Estimating and costing

* Types of specifications:The specifications are broadly divide into two types

i) General specifications & 2) Detailed specifications
Specification i) General Specifications: Nature, and class of work, name of materials and
proportion to be used are described. The brief description of each and every item is
Specification is a description of a particlular item of work. It c.ontains detailed given to facilitate the estimation process. It donot form part of contract documents
dceicription of all materials, workmanship which are requied ti complete in
accordance with its drawings and details. It is furnished along with drawings and is ii) detailed specifications: It shall specifey in detail, the quality, quantity, proportion
an essential part of a Contract of various matterials, method of preparation and execution for that item ofwork. It
should clearly describe vaious tests tobe conducted on materias. fmshed work
Necessity: procedure for sampling and number of samples to be tested to ensure the quality and
1) The cost of any item of work is governed by its specification. Any change in strength. In this the type of machinery, equipment, special tools and plants and their
specification changes the tendered rate. method of operation are described. It shall contain the method and duration of
2) The contractor oan calculate the rate of an item depending upon the procurement protection of finished work It should also specifies the responsibility for auxiliary
rates of various materials and labour cost. works, incidental damages during the execution ofwork. The engineering
3) It describes vhe quality of quantity of different materials for an item of work. Thus department maintain the detailed specification of different items ofwork that are to
a ccn'r.-ictor can make a programme to procure the materials required and the owner be followed to carry out works. It is a part of contract document.:
t ' i n check the quality
4)]' specifies the workmanship and serves as a guide to the supevising staff to Other specifications are
execute the work satisfactorily. i). Standard specifications: Detailed specifications for different works those are
5) It is necessary to procure the equipment, tools and plants to be engaged in the frequently dealt by a department are drawn up and printed as a separte document as
work beforehand. standard specifications. It avoids writing the lengthy specifications specific to that
6) II is necessary to check the strength of materials involved in the project. work every time. It saves time, labour, stationery expenditure. It eliminates the
7) ll is an essential document of contract and is required fcr arbitration or any court scope of deviation and mistakes during prepration of tenderpapers for a specific
case. work by a divisional office.
Writing the specifications: These are the specifications that are commonly requried for different works by a
1. Expression: It should be expressed clearly with out any ambiguity. The sentenses department . In stead of writing specifically for that work, they are reffered to the
should be short, simple, concise and gramatically correct. There should not be any departmental standard specifications. These are revised pe/iodically according to the
repetition. As it is a legal document, words with more than one meaning (like developments in technolog.
proper, suitable) shall be avoided. Many of the departments like CPWD, PWD, MBS, Irrigtion, Railways have their
2. Clauses of specifications: The clauses shall be arranged in order in which the own departmental standard specifications. Other departments that have no standard
work is carried out.Abhrcvations shall be avoided unless they are very familiar. specifications generally refer to the above departments.

3.!\--sciption: The quality and quantity of materials should be fully described. The ii). Specifal specifications: Those specifications that are not covered in the
proportion of mixing or treatment of materials shall be described completely, departmental specifications will be drawn up under special specifications by the
4. Workmanship: Complete description of workmanship, the method of preparation Engieer-in-charge.
of surface, mixing, laying, finishing and curing etc.
5. Tools and Plants: The tools and plants to be engaged in the work, along with its iii). Manufacturers (Open) specifications:These are the specifications of the
operation ^liall he described. manufacturer, which specifies the physical, and chemical properties of the mateirals.
It mays not specifies the workmanship to be achieved during construction. The
1 I !J a g e Section: C R V R K P r a s a d A-126 KDKCE,Nagpur
authority specifies the minimum requirement of properties and the manufacturer Dry bricks should not absrob more than one-sixth of their weig ht when immersed in
who produces according to those spcifications can supply the material at an agreed water for one hour. They should not break when two bricks in tow hands struck
cost. together or when dropped from breast height on the ground.
Advantages:
1. Procurement of materials is not restricted few traders, Any manufacturer Cement: -
satisfying the open specifications may supply. Hence work doesnot suffer due to The cement used
short supply of materials.
2. The quality of material is standardised, the private parties can easily select a
material depending upon the requirements.
3. Materials can be procured at more competetive rate
4. Local manufacturers may take advantage of this, which reduces the transportation
costts and delivery times.

Disadantage
1. Frequent clicking of materials of various manufactures become necessary. As the
checking of maerials is done mainly from approved labora pretories, heavy rush
causes delayed tesing reports and thereby delaying the placement orders.
2. New suppliers quoting lower rates may not be able to supply the same quality -•
materials throughout the supply period.
3. Due to the prescribed open specifications, the manufacturer may not try for
further improvements and quality of that material.

iv). Restricted specifications: It describes the specifications of a material for

procurement among some approved manufacturer si or brands such as paints,
plumbing fittings etc. Some of those items may be universally accepted for their
quality and durability. Manufactures will try to improve the quality of their producs
at competitive rates inorder to be included in the approved list of restricted
specifications. Otherwise, due to monopoly, the cost of materials provided in the
restricted specifications may increase due to lack of competition.

General specifications:

First class Bricks:

Bricks should be moulded from good earth, free from traces of salts. They should of
uniform red or copper colour, thoroughly burnt without being vetrified. They should
be hard, sound, and of uniform size and shape with right angled corners. They
should be free from cracks, chips, flaws, or humps of any kind. They should not
shown any signs of efflorescence either in dry state or after soaking in water. They
shall be homogeneous in texture and emit a clear ringing sound on being struck.
2 1Pa g e S e c t i o n : C RVRK Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur
Formulae: Samples, whether submitted for approval to govern bulk supplies or required for
Y Y y testing before use and also the sample of materials bearing 'Standard mark,' if
ex = 1 + — + — + — + required for testing, shall be provided free of cost by the contractor. All other
1! 2! 3!
incidental expenditure to be incurred for testing of samples e.g. packaging, sealing
transportation, loading, unloading etc. except testing charges shall be borne by the
contractor.

