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The document provides an introduction to the C programming language, developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972, highlighting its features such as low-level memory access, fast speed, and clean syntax, making it suitable for system programming. It discusses the importance of learning C as a foundation for understanding modern programming languages and outlines the structure of a C program along with its components. Additionally, it mentions various applications of C in operating systems, embedded systems, networking, and more, while also covering the different standards of C and their respective features.
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7 views609 pagesAll c Merged Removed Removed
The document provides an introduction to the C programming language, developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972, highlighting its features such as low-level memory access, fast speed, and clean syntax, making it suitable for system programming. It discusses the importance of learning C as a foundation for understanding modern programming languages and outlines the structure of a C program along with its components. Additionally, it mentions various applications of C in operating systems, embedded systems, networking, and more, while also covering the different standards of C and their respective features.
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12181123, 203 PM
C Language Introduction -GeeksforGeeks
oS
C Language Introduction
Read
Cis a procedural programming language initially developed by Dennis Ritchie
in the year 1972 at Bell Laboratories of AT&T Labs. It was mainly developed
a system programming language to write the UNIX operating system.
Language
The main features of the C language include:
* General Purpose and Portable
* Low-level Memory Access
* Fast Speed
* Clean Syntax
The:
fe
ure
make the C language suitable for sy:
em programming like an
operating system or compiler development.
amt
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Why Should We Learn C?
Many later languages have borrowed syntax/features directly or indirectly from
the C language. Like syntax of Java, PHP, JavaScript, and many other languages
are mainly based on the C language. C++ is nearly a superset of C language
(Only a few programs may compile in C, but not in C++)
So, if a person learns C programming first, it will help him to learn any modern
programming language as well. As learning C help to understand a lot of the
underlying architecture of the operating system. Like pointers, working with
memory locations, etc.
Get Started with C Learn C fundamentals and advanced concepts, then
solve practical problems right in your browser window with Educative's
interactive skill path Become a C Programmer. Sign up at Educative.io
with the code GEEKS10 to save 10% on your subscription.
Beginning with C programming:
Writing the First Program in C
The following code is one of the simplest C programs that will help us the
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c
include
int main() {
int a = 10;
print#("%d", a);
return 0;
3
Output
10
C Language Introduction -GeeksforGeeks
Let us analyze the structure of our program line by Line.
Structure of the C program
After the above discu:
program. By structure, it is meant that any program can be written in this
structure only. Writing a C program in any other structure will hence lead to a
ssion, we can formally assess the structure of a C
Compilation Error. The structure of a C program is as follows:
Structure of C Program
(__1] #include Header
int main(void) Main
{
printf("Hello World"); | Statement
return O; Return
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EE
Components of a C Program:
1. Header Files Inclusion — Line 1 [#include ]
The first and foremost component is the inclusion of the Header files in a C
program. A header file is a file with extension .h which contains C function
declarations and macro definitions to be shared between several source files.
All lines that start with # are processed by a preprocessor which is a program
invoked by the compiler. In the above example, the preprocessor copies the
preprocessed code of stdio.h to our file. The .h files are called header files in C.
Some of the C Header files:
* stddef-h — Defines several useful types and macros.
* stdinth - Defines exact width integer types.
* stdio.h — Defines core input and output functions
* stdlib.h ~ Defines numeric conversion functions, pseudo-random number
generator, and memory allocation
* string.h ~ Defines string handling functions
* math.h— Defines common mathematical functions.
2. Main Method Declaration — Line 2 [int main()]
The next part of a C program is to declare the main() function. It is the entry
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(See this for more details). The int that was written before the main indicates
the return type of main(). The value returned by the main indicates the status
of program termination. See this post for more details on the return type.
3. Body of Main Method — Line 3 to Line 6 [enclosed in {}]
The body of a function in the C program refers to statements that are a part of
that function. It can be anything like manipulations, searching, sorting, printing,
etc. A pair of curly brackets define the body of a function. All functions must
start and end with curly brackets.
4. Statement — Line 4 [printf(“Hello World”);]
Statements are the instructions given to the compiler. In C, a statement is
always terminated by a semicolon (:). In this particular case, we use printf)
function to instruct the compiler to display “Hello World” text on the screen.
5. Return Statement - Line 5 [return 0;]
The last part of any C function is the return statement. The return statement
refers to the return values from a function. This return statement and return
value depend upon the return type of the function. The return statement in our
program returns the value from main(). The returned value may be used by an
operating system to know the termination status of your program. The value 0
typically means successful termination
How to Execute the Above Program?
In order to execute the above program, we need to first compile it using a
compiler and then we can run the generated executable. There are online IDEs
available for free like GeeksforGeeksIDE, that can be used to start development
in C without installing a compiler.
