain the “ i ” operator from the calculator.
• How to obtain the “ ” operator from the calculator.
• How to convert from Cartesian form to shorthand polar form and vice versa.
• How to add, subtract, divide and multiply complex numbers.

You can always go any refer to any of the above prerequisites from complex numbers for Engineering
Mathematics if you have still not mastered them.

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 ADDITION AND SUBTRATION OF PHASOR QUANTITIES
The following steps are used to add or subtract phasor quantities.
• Find the general representation
• Express all phasors in the shorthand polar form based on the general representation Perform the desired
operation of them (whether adding or subtracting)

Example: 12
𝑣1(t) = 60sinωt and 𝑣2(t) = 80sin (ωt - 90ᶱ) ,determine

• 𝑣1+𝑣2
• 𝑣1 - 𝑣2

SOLUTION
1. General form is therefore
𝑣𝑚(𝑠𝑖𝑛ωt + Ө)
2. Expressing all phasors in shorthand polar form
𝑣1= 60 0ᶱ (since there is no angle, 0 is used)
𝑣2 = 80 -90ᶱ (since the angle is -90, -90 is used)

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Now solving 𝑣1+𝑣2,
• Set your calculator to complex mode.
• solve (60 0) + (80 -90) on your calculator. (refer to addition of polar complex numbers )
The answer is displayed in Cartesian form.
• Convert the answer to the shorthand polar form (refer to converting Cartesian forms to polar
forms) The resulting polar form should be 100 -53.13010235 Manually convert the
shorthand polar form to the general form. Therefore the answer is 100sin(ωt – 53ᶱ)

Now solving 𝑣1- 𝑣2,

This is the same as solving 𝑣1+𝑣2. The only difference is to replace “+” with “-” in the expression, (60
0) + (80 -90).
Therefore the new expressing becomes (60 0) - (80 -90).
Answer should be 100sin(ωt + 53ᶱ)

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 REPRESENTATION OF IMPEDANCE IN COMPLEX NUMBERS
Impedances can be represented in complex numbers. The following theory guides the process of
representing impedances of different forms in complex numbers.
• Resistive impedances form the real part of a complex number.
• Inductive reactance (𝑋𝐿) forms the imaginary part of a complex number with a plus sign.
• Capacitive reactance (𝑋𝐶) forms the imaginary part of a complex number with a negative sign.

From the above theories, impedances in complex numbers numbers can be in three froms.
1. Impedance consisting of only resistor
2. Impedance consisting of resistor and capacitor
3. Impedance consisting of resistor and inductor

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Example: 13
Find the complex notation of the following impedance.
1. A resistance of 20 Ω
2. A resistance of 20 Ω in series with an inductance of 0.1H
3. A resistance of 50 Ω in series with a capacitance of 40

Solution
1. Z = 20 + 0j Ω
2. 𝑋𝐿 = 2пfL 2п x 50 x 0.1 = 31.416 Therefore Z = 20 + 31.4j Ω 3.

Therefore Z = 50 – 79.6j Ω

You can convert the following

impedances into polar forms to obtain
1. 20 0Ω
2. 37.2 57.5 Ω
3. 94 -57.87 Ω
Example: 14
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Calculate the value of the current in each branch and its phase relative to the supply voltage.

150uF 20 Ω

0.1H 5Ω

200V, 50Hz

Procedure:
1. Convert all the impedances to complex forms preferably polar forms.
2. Use normal circuit analysis to obtain the values of the currents in each branch.

𝑍𝐴 = 20 + 0j

𝑋𝐿 = 2п x 50 x 0.1 = 31.416
𝑍𝐵 = 5 + 31.4j

𝑍𝐶 = -21.2j

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Finding total impedance,

𝑍𝑇 = (𝑍𝐴 // 𝑍𝐵) + 𝑍𝐶
Solve (𝑍𝐴 // 𝑍𝐵) + 𝑍𝐶 with the calculator by entering the following;

(this is a combination of division, addition and multiplication)

= 13.79252123-13.40340666i
Convert answer to polar form to get
19.23 -44.18 (refer to converting Cartesian forms to polar forms)

Finding 𝐼𝐴 using current division.

x 10.4 44.2 (enter this on the calculator and find the resulting answer)
= 2.31529583+7.906664973i
= 8.24 73.68 (refer to converting Cartesian forms to polar forms)
Therefore 𝐼𝐴 leads the supply by 73.68 (because its positive, it leads)

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From Kirchhoff’s current law,

𝐼𝐶 = 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝐵
Therefore

𝐼𝐵 = 𝐼𝐶 - 𝐼𝐴
= (10.4 44.2) – (8.24 73.68) (enter this on your calculator)
= 5.140416089 – 0.657470772i
= 5.18 -7.288 (refer to converting Cartesian forms to polar forms)
Therefore 𝐼𝐵 lags the supply by 73.68 (because its negative, it lags)
 Conclusion
It’s worth noting that solving applied electricity questions using complex numbers requires a combination of
using applied electricity theories such as kirchoff’s laws, current division, voltage division etc, and complex
numbers knowledge for engineering mathematics.

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