The materials, supplied by the Department shall be deemed to be complying with the
specifications.
(J0):
cos6» + isin<9 = 1+ —
1! 2! 3!
Materials stored at site, depending upon the individual characteristics, shall be
protected from atmospheric effects due to rain, sun, wind and moisture to avoid
cos9-is'm8 = 1- — deterioration. Materials like timber, paints etc. shall be stored in such a way that
1! 2! 3! there may not be any possibility of fire hazards. Inflammable materials and
explosives shall be stored in accordance with the relevant rules and regulations or as
approved by Engineer-in-Charge in writing so as to ensure desired safety during
storage.
Engineer-in-Charge: The 'Engineer-in-Charge' means the Engineer officer who
shall supervise and be in-charge of the work and who shall sign the contract on
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
behalf of the President
The* Contractor shall employ only such methods of construction, tools and plant as
T*t"^ '

are appropriate for the type of work or as approved by Engineer-in-Charge in

MEASUREMENTS
In booking dimensions, the order shall be consistent and in the sequence of length, writing. The contractor shall take all precautions and measures to ensure safety of
works and workman and shall be fully responsible for the same. Safety pertaining to
width and height or depth or thickness. Rounding off and the number of significant
construction works such as excavation, centering and shuttering, trenching, blasting,
places rounded in the rounded off value should be as specified in IS: 2-1960
demolition, electric connections, scaffolds, ladders, working platforms, gangway,
mixing of bituminous materials, electric and gas welding, use of hoisting and
MATERIALS
construction machinery shall be governed by CPWD safety code, relevant safety
Samples of all materials to be used on the work shall be got approved by the
contractor from the Engineer-in-Charge well in time. The approved samples duly codes and the direction of Engineer-in-Charge
authenticated and sealed shall be kept in the custody of the Engineer-in-Charge till
the completion of the work. All materials to be provided by the contractor shall be
brand new and as per the samples approved by the Engineer-in-Charge.

The unit weight of materials unless otherwise specified shall be reckoned as given in
IS: 191 1-1967. Materials obtained by the contractor from the sources approved by
the Department shall be subjected to the Mandatory tests. Where such materials do
not conform to the relevant specifications, the matter shall be taken up by the
Engineer-in-Charge for appropriate action against the defaulters.

3 | Pa ge Section: C RVR K P r a s a A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur

 .
MATERIALS ensure the desired safety during storage. Stacks shall not be piled so high(not more
than 4.5m) as to make them unstable under fire fighting condition.
Samples of all materials to be used on the work shall be got approved by the
contractor from the Engineer-in-Charge well in time. The approved samples duly STACKING AND STORAGE OF MATERIALS:
authenticated and sealed shall be kept in the custody of the Engineer-in-Charge till Cement: Cement shall be stored at the work site in a building or a shed which is dry,
the completion of the work. All materials to be provided by the contractor shall be leak proof and as moisture proof as possible. The building or shed for storage should
brand new and as per the samples approved by the Engineer-in-Charge. have minimum number of windows and close fitting doors and these should be kept
closed as far as possible.
Materials obtained by the contractor from the sources approved by the Department
shall be subjected to the Mandatory tests. Where such materials do not conform to Cement shall be stored and stacked in bags (or containers) and shall be kept free
the relevant specifications, the matter shall be taken up by the Engineer-in-Charge from the possibility of any dampness or moisture coming in contact with them.
for appropriate action against the defaulters. Cement bags shall be stacked off the floor on wooden planks in such a way as to
keep about 150 to 200 mm clear above the floor. The floor may comprise of lean
CARRIAGE OF MATERIALS : The carriage and stacking of materials shall be cement concrete or two layers of dry bricks laid on well consolidated earth. A space
done as directed by the Engineer-in-Charge. Any tools and plants, required for the of 600 mm minimum shall be left alround between the exterior walls and the stacks
work shall be arranged by the Contractor. The carriage of materials includes loading
within a lead of 50 meters, unloading and stacking within a lead of 50 meters. Owing to pressure on the bottom layer of bags sometimes 'warehouse pack' is
developed in these bags. This can be removed by rolling the bags when the cement
GENERAL CONSIDERATION FOR STACKING AND STORAGE is taken out for use. The lumped bags if any should be removed and disposed off.

Planning of Storage Layout: There should be proper planning of layout for stacking The height of stack shall not be more than 10 bags to prevent the possibility of
and storage of different materials, components and equipments with proper access lumping up under pressure. The width of the stack shall be not more than four bags
and maneuverability of the vehicles carrying the material. While planning the length or 3 metres. In stacks more than 8 bags high, the cement bags shall be
layout, the requirements of various materials, components and equipments at arranged alternately length-wise and cross-wise so as to tie the stacks together and
different stages of construction shall be considered. The storage & stacking should minimize the danger of topping over.
be as per IS- 4082.
Cement bags shall be stacked in a manner to facilitate their removal and use in the
Material shall be stored in such a manner as to prevent deterioration or intrusion of order in which they are received; a label showing date of receipt of cement shall be
foreign matter and to ensure the preservation of their quality and fitness for the put on each stack to know the age of cement.
work.
For extra safety during the monsoon, or when it is expected to store for an unusually
PROTECTION AGAINST ATMOSPHERIC AGENCIES: Materials stored at site, long period, the stack shall be completely enclosed by a water proofing membrane
depending upon the individual characteristics, shall be protected from atmospheric such as polyethylene, which shall close on the top of the stack. Care shall be taken to
actions, such as rain, sun, winds and moisture to avoid deterioration. see that the waterproofing membrane is not damaged any time during use.

PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE AND OTHER HAZARDS: Materials like timber,

paints, etc. shall be stored in such a way that there may not be any possibility of fire
hazards. Inflammable materials like kerosene and petrol shall be stored in
accordance with the relevant rules and regulations as per IS 13416 (part 5) so as to
»
4|Page S e c t i o n : C RVR K P r a s a A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur
 Unless specified otherwise or necessitated by site conditions stacking of the
aggregates should be carried out in regular stacks. The suggested sizes for stacks are
as follows : 5 x 5 x 1m, 5 x 1 x 0.5 m or 2 x 2 x 0.5 m.