GfG Offline Programs C CBasics CData Types COperators Cinputand Output CControlFlow C Functic
like Code Blocks and Dev-CPP. IDEs provide us with an environment to
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2. Linux: GCC compiler comes bundled with Linux which compiles C programs
and generates executables for us to run. Code Blocks can also be used with
Linux
3. macOS: macOS already has a built-in text editor where you can just simply
write the code and save it with a “.c” extension.
Application of C
* Operating systems: C is widely used for developing operating systems such
as Unix, Linux, and Windows.
+ Embedded systems: C is a popular language for developing embedded
systems such as microcontrollers, microprocessors, and other electronic
devices,
+ System software: C is used for developing system software such as device
drivers, compilers, and assemblers.
+ Networking: C is widely used for developing networking applications such
as web servers, network protocols, and network drivers.
* Database systems: C is used for developing database systems such as
Oracle, MySQL, and PostgreSQL.
* Gaming: C is often used for developing computer games due to its ability to
handle low-level hardware interactions.
* Artificial Intelligence: C is used for developing artificial intelligence and
machine learning applications such as neural networks and deep learning
algorithms.
* Scientific applications: C is used for developing scientific applications such
as simulation software and numerical analysis tools
* Financial applications: C is used for developing financial applications such as
stock market analysis and trading systems.
* Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or if you want to share
more information about the topic discussed above.
If you have better suggestions about the products/services/tools/brands listed
above or feel like something missing, please Contact Us and share your
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36
Features of C Programming Language
GfG Offline Programs C CBasics CDataTypes COperators Cinputand Output CControlFlow C Functic
Ritchie in the year 1972. It was mainly developed as a system programming
language to write an operating system.
The main features of C language include low-level access to memory, a simple
set of keywords, and a clean style, these features make C language suitable for
system programming like an operating system or compiler development
What are the Most Important Features of C Language?
Here are some of the most important features of the C language:
Procedural Language
Fast and Efficient
Modularity
Statically Type
General-Purpose Language
. Rich set of built-in Operators
. Libraries with Rich Functions
Middle-Level Language
Portability
10. Easy to Extend
©MnNAMAWNE
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Eeatures of C Programming Language
Procedural Language
Let discuss these features one by one:
1. Procedural Language
In a procedural language like C step by step, predefined instructions are carried
out. C program may contain more than one function to perform a particular
task. New people to programming will think that this is the only way a
particular programming language works. There are other programming
paradigms as well in the programming world. Most of the commonly used
paradigm is an object-oriented programming language.
2. Fast and Efficient
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Newer languages like Java, python offer more features than ¢ programming
language but due to additional processing in these languages, their
performance rate gets down effectively. C programming language as the
middle-level language provides programmers access to direct manipulation
with the computer hardware but higher-level languages do not allow this.
That's one of the reasons C language is considered the first choice to start
learning programming languages. It’s fast because statically typed languages
are faster than dynamically typed languages.
3. Modularity
The concept of storing C programming language code in the form of libraries.
for further future uses is known as modularity. This programming language can
do very little on its own most of its power is held by its libraries. C language
has its own library to solve common problems.
4, Statically Type
C programming language is @ statically typed language. Meaning the type of
variable is checked at the time of compilation but not at run time. This means
each time a programmer types a program they have to mention the type of
variables used
5. General-Purpose Language
From system programming to photo editing software, the C programming
language is used in various applications. Some of the common applications
where it's used are as follows:
* Operating systems: Windows, Linux, iOS, Android, OXS
+ Databases: PostgreSQL, Oracle, MySQL, MS SQL Server, etc
6. Rich set of built-in Operators
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7. Libraries with Rich Functions
Robust libraries and functions in C help even a beginner coder to code with
ease.
8. Middle-Level Language
As itis a middle-level language so it has the combined form of both
capabilities of assembly language and features of the high-level language.
9. Portability
C language is lavishly portable as programs that are written in C language can
run and compile on any system with either no or small changes.
10. Easy to Extend
Programs written in C language can be extended means when a program is
already written in it then some more features and operations can be added to
it.
Whether you're preparing for your first job interview or aiming to upskill in this
ever-evolving tech landscape, GeeksforGeeks Courses are your key to success.
We provide top-quality content at affordable prices, all geared towards
accelerating your growth in a time-bound manner. Join the millions we've
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C Language Introduction C Programming Language Standard
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GfG Offline Programs C CBasics CDataTypes COperators Cinputand Output CControlFlow C Functie
Introduction:
The C programming language has several standard versions, with the most
commonly used ones being C89/C90, C99, C11, and C18.
1. C89/C90 (ANSI C or ISO C) was the first standardized version of the
language, released in 1989 and 1990, respectively. This standard
introduced many of the features that are still used in modern C
programming, including data types, control structures, and the standard
library,
2. C99 (ISO/IEC 9899:1999) introduced several new features, including
variable-length arrays, flexible array members, complex numbers, inline
functions, and designated initializers. This standard also includes several
new library functions and updates to existing ones.
3. C11 (ISO/IEC 9899:2011) introduced several new features, including
_Generic, static_assert, and the atomic type qualifier. This standard also
includes several updates to the library, including new functions for math,
threads, and memory manipulation.
4, C18 (ISO/IEC 9899:2018) is the most recent standard and includes updates
and clarifications to the language specification and the library.
When writing C code, it's important to know which standard version is being
used and to write code that is compatible with that standard, Many compilers
support multiple standard versions, and it’s often possible to specify which
version to use with a compiler flag or directive.
Here are some advantaaes and disadvantaaes of usina the C.proarammina @
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Advantages:
1. Efficiency: C is a fast and efficient language that can be used to create high-
performance applications.
2. Portability: C programs can be compiled and run on a wide range of
platforms and operating systems.
3. Low-level access: C provides low-level access to system resources, making
it ideal for systems programming and developing operating systems.
4. Large user community: C has a large and active user community, which
means there are many resources and libraries available for developers.
5. Widely used: C is a widely used language, and many modern programming
languages are built on top of it.
Disadvantages:
1, Steep learning curve: C can be difficult to learn, especially for beginners, due
to its complex syntax and low-level access to system resources.
2. Lack of memory management: C does not provide automatic memory
management, which can lead to memory leaks and other memory-related
bugs if not handled properly.
3. No built-in support for object-oriented programming: C does not provide
built-in support for object-oriented programming, making it more difficult to
write object-oriented code compared to languages like Java or Python
4. No built-in support for concurrency: C does not provide built-in support for
concurrency, making it more difficult to write multithreaded applications
compared to languages like Java or Go.
5. Security vulnerabilities: C programs are prone to security vulnerabilities,
such as buffer overflows, if not written carefully.
Overall, C is a powerful language with many advantages, but it also requires
a high degree of expertise to use effectively and has some potential
drawbacks, especially for beginners or developers working on complex
projects,
Importance:
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1. Choosing the right programming language: Knowing the advantages and
disadvantages of C can help developers choose the right programming
language for their projects. For example, if high performance is a priority, C
may be a good choice, but if ease of use or built-in memory management is
important, another language may be a better fit.
2. Writing efficient code: Understanding the efficiency advantages of C can
help developers write more efficient and optimized code, which is especially
important for systems programming and other performance-critical
applications.
3. Avoiding common pitfalls: Understanding the potential disadvantages of C,
such as memory management issues or security vulnerabilities, can help
developers avoid common pitfalls and write safer, more secure code.
4. Collaboration and communication: Knowing the advantages and
disadvantages of C can also help developers communicate and collaborate
effectively with others on their team or in the wider programming
community.
The idea of this article is to introduce C standard.
What to do when a C program produces different results in two different
compilers?
For example, consider the following simple C program.
c
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The above program fails in GCC as the return type of main is void, but it
compiles in Turbo C. How do we decide whether it is a legitimate C program or
not?
Consider the following program as another example. It produces different
results in different compilers.
c
// C++ Program to illustrate the difference in different
// compiler execution
Hinclude
int main()
{
int i= a5
printf ("Xd ¥d d\n", itt, ist, 4);
return 0;
213 - using gt+ 4.2.1 on Linux.i686
1 23 - using SunStudio C++ 5.9 on Linux. i686
213 - using gtt 4.2.1 on SunOS. x86pc
1 2 3 - using SunStudio C++ 5.9 on SunOS. x86pc
1.2.3 - using g++ 4.2.1 on Sun0S.sundu
1 2.3 - using Sunstudio C++ 5.9 on Sun0S.sundu
Source: Stackoverflow
Which compiler is right?
The answer to all such questions is C standard. In all such cases, we need to
see what C standard says about such programs.
What is C standard?
The latest C standard is ISOMEC 9899:2018, also known as C17 as the final
draft was published in 2018. Before C11, there was C99. The C11 final draft is
available here. See this for a complete history of C standards.
Can we know the behavior of all programs from C standard?
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implementation. For example, in C the use of any automatic variable before it
has been initialized yields undefined behavior and order of evaluations of
subexpressions is unspecified. This specifically frees the compiler to do
whatever is easiest or most efficient, should such a program be submitted.
So what is the conclusion about above two examples?
Let us consider the first example which is “void main() {)", the standard says
following about prototype of main().
The function called at program startup is named main. The implementation
declares no prototype for this function. It shall be defined with a
return
type of int and with no parameters:
int main(void) { /* ... */ }
or with two parameters (referred to here as argc and argv, though any
names
may be used, as they are local to the function in which they are
declared):
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { /* ... */ }
or equivalent;1@) or in some other implementation-defined manner.
So the return type void doesn't follow the standard, and it's something allowed
by certain compilers.