STEEL: For each classification of steel, separate areas shall be earmarked, it is

«*
desirable that ends of bars and sections of each class be painted in distinct separate
' ' '* colours.
j^ry;".- ,=-
JJ1^ ^
tL , ..T - -' ,--
• <i- - —™ J -
* — y ' --
-rr 5 4.— • Steel reinforcement shall ordinarily be stored in such a way as to avoid distortion
<i-~ v j- .- , .^^ -^*^

c .._ — -
-^r~ s
-, >
3- . x-
4 -- - -
; -~»—.5
, -Jy
and to prevent deterioration and corrosion. It is desirable to coat reinforcement with
cement wash before stacking to prevent scaling and rusting. Bars of different
tf, p. . fy L^J , M.
U*iA.ljljJJ.JJjJjJ.ji.uj.i.iujru.ii.iMrt**
.W, JS
r i«i classification, sizes and lengths shall be stored separately.

In case of long storage, reinforcement bars shall be stacked above ground level by
at least 150 mm. Also in coastal areas or in case of long storage a coat of cement
BRICKS: Bricks shall be stacked in regular tiers as and when they are unloaded to
wash shall be given to prevent scaling and rusting.
minimize breakage and defacement. These shall not be dumped at site. Bricks stacks
shall be placed close to the site of work so that least effort is required to unload and
Structural steel: In coastal areas or in case of long storage suitable protective coating
transport the bricks again by loading on pallets or in barrows. Bricks shall be loaded
of primer paint shall be given to prevent scaling and rusting.
or unloaded a pair at a time unless palletized. Unloading / handling in any other way
likely to damage corners/ edges/ other parts of bricks shall not be permitted.
WATER: Wherever water is to be stored for construction purposes this shall be done
in proper storage tanks to prevent any organic impurities getting mixed up with it.
Bricks shall be stacked on dry firm ground. For proper inspection of quality and ease
in counting the stacks shall be 50 bricks long, 10 bricks high and not more than 4
bricks in width, the bricks being placed on edge, two at a time along the width of the MEASUREMENTS: Length, breadth and height of stacks shall be measured correct
stack. Clear distance between adjacent stacks shall not be less than 0.8 m. to a cm. The quantity shall be worked out in cubic metre correct to two place of
decimal.
AGGREGATES: Aggregates shall be stored at site on a hard dry and level patch of
Safety rules: Safety rules as laid down by the statutory authority and as provided in
ground. If such a surface is not available, a platform of planks or old corrugated iron
National Building Code (NBC) shall be followed
sheets, or a floor of bricks, or a thin layer of lean concrete shall be made so as to
prevent contamination with clay, dust, vegetable and other foreign matter.

Stacks of fine and coarse aggregates shall be kept in separate stock piles sufficiently
removed from each other to prevent the material at the edges of the piles from
getting intermixed. On a large job, it is desirable to construct dividing walls to give
each type of aggregates its own compartment.

5 | Page Section: C RVRK Pras A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur

EARTH WORK SITE CLEARANCE
Lead: Lead of 50 m mentioned in the 'Schedule Of Quantities' is the average lead Before the earth work is started, the area coming under cutting and filling shall be
for the disposal of excavated earth within the site of work. cleared of shrubs, rank vegetation, grass, and rubbish removed up to a distance of 50
metres outside the periphery of the area under clearance.
Lift: The vertical distance for removal with reference to the ground level. The
excavation up to 1.5 metres depth below the ground level and depositing the In case of archaeological monuments within or adjacent to the area, the contractor
excavated materials upto 1.5 metres above the ground level are included in the rate shall provide necessary fencing all-around such monuments as per the directions of
of earth work. Lifts inherent in the lead due to ground slope shall not be paid for. the Engineer-in-Charge and protect the same properly during execution of works.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS:
1) All kind of soils: Generally any strata, such as sand, gravel, loam, clay, mud,
black cotton moorum, shingle, SETTING OUT AND MAKING PROFILES
2) Ordinary rock: Generally any rock which can be excavated by splitting with crow A masonry pillar to serve as a bench mark will be erected at a suitable point in the
bars or picks and does not require blasting, wedging. area, which is visible from the largest area.
3) Hard rock: Generally any rock or boulder for the excavation of which blasting is
required such as quartzite, granite, basalt. Necessary profiles with strings stretched on pegs, bamboos or 'Burjis' shall be made
4) Hard rock (blasting prohibited): Hard rock requiring blasting, but where to indicate the correct formation levels before the work is started.
the blasting is prohibited for any reason and excavation has to be carried out by Excavation operations manually or by mechanical means shall include excavation
chiseling, wedging, use of rock hammers and cutters or any other agreed method and 'getting out' the excavated materials. In case of excavation for trenches,
basements, etc. 'getting out' shall include throwing the excavated materials at a
PROTECTIONS distance of at least one metre or half the depth of excavation, whichever is more,
Excavation where directed by the Engineer-in-Charge shall be securely barricaded clear off the edge of excavation.
and provided with proper caution signs, conspicuously displayed during the day and i
properly illuminated with red lights and/or written using fluorescent reflective paint During the excavation the natural drainage of the area shall be maintained.
as directed by engineer in charge during the night to avoid accident. Excavation shall be done from top to bottom. Undermining or undercutting shall not
be done.
The Contractor shall take adequate protective measures to see that the excavation In firm soils, the sides of the trenches shall be kept vertical upto a depth of 2 metres
operations do not damage the adjoining structures or dislocate the services. from the bottom. For greater depths, the excavation profiles shall be widened by
However, if any service is damaged during excavation shall be restored in allowing steps of 50 cms on either side after every 2 metres from the bottom.
reasonable time at his own cost. The contractor shall not store material or otherwise Alternatively, the excavation can be done so as to give slope of 1:4. Where the soil
occupy any part of the site in manner likely to hinder the operations of such services. is soft, loose or slushy, the width of steps shall be suitably increased or sides sloped
or the soil shored up as directed by the Engineer-in- Charge.

In case of excavation for foundation in trenches or over areas, the bed of excavation
shall be to the correct level or slope and consolidated by watering and ramming.

EARTH WORK BY MECHANICAL MEANS

The earth moving equipment consists of excavating and transporting equipment.
Excavators generally used at site are Simple excavators like Dipper-shovel,
-<• - s' ., ' •<
Baekhoe, Skimmer, Dragline, Clamshell etc or Tractor-based Equipment like
6 I Pa ge Section: C RVRK Prasad A-126 K D KC E, N a g p u r
 ;, Tractor Shovel, Trench Digger, Scraper ,Bulldozer & Angle-dozer Angle MORTAR
_ic. Transporting Equipment that generally used are Dumpers, Vibratory Desirable properties of mortars for use in masonry are: Workability, Water
Roller etc. rctentivity. Rate of stiffing. Strength, Resistance to rain penetration, Durability.

Measurement: The length and breadth of excavation or filling shall be measured MATERIALS
with i\l tape correct to the nearest cm. The depth of cutting or height of filling Water : Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free from injurious
shall be measured, correct to 5 mm, by recording levels before the start of the work quantities of alkalies, acids, oils, salts, organic materials, or other substance that may
and after the completion. In case of levelling operations and earthwork, be deleterious to bricks, stone, concrete or steel. Potable water is generally
measurements are required to be recorded in level books in addition tp Measurement considered satisfactory for mixing. The Ph value of water shall be not less than 6.
Books.
Limits of Acidity: To neutralize 100ml sample of water, using phenolphthalein as an
The Assistant Engineer should exercise test check at least to the extent of 50%, and indicator, it should not require more than 5ml of 0.02 normal NaOH as IS 3025 (22).
the Executive Engineer at least to the extent of 10% where the value of this item of
work exceeds 10% of the tender acceptance power of the Assistant Engineer. Limits of Alkalinity: To neturalise 100ml sample of water, using mixed indicator, it
should not require more than 25ml of 0.02 normal H2SO4 as given in IS 3025 ( 23).
Payment of Leveling Work: Every fourth running bill and the final bill should be
paid on the basis of levels. Intermediate payments can, however, be made on the Percentage of Solids: Maximum permissible limits of solids in accordance IS 3025 1
basis of borrow pit measurements. Organic 200mg/ litre Inorganic 3000 mg/ litre
Sulphates 400 mg/ litre Suspended matter 2000 mg/ litre
ANTI-TERMITE TREATMENT: Chlorides 2000 mg/ litre.for concrete not containing embedded steel and
Prevention of the termite from reaching the super-structure of the building and its 500 mg./ltr.for reinforced concrete work.
contents can be achieved by creating a chemical barrier between the ground, from 1

where the termites come and other contents of the building which may form food for The physical and chemical properties of ground water shall be tested along with soil
the termites. This is achieved by treating the soil beneath the building and around investigation and if the water is not found conforming to the requirements, the
the foundation with a suitable insecticide. tender documents shall clearly specify that the contractor has to arrange good quality
water for construction indicating the source.

Water found satisfactory for mixing is also suitable for curing. 1 lowever, water used
for curing shall not produce any objectionable stain or unsightly deposit on the
, surface. Sea water shall not be used for mixing or curing

LIST OF MANDATORY TESTS

*
i) pH Value, ii) Limits of Acidity, i i i ) Limits of Alkality, iv) Percentage of
solids—a) Chlorides, b) Suspended matter, c) Sulphates, d) inorganic solids, e)
Organic soliJs

7 I Page Section: C RVRK Prasad A-l 26 KDKCE, Nagpur

 .
Cement: The cement used be appropriate for (he intended use and it may be-. Fine Aggregate: Aggregate most of which passes through 4.75 mm IS sieve is
known as fine aggregate. Fine aggregate shall consist of natural sand, crushed stone
1) 33 grade ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS 269. sand, crushed gravel sand stone dust or marble dust, fly ash and broken brick (Burnt
2) 43 grade ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS 8112. clay). It shall be hard, durable, chemically inert, clean and free from deleterious
3) 53 grade ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS 12269. material, adherent coatings, organic matter etc. and shall not contain any appreciable
4) Rapid hardening Portland cement conforming to IS 8041. amount of clay balls or pellets and harmful impurities e.g. iron pyrites, alkalies,
5) Portland slag cement conforming to IS 455. salts, coal, mica, shale as to cause corrosion of metal or affect adversely hardening,
6) Portland Pozzolana cement (flyash based) conforming to IS 1489 (Part 1) strength, durability or the appearance of mortar, plaster or concrete. —(IS 2386-)
7) Portland Pozzolona cement (calcined clay based) conforming to IS 1489
8) Hydrophobia cement conforming to IS 8043 Silt Content: The maximum quantity of silt in sand shall not exceed 8%.
9) Low heat Portland cement conforming to IS 12600. Fine aggregate containing more than allowable percentage of silt shall be washed as
10) Sulphate resisting Portland cement conforming to IS 12330 many times as directed by Engineer-in-charge so as to bring the silt content within
I 1) White cement conforming to IS 8042 allowable limits for which nothing extra shall be paid.