Let us talk about the second example. Note the following statement in C
standard is listed under unspecified behavior.
The order in which the function designator, arguments, and
subexpressions within the arguments are evaluated in a function
call (6.5.2.2).
What to do with programs whose behavior is undefined or unspecified in
standard?
As a programmer, it is never a good idea to use programming constructs whose
behavior is undefined or unspecified, such programs should always be
discouraged. The output of such programs may change with the compiler
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36
5fG Offline Programs Trending Now Data Structures & Algorithms System Design
C Hello World Program
Foundational Courses Ds
To begin with, the “Hello World” program is the first step towards learning any
programming language and also one of the simplest programs you will learn.
All one needs to do is display the message “Hello World” on the screen. Let's
look at the program and try to understand the terminologies involved in it.
C Program to Print “Hello World”
The following C program displays “Hello World” in the output
c
// Simple © program to display "Hello World"
// Header file for input output functions
include
// main function -
// where the execution of program begins
int main()
{
// prints hello world
print#("Hello World");
return 0;
Output
Hello World
Compiling the First C Program
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program. Here we have used a Windows-based GCC compiler to compile and
run the program. To know more on how to set up the local GCC compiler or run
using online ide refer to Setting C Development Environment.
Step 1:This requires writing the “Hello World” program, in a text editor and
saving the file with the extension .c, for example, we have stored the program
in a C-type file HelloWorld.
Wa haan —re
(UF simue C propos ‘2 sop “elds hore 5
1 eae fr Sow tone fntons
1) toe the ezecition of progroe bens
Inne
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1, grins tle sorts
beset elie tea),
Step 2: This includes opening CMD or command prompt line and navigating to
the directory where the file HelloWorld.c is present. Here it is present in
CAUsers\Chin\Sample.
Step 3: To compile the code execute the following command:
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Line 1:
// Simple © program to display “Hello World”
1. This is a single comment line. A comment is used to display additional
information about the program.
2. A comment does not contain any programming logic as it is not read by the
compiler. When a comment is encountered by a compiler, the compiler
simply skips that line of code.
3. Any line beginning with 1’ without quotes OR in between /*...Y in Cis a
comment.
More on Comments in €
Line 3:
itinclude
1. In C, all lines that start with the pound (#) sign are called directives. These
statements are processed by preprocessor program invoked by the compiler.
2. The #include directive tells the compiler to include a file and
#include tells the compiler to include the header file for the
Standard Input Output file which contains declarations of all the standard
input/output library functions
More on Preprocessors in C.
Line 6:
int main()
1. This line is used to declare a function named “main” which returns data of
integer type. A function is a group of statements that are designed to
perform a specific task. Execution of every C program begins with the main()
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program must have a main() function and this is the function where the
execution of the program begins.
2. { and }: The opening braces ‘{' indicates the beginning of the main function
and the closing braces ‘}' indicates the ending of the main function.
Everything between these two comprises the body of the main function and
are called the blocks.
More on main() function in C.
Line 10:
printf("Hello World");
1. This line tells the compiler to display the message “Hello World” on the
screen. This line is called a statement in C. Every statement is meant to
perform some task. A semi-colon *; is used to end a statement. The semi-
colon character at the end of the statement is used to indicate that the
statement is ending there.
2. The printf() function is used to print a character stream of data on the stdout
console. Everything within ” ” is displayed on the output device.
More on Input/Output in C.
Line 12:
return 5
1. This is also a statement. This statement is used to return a value from a
function and indicates the finishing of a function. This statement is basically
used in functions to return the results of the operations performed by a
function.
2. Indentation: As you can see the printf and the return statement have been
indented or moved to the right side. This is done to make the code more
readable. In a program as Hello World, it does not seem to hold much
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3G
GfG Offline Programs C CBasics CData Types COperators. Cin
itand Output CControlFlow —C Funct
Compiling a C Program: Behind the Scenes
The compilation is the process of converting the source code of the C language
into machine code. As C is a mid-level language, it needs a compiler to convert
it into an executable code so that the program can be run on our machine.
The C program goes through the following phases during compilation:
Cc
Executable
How do we compile and run a C program?
We first need a compiler and a code editor to compile and run a C Program
The below example is of an Ubuntu machine with GCC compiler. @
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We first create a C program using an editor and save the file as filename.c
$ vi filename.c
We can write a simple hello world program and save it.
Step 2: Compiling using GCC compiler
We use the following command in the terminal for compiling our filename.c
source file
$ gcc filename.c -o filename
We can pass many instructions to the GCC compiler to different tasks such as:
+ The option -Wall enables all compiler's warning messages. This option is
recommended to generate better code.
* The option -o is used to specify the output file name. If we do not use this
option, then an output file with the name a.out is generated.
If there are no errors in our C program, the executable file of the C program will
be generated.