Different types of cement shall not be mixed together. They should be stacked and Grading: On the basis of particle size, fine aggregate is graded in to four zones as
stored appropriately. per IS 2116. Where the grading falls outside the limits of any particular grading zone
of sieves, other than 600 micron IS sieve, by a total amount not exceeding 5 per
Caution in Use of Cement Grade 53 in Construction: Because of the faster hydration cent,, it shall be regarded as falling within that grading zone
process, the concrete releases heat of hy drat ion at a much faster rate initially and
release of heat is the higher. The heat of hy drat ion (during initial set) being higher, Coarse sand shall be either river sand or pit sand or a combination of the two. It
the chances of micro-cracking of concrete is much greater. This damaging micro- shall be clean, sharp, angular, gritty to touch and composed of hard silicious
cracking within the concrete may not be visible at surface like shrinkage (faster material. Its grading shall fall within the limits of grading zone I, II, ill
drying of concrete in windy conditions) cracks. The situation can be worse when we
tend to increase the quantity of the cement in the concrete with a belief that such Bulking: Fine aggregate, when dry or saturated, has almost the same volume, but
increases are better for both strength and durability of concrete. Thus, it is very dampness causes increase in volume. In case fine aggregate is damp at the time of
essential to be forewarned that higher grade cement specially grade 53 should be proportioning the ingredients for mortar or concrete, its quantity shall be increased
used only where such use is warranted for making higher strength concrete and also suitably to allow for bulkage. A typical relation between moisture content and
where good Quality Assurance measures are in place, by which proper precaution percentage of bulking for general guidance:
are taken to relieve the higher heat of hydration through chilling of aggregates or by
->
proper curing of concrete. Moisture % 2 4
Bulking % (by volume 15 20 25 30
Com press ive Strength in accordance with IS 403 1 (part 6) shall be not less than List of mandatory tests: i) organic impurities, ii) silt content ii) particle size
Age Gr33 Gr43 Gr53 distribution.
72 + 1 hr 16 23 27
168 + 2 hr 22 33 37 Stacking: Fine aggregate shall be stacked properly.
672 + 4 hr 33 43 53
List of mandatory tests:, i) Fineness, ii) Soundness, i i i ) Setting time (Initial & Final), Measurements: As the fine aggregate bulks to a substantial extent when partially
iv) Compressive strength, v) Consistency of standard cement paste wet, measurements shall be taken when the stacks are dry or appropriate allowance
made for bulking.
8 | P a ge Section RVRK Prasad A -126 KDKCE, Nagpur
 Fly Ash prepared to facilitate proportioning on weight basis. Cement bag weighting 50 kg
Fly ash is finely divided residue resulting from the combustion of pulverized coal in shall be taken as 0.035 cubic metre. Other ingredients in specified proportion shall
boilers. Fly ash is the pulverized fuel ash extracted from the flue gases by any be measured using boxes of size 40 x 35 x 25 cm. Sand shall be measured on
suitable process such as cyclone separation or electrostatic precipitation. The ash the basis of its dry volume in the case of volumetric proportioning.
collected from the bottom of boilers is termed as bottom ash. Fly ash is finer than Mixing
bottom ash. Siliceous fly ash (ASTM Class F) containing calcium oxide less than The mixing of mortar shall be done in mechanical mixers operated manually or by
10% by mass is normally produced from burning anthracite or bituminous coal and power as decided by Enginecr-in-Charge. The Engineer-in-Charge may, however,
possesses pozzolanic properties. Calcareous fly ash (ASTM Class C) is poruduced permit hand mixing at his discretion taking into account the nature, magnitude and
by burning lignite or sub-bituminous coal and contains calcium exide more than location of the work and practicability of the use of mechanical mixers or where
10% by mass; the content could be as high as 25%. This fly ash has both hydraulic item involving small quantities are to be done or if in his opinion the use of
and pozzolanic properties. It shall be clean and free from any contamination of mechanical mixer is not feasible. In cases, where mechanical mixers are not to be
bottom ash, grit or small pieces of pebbles. used, The contractor shall take permission of the Engineer-in-Charge in writing
before the commencement of the work.
Characteristics: The chemical properties of fly ash shall be as per IS 3812 (part &
2) depending on the usage. Mechanical Mixing: Cement and sand in the specified proportions shall be mixed
dry thoroughly in a mixer. Water shall then be added gradually and wet mixing
List of mandatory tests: i) total chlorides % by mass ii) loss of ignition % by mass continued for at least three minutes, only the required quantity of water shall be
iii) fineness by specific surface (Blaine's permeability) iv) compressive strength @ added which will produce mortar of workable consistency but not stiff paste. Only
28 days ASTM the quantity of mortar, which can be used within 30 minutes of its mixing shall be
prepared at a time. Mixer shall be cleaned with water each time before suspending
Stacking: Fly ash shall be protected from dirt collecting on it. the work.
Measurements: Fly ash shall be measured in regular stacks in cubic metres.
Alternatively it may be measured by weight when supplied in bags Hand Mixing: The measured quantity of sand shall be leveled on a clean masonry
platform and cement bags emptied on top. The cement and sand shall be thoroughly
PREPARTATION OF MORTARS AND ITS GRADE mixed dry by being turned over and over, backwards and forwards, several times till
the mixture is of a uniform colour. The quantity of dry mix which can be used
Grade of Masonry Mortar: The grade of masonry mortar will be defined by its within 30 minutes shall then be mixed in a masonry trough with just sufficient
compressive strength in N/mm2 at the age of 28 days as determined by the standard quantity of water to bring the mortar to a stiff paste of necessary working
procedure detailed in IS 2250. consistency.

Proportioning: For proportioning the ingredients by volume, the conversion of Precautions: mortar shall be used as soon as possible after mixing and before it
weight into volume shall be made on their density basis: begins to set, and in any case within half hour, alter the water is added to the dry
mixture.
Cement Mortar
This shall be prepared by mixing cement and sand with or without the addition of
pozzolana.

Proportioning: Proportioning on weight basis shall be preferred taking into account

specific gravity of sand and moisture content. Boxes of suitable size shall be
I
9|Page Section:C RVRK Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur
CONCRETE WORK mixing. No adjustments in rate shall be made for any variation in the proportions so
MATERIAL: Water, cement, fine aggregate and fly ash shall be as specified above. ordered by the Engineer-in-Charge.

Coarse Aggregate: Aggregate most of which is retained on 4.75 mm IS Sieve and Stacking: Aggregate shall be stacked on a hard, dry and level ground. When slack
contains only as much fine material as is permitted in IS 383 for various sizes and piling, the aggregate shall not form pyramids resulting in segregation of different
grading is known as coarse aggregate. Coarse aggregate shall be specified as stone sized materials. It shall be stacked separately according to nominal size of coarse
aggregate, gravel or brick aggregate and it shall be obtained from approved / aggregates. Stacking shall be done in regular stacks, of height not exceeding 100 cm.
authorized sources.
List of mandatory tests: i) Particle size and shape, ii)Estimation of organic
Stone aggregate shall consist of naturally occurring (uncrushed, crushed or broken) impurities ii) Surface Moisture iii) Determination of 10% fine value iv) Specific
stones. It shall be hard, strong, dense, durable and clean. It shall be free from veins, gravity v) Bulk density vi) Aggregate crushing Strength vii) Aggregate impact value
adherent coating, and injurious amounts of disintegrated pieces, alkali, vegetable .
matter and other deleterious substances. It shall be roughly cubical in shape and Measurements: The aggregates shall be measured in stacks and paid for after
rough in texture. Flaky and elongated pieces shall be avoided. It shall conform to IS making a deduction of 7.5% of the gross measurements of stacks in respect of
383 unless otherwise specified. aggregates of nominal size 40 mm and above. No deduction from the gross
measurements of the stacks is to be made in respect of aggregate of nominal size
The gravels shall be free from flat particles of shale or similar laminated material, below 40 mm.
powdered clay, silt, loam. Pit gravel shall be washed if it contains soil materials
adhering to it. Brick aggregate shall be obtained by breaking well burnt or overburnt Chemical Admixtures
dense brick/ brick bats. They shall be homogeneous in texture, roughly cubical in When required, admixtures of approved quality shall be mixed with concrete, shall
shape and clean. It shall conform to IS 306 unless otherwise specified. conform to IS 9103 or as specified.
\.
Deleterious Material: Coarse aggregate to be used for reinforced cement concrete. Admixtures used in concrete: a) Water Reducing Admixtures, b) Retarding
Coarse aggregate to be used for reinforced cement concrete shall not contain any Admixtures, c) Accelerating Admixtures, d) Water Reducing and Retarding
material liable to attack the steel reinforcement. Aggregates which are chemically Admixtures, e) Water Reducing and Accelerating Admixtures, 0 Permeability
reactive with alkalies of cement shall not be used. The maximum quantity of Reducing (water proofing) Admixtures.
deleterious material shall not be more than five percent of the weight of coarse
aggregate when determined in accordance with IS 2386. Liquid Admixtures: Admixtures introduced into the concrete as liquids generally fall
into the following categories: a) Air Entraining, b) Water Reducing, c) Water
Size and Grading: Stone aggregate and grave! shall be either graded or single sized Reducing Retarders, d) Retarders, e) Water Reducing Accelerators, f) Accelerators.
as specified. Nominal sizes shall be 80,63,40, 20, 16, 12.5,10, 6 mm or other as
specified. When aggregate brought to site is single sized (ungraded), it shall be Dosage of these admixtures may vary according to manufacturers specification. Two
mixed with single sized aggregate of different sizes in the proportion to be or more admixtures may not be compatible in the same solution. It is therefore
determined by field tests to obtain graded aggregate of specified nominal size as per mandatory that when two admixtures manufactured by the same manufacturers is
the prescribed/specified grading curve recommended by the Engineer-in-chief. If being used simultaneously, the manufacturer shall certify their compatibility. In case
single size coarse aggregate are not premixed at site to obtain the graded coarse the two or more admixtures are produces by different manufacturers, then, before
aggregate required for the mix, the volume of single size aggregates required for the their use in concrete, test shall be performed by the manufacturer to establish their
mix shall be suitably increased to account for reduction in total volume at the site of compatibility, all such test reports shall be furnished to the Engineer-in-Charge for
his approval before their use in concrete.
10 j P a g e Section RVRK Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur
Some admixture may be in the form of powder, particle or high concentration CEMENT CONCRETE
liquids which may require mixing with water prior to dosing. Under these conditions Grades of Cement Concrete: The cement concrete mixes shall be in grade
water in solution shall be considered as part of total water content in the batch in designated as M 10, M 80 so on.(M refers to the mix and the number to the specified
order to maintain the water-cement ratio. characteristic compressive strength of 150 mm size cube at 28 days, expressed in
Admixture manufacturer's recommendation shall be carefully followed so as to N/mm2).( The characteristic strength is defined as the strength of material below
ensure complete solution of the product or to prepare a standard solution of uniform which not more than 5 percent of the test results are expected to fall.) For concrete
strength for easier use. mixes greater than M55, design parameters given in the standard may not be
Certain admixtures may contain significant amounts of finely divided insoluble applicable and the values may be obtained from specialized literatures and
materials or active ingredients which may or may not be readily soluble. It is experimental results.
essential for such admixtures that precautions be taken to ensure that these
constituents be kept in a state of uniform suspension before actual batching. When Minimum cement content(kg/m3), maximum free water cement ratio and minimum
relatively small amounts of powered admixtures are to be used directly, these shall grade of concrete for different exposures for 20mm size nominal size aggregates;
be pre-blended with cement.
Exposure Plain concrete Reinforced concrete
Admixtures are sold under various trade names and may be in the form of liquids or Min.Cem Max w/ MinGr Min.Cem Max w/ Min Gr
powders. The proprietary name and the net quantity of content shall be clearly 1 Mild 220 0.60 - 300 0.55 M20
indicated in each package or container of admixtures. The admixtures shall be 2 Moderate 240 0.605 M15 300 0.5 M25
uniform within each batch and uniform between all batches. 3 Severe 250 0.5 M20 320 0.45 M30
4 Very severe 260 0.45 M20 340 0.45 M35
No admixtures shall be accepted for use in concrete unless these are tested in 5 ' Extreme 280 0.4 M25 360 0.4 M40
accordance with IS 9103 and the test results are approved by the Engineer-in-
Charge. Addition of mineral admixtures such as pozzolanas, fly ash, silica fume, rice husk
ash, metakaoline (fineness 7000 - 9000 cm2/gm) ground granulated blast furnace
slag (GGBS) shall be included in cement content and water cement ratio, as long as
their max amounts taken into account do not exceed their per. limits.(IS 1489,IS 455)

Maximum Cement Content: Cement content not including fly ash and ground
granulated blast furnace slab in excess of 450 kg/m3 should not be used unless
special consideration has been given in design due to increased risk of cracking due
to drying shrinkage in thin sections , or to early thermal cracking and to the
increased risk of damage due to alkali silica reaction.