Step 3: Executing the program
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Cee se
Poon atC een eec crs
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EE SSeS
BEB EaA SB B
a § é A
Ce te
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* Conditional compilation
The preprocessed output is stored in the filename.i. Let's see what's inside
filename.i: using $vi filename.i
In the above output, the source file is filled with lots and lots of info, but in the
end, our code is preserved
* printf contains now a + b rather than add(a, b) that’s because macros have
expanded.
* Comments are stripped off.
* #include is missing instead we see lots of code. So header files
have been expanded and included in our source file.
2. Compiling
The next step is to compile filename. and produce an; intermediate compiled
output file filename.s. This file is in assembly-level instructions. Let's see
through this file using $nano filename.s terminal command.
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Cet
GNU nano 4.8 Fulenane.s
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Read 44 Lines
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ena 12191128, 205 PM Compiling @ © Program: Behind the Scenes - GeeksforGeeks
Corr ong
Cores me erene
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Renee ean ee eerie ae
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36
GfGoffline Programs C CBasics CDataTypes COperators Cinputand Output CControl Flow CFunctie
C Comments
The comments i
C are human-readable explanations or notes in the source
code of a C program. A comment makes the program easier to read and
understand. These are the statements that are not executed by the compiler or
an interpreter.
Itis considered to be a good practice to document our code using comments.
When and Why to use Comments in C programming?
1. A person reading a large code will be bemused if comments are not
provided about details of the program.
2. C Comments are a way to make a code more readable by providing more
descriptions.
3. C Comments can include a description of an algorithm to make code
understandable.
4. C Comments can be used to prevent the execution of some parts of the
code.
Types of comments in C
In C there are two types of comments in C language:
* Single-line comment
* Multi-line comment
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Comments
// Single line comment
/* Multi-line comment * /
0G
Types of Comments in C
1. Single-line Comment in C
A single-line comment in C starts with (//) double forward slash. It extends till
the end of the line and we don’t need to specify its end.
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// This is a single line comment
Example 1: C Program to illustrate single-line comment
c
// © program to illustrate
// use of single-line conment
Hinclude
int main(void)
// This is a single-line comment
print#("Welcome to GeeksforGeeks");
return @;
Output:
Welcome to GeeksforGeeks
Comment at End of Code Line
We can also create a comment that displays at the end of a line of code using a
single-line comment. But generally, it's better to practice putting the comment
before the line of code
Example:
c
// C program to demonstrate commenting after line of code
include
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printf("Welcome to GeeksforGeeks"); // comment here
return 0;
Output
Welcome to GeeksforGeeks
2. Multi-line Comment in C
The Multi-line comment in C starts with a forward slash and asterisk (/*) and
ends with an asterisk and forward slash ( */). Any text between /* and */ is
treated as a comment and is ignored by the compiler.
It can apply comments to multiple lines in the program.
Syntax of Multi-Line C Comment
/*Comment starts
continues
continues
Comment ends*/
Example 2: C Program to illustrate the multi-line comment
c
/* C program to illustrate
use of
multi-line conment */
Winclude
int main(void)
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3G
GfG Offline Programs
Read “Courses. ‘Practice ») (sobs
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sing experience on our website. By using our
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The keywords are pre-defined or reserved words in a programming language.
Each keyword is meant to perform a specific function in a program. Since
keywords are referred names for a compiler, they can’t be used as variable
names because by doing so, we are trying to assign a new meaning to the
keyword which is not allowed. You cannot redefine keywords. However, you
can specify the text to be substituted for keywords before compilation by using
C preprocessor directives. C language supports 32 keywords which are given
below:
auto double int struct
break else Jong switch
case enum register typedef
char extern return union
const float short unsigned
continue for signed void
default goto sizeof volatile
do if static while
2. C Token — Identifiers
Identifiers are used as the general terminology for the naming of variables,
functions, and arrays. These are user-defined names consisting of an arbitrarily
long sequence of letters and digits with either a letter or the underscore(_) as. a
first character. Identifier names must differ in spelling and case from any
keywords. You cannot use keywords as identifiers; they are reserved for special
use. Once declared, you can use the identifier in later program statements to
refer to the associated value. A special identifier called a statement label can
be used in goto statements.
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Complete Data Analytics Program
Rules for Naming Identifiers
Certain rules should be followed while naming c identifiers which are as
follows:
+ They must begin with a letter or underscore(_)
+ They must consist of only letters, digits, or underscore. No other special
character is allowed.
* It should not be a keyword
+ It must not contain white space.
* It should be up to 31 characters long as only the first 31 characters are
significant.
Note: Identifiers are case-sensitive so names like variable and Variable
will be treated as different.
For example,
* main: method name.
* a: variable name.
3. C Token — Constants
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program once they are defined.
Constants may belong to any of the data types.