Workability of Concrete
The concrete mix proportion chosen should be such that the concrete is of adequate
workability for the placing conditions of the concrete and can properly be
compacted with the means available. Suggested ranges of workability of concrete
measured in accordance with IS 1199 are given below:

11 | P a g e Section: C RVR K P r a s a d A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur

Placing concrete Degree of Slump (mm) For an average grading of fine aggregate (that is, Zone I I of Table 4 of IS 383), the
workability proportions shall be 1 : 1 '/>, 1:2 and 1:2 Vz for maximum size of aggregates 1 0 m m ,
B l i n d i n g concrete: shallow sections: Very low Refer: IS 1 199: a CF 20 mm and 40 mm respectively
Pavements using pavers 0.75 to 0.80 is suggested
Mass concrete: Lightly reinforced sections low 25-75 mm The cement content for any nominal mix shall be proportionately increased if the
in slabs, beams, wall, columns, quantity of water in the mix has to be increased to overcome the difficulty or
Heavily reinforced sections in slabs, medium 50- 100 mm placement and compaction, so that the water cement ratio as specified is not
beams, walls, columns. && Hand placed exceeded. And the quantity of water required from durability point of view may be
pavements: canal lining; Strip footing less than the value given above.
Slip form work: Pumped medium 75- 100 mm
concrete However, This clause (1S456-I964) is obsolete: For general guidance, the grades of
Trench fill high 100- 150mm concrete that correspond 10 nominal mixes used over the country.
Tremie concrete Very high Refer IS 9 103 * Grade of concrete M10 M15 M20 M25
Nominal mix 1:3:6 1:2:4 1:1 '/i:3 1:1:2
In the 'very high' category of workability, measurement of workability by
determination of flow will be appropriate Batching: To avoid confusion and error in batching, consideration should be given
to using the smallest practical number of different concrete mixed on any site/ plant.
For the most placing conditions, internal (needle) vibrators are suitable. The dia. of In batching , the quantities shall be determined by mass. Water and admixture ( i f
needle shall be determined based on the density and spacing of reinforcement bars liquid) may however be measured in mass or volume in a calibrated tank (IS 4925).
and thickness of sections. For tremie concrete, vibrators are not required to be used Accuracy of measuring equipment shall be within ± 3% of the quantity of aggregate,
admixtures and water and ± 3% for cement.
Concrete Mix Proportioning: The determination of the proportion of cement,
aggregate and water to attain the required strength shall be made by: a) designing the Ready-mixed concrete shall be preferred. For large and medium project sites the
concrete mix or b) adopting 'nominal concrete mix'. concrete shall be sourced from RMC plants or from on site or off site hatching and
mixing plants (IS 4926). Except where it can be shown to the satisfaction of E-i-C
Nominal Mix Concrete: Design mix concrete is preferred to nominal mix. If design that supply of properly graded aggregate of uniform quality can be maintained over
mix concrete can't be used for any reason (for grades <f M20 ), nominal mixes may period of work, the grading aggregate should be controlled by obtaining the coarse
be used with the permission of E-in-C. However, is likely to involve a higher cement aggregate in different sizes and blending them in the right proportions as required.
content. The proportions for nominal mix concrete shall be in acco. dance with
Proportion/Type and grading of aggregates shall be made by trial in such a way so
Grade of Total dry aggregates per Proportion of FA to C A Max w/c ratio as to obtain densest possible concrete. All ingredients of the concrete should be used
concrete bag of cement by mass by mass only.
M5 800kg Generally 1:2 but 1.2
M7.5 625kg subject to an upper limit of 0.9 Volume batching may be allowed only where weigh-batching is not practicable and
M10 480kg 1 : 1 V-2 and a lower limit of 0.68 provided accurate used in concrete have earlier been established.
M15 330kg 1:2 '/, (IS 456- 1978/2000) 0.64
M20 250kg ( F u l l e r max p mas, (d/D) l / 2 0.6 Boxes of suitable size shall be used for measuring, the internal dimensions of the
boxes shall be generally 35x25x40 cm. deep or as otherwise approved by the E-in-C.

12 | P a g e Section RVR K Pra sad A-l 26 KDKCE, Nagpur

 .
The unit of measurement of cement shall be a bag of 50kg.(0.035 cum). While The design of the loader shall be such that it allows the loading hopper to be
measuring the aggregate, shaking, ramming or heaping shall not be done. The elevated to such a height that the centre line of the chute plate of the hopper when in
proportioning of sand shall be on the basis of its dry volume discharge position, is at an angle of not less than 50° to the horizontal.

Allowance for bilking shall be made in accordance with IS 2386 (Part 3). The mass The uniformity of mixed concrete shall be evaluated by finding the percentage
volume relationship should Ix checked as frequently as necessary by Engineer-in- variation in quantity (mass in water) of cement, aggregates in a freshly mixed batch
Charge to ensure that the specified grading is maintained. of concrete.