Examples of Constants in C
const int c_var = 20;
const int* const ptr = &_var;
4. C Token - Strings
Strings are nothing but an array of characters ended with a null character (\0’)
This null character indicates the end of the string. Strings are always enclosed
in double quotes. Whereas, a character is enclosed in single quotes in C and
CH.
Examples of String
char string[2@] = {‘g’, ’e’, ‘e’, ‘k’, ‘s’, °F, 0’, ‘r’, ‘B’, ’e’,
fer, k, 657, “\}5
char string[20] = “geeksforgeeks”;
char string [] = “geeksforgeeks”;
5. C Token — Special Symbols
The following special symbols are used in C having some special meaning and
thus, cannot be used for some other purpose. Some of these are listed below:
* Brackets[]: Opening and closing brackets are used as array element
references. These indicate single and multidimensional subscripts.
+ Parentheses(): These special symbols are used to indicate function calls
and function parameters.
* Braces{}: These opening and ending curly braces mark the start and end of
a block of code containing more than one executable statement.
* Comma (,): It is used to separate more than one statement like for
separating parameters in function calls.
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* Semicolon(;): It is known as a statement terminator. It indicates the end of
one logical entity. That's why each individual statement must be ended with
a semicolon.
* Asterisk (*):|
of variables.
used to create a pointer variable and for the multiplication
+ Assignment operator(=): It is used to assign values and for logical
operation validation
* Pre-processor (#): The preprocessor is a macro processor that is used
automatically by the compiler to transform your program before actual
compilation.
* Period (.): Used to access members of a structure or union.
* Tilde(~): Used as a destructor to free some space from memory.
6. C Token - Operators
Operators are symbols that trigger an action when applied to C variables and
other objects. The data items on which operators act are called operands.
Depending on the number of operands that an operator can act upon,
operators can be classified as follows:
+ Unary Operators: Those operators that req
e only a single operand to act
upon are known as unary operators.For Example increment and decrement
operators
* Binary Operators: Those operators that require two operands to act upon
are called binary operators. Binary operators can further are classified into:
1. Arithmetic operators
2. Relational Operators
3. Logical Operators
4, Assignment Operators
5, Bitwise Operator
* Ternary Operator: The operator that requires three operands to act upon is
called the ternary operator. Conditional Operator(?) is also called the ternary
operator.
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36
GfGoffline Programs C CBasics CDataTypes COperators Cinputand Output CControl Flow CFunctie
Keywords in C
In C Programming language, there are many rules so to avoid different types of
errors. One of such rule is not able to declare variable names with auto, long,
etc. This is all because these are keywords. Let us check all keywords in C
language.
What are Keywords?
Keywords are predefined or reserved words that have special meanings to the
compiler. These are part of the syntax and cannot be used as identifiers in the
program. A list of keywords in C or reserved words in the C programming
language are mentioned below:
auto | break | case | char | const | continue | default do
double | else | enum | extern float for goto if
int | long | register | return | short signed | sizeof | static
struct | switch | typedef | union | unsigned | void volatile | while
auto
auto is the default storage class variable that is declared inside a function or a
block. auto variables can only be accessed within the function/block they are
declared. By default, auto variables have garbage values assigned to them.
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auto int num;
Here num is the variable of the storage class auto and its type is int. Below is
the C program to demonstrate the auto keyword:
MERN Full Stack Web Development.
c
// © program to demonstrate
// auto keyword
tinclude
int printvalue()
{
auto int a = 19;
printf("xa", a);
+
// Driver code
int main()
{
printvalue();
return @;
3
Output
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break and continue
The break statement is used to terminate the innermost loop. It generally
terminates a loop or a switch statement. The switch statement skips to the
next iteration of the loop. Below is the C program to demonstrate break and
continue in C:
Cc
// © program to show use
// of break and continue
include
// Driver code
int main()
{
for (int i= 1; i <= 105 i++)
{
af (4
{
continue;
}
if (4
{
break;
}
printf ("Xd ", i);
}
return 0;
2)
6)
Output
1345
switch, case, and default
The switch statement in C is used as an alternate to the i
else ladder
statement. For a single variable i.e, switch variable it allows us to execute
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switch(Expression)
case ‘1': // operation 1
break;
case:'2': // operation 2
break;
default: // default statement to be executed
Below is the C program to demonstrate the switch case statement:
c
11 C program to demonstrate
// suitch case statement
Hinclude
// Driver code
int main() {
int i= 45
switch (i)
case 1
print#("Case 1\n") ;break;
case 2
print#("Case 2\n") ;brea
case 3
printf("Case 3\n");break;
case 4
printf("Case 4\n");break;
default
print#("Default\n") sbreak;
Output
case 4
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Output
case 4
Default
char
char keyword in C is used to declare a character variable in the C programming
language.
char x =
Below is the C program to demonstrate the char keyword:
Cc
// © program to demonstrate
11 char keyword
include
// briver code
int main() ¢
char c= ‘a’;
print#("%c'
return 0;
os
Output
const
The const keyword defines a variable who's value cannot be changed.
const int num = 10;
Below is the C program to demonstrate the const keyword:
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// © program to demonstrate
// const keyword
tinclude
// Driver code
int main() {
const int 2 = 11;
azat25
print#("¥d", a);
return @;
This code will produce an error because the integer a was defined as a
constant and it’s value was later on changed.
Output:
error: assignment of read-only variable ‘a’
a-a+2;
do
The do statement is used to declare a do-while loop. A do-while loop is a loop
that executes once, and then checks it's condition to see if it should continue
through the loop. After the first iteration, it will continue to execute the code
while the condition is true.
Below is the C program to demonstrate a do-while loop.
Cc
// © program to demonstrate
// do-while keyword
include
// Driver code
int main()
int i= 15
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} while(i <= 5);
return 0;
Output
12345
double and float
The doubles and floats are datatypes used to declare decimal type variables.
They are similar, but doubles have 15 decimal digits, and floats only have 7.
Example:
float marks = 97.5;
double num;
Below is the C program to demonstrate double float keyword:
c
// C program to demonstrate
// double float keyword
Hinclude
// Driver code
int main() {
float £ = 0.3;
double d = 10.67;
printf("Float value: %f\n", f);
printf("Double value: %f\n", d);
return 0;
Output
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if-else
The if-else statement is used to make decisions, where if a condition is true,
then it will execute a block of code; if it isn’t true (else), then it will execute a
different block of code
if(marks == 97) {
// if marks are 97 then will execute this block of code
y
else {
// else it will execute this block of code
}
Below is the C program to demonstrate an if-else statement:
c
// © program to demonstrate
// if-else keyword
include
// vriver code
int main()
{
int a = 10;
if(a < 11)
{
printf ("A is less than 11");
,
else
t
printf ("A is equal to or
“greater than 11");
+
return 0;
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A is less than 11
enum
The enum keyword is used to declare an enum (short for enumeration). An
enum is a user-defined datatype, which holds a list of user-defined integer
constants. By default, the value of each constant is it's index (starting at zero),
though this can be changed. You can declare an object of an enum and can set
it's value to one of the constants you declared before. Here is an example of
how an enum might be used
c
// An example progran to
1/ denonstrate working of
1) enun in C
iHinclude
// enum declaration:
enum week(Mon, Tue, Wed, Thur, Fri, Sat, Sun);
// Driver code
aint main()
‘
J/object of the enum (week), called day
enum week days
day = Weds
printf("xd", day);
return @;
Output
extern
The extern keyword is used to declare a variable or a function that has an
evtornal linkane nutcide af the fila caclaratian
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c
#include
extern int a;
int main(){
print#("Xd", a);
return 0;
for
The “for” keyword is used to declare a for-loop. A for-loop is a loop that is
specified to run a certain amount of times
Below is the C program to demonstrate a for-loop:
c
// C program to demonstrate
11 for keyword
Hinclude
// Driver code
int main()
for (int i= 0; i <5; i++)
t
printf ("Xd ", i);
}
return 0;
3
Output
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goto
The goto statement is used to transfer the control of the program to the given
label. It is used to jump from anywhere to anywhere within a function
Exampl
goto label;
// code
label:
Below is the C program to demonstrate the goto keyword:
c
// © program demonstrate
11 goto keyword
Hinclude
// Function to print numbers
// from 1 to 18
void printNumbers() {
int n= 45
label:
printf ("Xd ", n);
Af (n <= 18) goto label;
// Driver code
int main(){
printNunbers();
return 0;
Output
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int
int keyword is used in a type declaration to give a variable an integer type. In C,
the integer variable must have a range of at least -32768 to +32767.
Example:
int x = 105
Below is the C program to show the int keyword
c
// © program to demonstrate
I/ int keyword
Hinclude
void sun() {
int a= 10, b = 20;
int sum;
sun = a +b;
print#("%d", sun);
t
// Driver code
int main() ¢
sun()5
return 0;
Output
30
short, long, signed, and unsigned
Different data types also have different ranges up to which they can store
numbers. These ranges may vary from compiler to compiler. Below is a list of
ranges along with the memory requirement and format specifiers on the 32-bit
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Data Type Memory Range Format
(bytes) Specifier
short int 2 -32,768 to 32,767 hd
unsigned short
. 2 O to 65,535 %hu
int
unsigned int 4 0 to 4,294,967,295 %u
long int -2,147,483,648 to
4 %ld
2,147,483,647
unsigned long
4 Oto 4,294,967,295 Solu
int
long Long int 8 -(2A63) to (2463)-1 lld
unsigned long Oto
. 8 Stu
long int 18,446,744,073,709,551,615
signed char 1 -128 to 127 %c
unsigned char 1 Oto 255 %e
long double 16 3.4E-4932 to 1.1£+4932 LE
Below is the C program to demonstrate the short, long, signed, and unsigned
keywords:
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// © program to demonstrate
// short, long, signed,
// and unsigned keyword
Hinclude
// Driver code
aint main() {
// short integer
short int a = 12345;
// signed integer
signed int b = -34;
// unsigned integer
unsigned int c = 12;
// Lor 1 is used for
J/ long int in c.
long int d = 999981;
printf(“Integer value with a short int data: %hd", a);
print#("\ntnteger value with a signed int data: %d", b);
printf("\nInteger value with an unsigned int data: Xu", c);
printf("\nInteger value with a long int data: %ld", d);
return 0;
Output
Integer value with a short int data: 12345
Integer value with a signed int data: -34
Integer value with an unsigned int data: 12
Integer value with a long int data: 99998
return
The return statement returns a value to where the function was called
Example:
return x;
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c
// C program to demonstrate
// eturn keyword
Hinclude
int sum(int x, int y) ¢
int sun;
sum =x +y5
return sun;
3
// Driver code
int main() {
int nunl = 10;
int nun2 = 205
printf("Sum: %d",
sum(numt, num2));
return @;
Output
sum: 30
sizeof
sizeof is a keyword that gets the size of an expression, (variables, arrays,
pointers, etc.) in bytes.
Example:
sizeof(char);
sizeof(int);
sizeof(float); in bytes.
Below is the C program to demonstrate sizeof keyword:
c
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// Driver code
int main() ¢
int x = 105
print#("%d", sizeof(x));
return 0;
}
Output
register
Register variables tell the compil
to store variables in the CPU register
instead of memory. Frequently used variables are kept in the CPU registers for
faster access.
Example:
register char c = 's';
static
The static keyword is used to create static variables. A static variable is not
limited by a scope and can be used throughout the program. It's value is
preserved even after it's scope
For Example:
static int num;
struct
The struct keyword in C programming language is used to declare a structure.
A structure is a list of variables, (they can be of different data types), which are
grouped together under one data type.
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struct Geek {
char name[S@];
int num;
double var;
oH
Below is the C program for the struct keyword:
Cc
// C program to demonstrate
// struct keyword
Hinclude
#include
struct Books {
char title[se];
char author(50);
h
// Driver code
int main( ) ¢
// Declare Book1 of type Book
struct Books book1;
// book 1 specification
strepy(booki.title, "C++ Programming");
strepy(booki.author, "Bjarne Stroustrup");
// Print book details
printf("Book 1 title : %s\n", booki.title);
print#("Book 1 author : s\n", book1 author:
return 0;
Output
Book 1 title : C++ Programming
Book 1 author : Bjarne Stroustrup
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typedef
The typedef keyword in C programming language is used to define a data type
with a new name in the program. typedef keyword is used to make our code
more readable.
For Example:
typedef long num
In this example we have changed the datatype name of “long” to “num”,
union
The union is a user-defined data type. All data members which are declared
under the union keyword share the same memory location.
Exampli
union GeekforGeeks {
int x;
char $3
} obj3
Below is the C program for the union keyword
c
include
union student {
int age;
char marks;
dss
// Driver code
int main() {
s.age = 155
s.marks
65
printf("age = %d", s.age);
printf("\nmarks = Xd", s.marks);
}
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Output
age = 56
marks = 56
void
The void keyword means nothing i.e, NULL value. When the function return
type is used as the void, the keyword void specifies that it has no return value.
Exampl
void fun() {
// program
volatile
The volatile keyword is used to create volatile objects. Objects which are
declared volatile are omitted from optimization as their values can be changed
by code outside the scope of the current code at any point in time.
For Example:
const volatile marks = 98;
marks are declared constant so they can't be changed by the program. But
hardware can change it as they are volatile objects.
Conclusion
In this article, the points we learned about the keywords are mentioned below:
+ Keywords are Reserved words in C with certain meanings.
* We can't use keywords as any element's name.
* There are 32 keywords in C all having unique meanings.
FAQs
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Keywords in C are reserved words that have certain meanings and cannot be
declare as any element's name. For example: for is used for declaring loop and
it can't be declared as an element's name.
2. How many keywords are there in the C language?
There are 32 keywords in the C language.
3. What is the sizeof keyword in C?
Sizeof is a keyword that gets the size of an expression, (variables, arrays,
pointers, etc.) in bytes.
4. What is the default keyword in C?
The default keyword in C is used to specify the default case for the switch
statement.
5. What is volatile in c used for?
Volatile keywords in C are used for volatile objects.
6. Difference between keywords and identifiers.
Keywords are reserved words that have some meaning whereas identifiers are
the name-generated names for any variable, struct, class, object, or function in
c
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