It is important to maintain the constant w/c ratio, determination of moisture contents Machine Mixing: v
in aggregates shall be made as frequently as possible, determined by the Engineer- 1) The mixer drum shall be flushed clean with water.
in-Charge according to weather conditions. The amount of the added water shall be 2) Measured quantity of coarse aggregate shall be placed first in the hopper. This
adjusted to compensate for any observed variations in the moisture contents. The shall be followed with measured quantity of fine aggregate and then cement.
moisture content in the aggregates may be determined as per IS 2386. To allow for (In case fine aggregate is damp, half the required quantity of coarse aggregate shall
the variation in mass for aggregate due to variations in their moisture content, be placed in the hopper, followed by fine aggregate and cement. Finally the balance
suitable adjustments in the masses of aggregates shall be made. [Generally, surface quantity of coarse aggregate shall be fed in the hopper)
water is in the order of 20-40 l/m3 in crushed rock and 40-120 l/m3 in sands 3) then the dry materials are slipped into the drum by raising the hopper. The dry
material shall be mixed for at least four turns of the drum.
No substitutions in materials or alteration in the established proportions, except as 4) While the drum is rotating, water shall be added gradually to achieve the water
permitted if the quality and strength of concrete are satisfactory cement ratio as specified or as required by the Engineer-in-Charge.
5) After adding water, the mixing shall be continued until concrete of uniform
Mixing : Concrete shall be mixed in mechanical batch type concrete mixers colour, uniformly distributed material and consistency is obtained.
conforming to IS 1791 having two blades and fitted with power loader (lifting (Mixing shall be done for atleast two minutes after adding water.)
hopper type). Half bag mixers and mixers without lifting hoppers shall not be used a) If there is segregation after unloading from the mixer, the concrete should be
for mixing concrete except as permitted with the specific prior permission of the remixed, b) The drum shall be emptied completely before recharging.
Engineer-in-Charge in writing subject to adding 10% extra cement. e) When the mixer is closed down foi t'ie day or at any time exceeding 20 minutes,
the drum shall be flushed cleaned with water.
When hand mixing is permitted, it shall be carried out on a water tight platform and
care shall be taken to ensure that m i x i n g is continued until the concrete is uniform in Hand Mixing:/
colour and consistency. Before mixing the brick aggregate shall be well soaked with When hand mixing has been specifically permitted in exceptional circumstances
water for a m i n i m u m period of two hours and stone aggregate or gravel shall be by the Engineer-in-Charge in writing, subject to adding 10% extra cement, it shall be
washed with water to remove, dirt, dust and other foreign materials. For guidance, carried out on a smooth, clean and water tight platform of suitable size.
the mixing lime may be 1 '/2 to 2 minutes, for hydrophobic -» 2 '/2 to 3 minutes.
Measured quantity of sand shall be spread evenly on the platform and the cement
Power Loader: Mixer will be fitted with a power loader complying with ihc shall be dumped on the sand and distributed evenly. Sand and cement shall be mixed
requirements: i) The hopper shall be of adequate capacity to receive and discharge intimately with spade until mixture is of even colour throughout. Measured quantity
the maximum nominal batch of unmixed materials without spillage, ii) The of coarse aggregate shall be spread on top of cement sand mixture and mixing done
minimum inside width of the feeding edge of the hopper shall be as specified ( I t o by shovelling and turning till the coarse aggregate gets evenly distributed the cement
2m depending upon capacity and type -tilting/non-tiling/reverse) sand mixture. Three quarters of the total quantity of water required shall be added in
a hollow made in the middle of the mixed pile and the material is turned towards the
13 | P a g e Section RVRK Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur
middle of pile with spade. The whole mixture is turned slowly over and again and shown in the structural drawings or as directed by the Engineer-in-Charge. Number
the remaining quantity of water is added gradually. The mixing shall be continued of such joints shall be kept m i n i m u m . Joints shall be kept as straight as possible.
until concrete of uniform colour an and consistency is obtained. The m i x i n g Construction joints should comply with IS 1 1 8 1 7 .
platform shall be washed and cleaned at the end of the day.
When the work has to be resumed on a surface which has hardened, such surface
In case, the fly ash is used, the measured quantity of sand and fly ash shall be mixed shall be roughened. It shall then be swept clean and thoroughly wetted. For vertical
dry before adding specified quantity of cement to it. joints, neat cement slurry, of workable consistency by using 2 kgs of cement per
sqm shall be applied on the surface before it is dry. For horizontal joints, the surface
Transportation and Handling: Concrete shall be transported from the mixer to the shall be covered with a layer of mortar about 10-15 mm thick composed of cement
place of laying as rapidly as possible by methods which will prevent the segregation and sand in the same ratio as the cement and sand in concrete mix. This layer of
or loss of any of the ingredients and maintaining the required workability. During cement slurry of mortar shall be freshly mixed and applied immediately before
hot or cold weather, concrete shall be transported in deep containers, other suitable placing of the concrete.
methods to reduce the loss of water by evaporation in hot weather and heat loss in
cold weather may also be adopted. Where the concrete has not fully hardened, all laitance shall be removed by
scrubbing the wet surface with wire or bristle brushes, care being taken to avoid
Placing: The concrete shall be deposited as nearly as practicable in its final position dislodgement of particles of coarse aggregate. The surface shall be thoroughly
to avoid re-handling. It shall be laid gently (not thrown) and shall be thoroughly wetted and all free water removed. The surface shall then be coated with neat
vibrated and compacted before setting commences and should not be subsequently cement slurry @ 2 kg of cement per sqm. On this surface, a layer of-concrete not
disturbed. exceeding 150 mm in thickness shall first be placed and shall he well rammed
against old work particular attention being paid to corners and close spots; work,
Method of placing shall be such as to preclude segregation. Care shall be taken to thereafter, shall proceed
' in the normal way.
avoid displacement of reinforcement or movement of form work and damage due to
rain etc. As a genera! guidance, the maximum free fall of concrete may be taken as Concreting under Special Conditions:
1.5 meter. /. Work In Extreme Weather Conditions: During hot and cold weather, the
concreting shall be done as per the procedure set out in !S 786land IS 7861
Compaction: Concrete shall be thoroughly compacted and fully worked around respectively. Concreting shall not be done when the temperature falls below 4.5°C.
embedded fixtures and into corners of the form work. Compaction shall be done by In cold weather, the concrete placed shall be protected against frost. During hot
mechanical vibrator of appropriate type t i l l a dense concrete is obtained. The weather, it shall be ensured that the temperature of wet concrete does not exceed
mechanical vibrators shall conform to IS 2505, IS 2506, IS 2514 and IS4656. To 38°C.
prevent segregation, over vibration shall be avoided. Compaction shall be completed
before the i n i t i a l setting starts. 2. Under Water Concreting: Concrete shall not be deposited under water if it is
practicable to dewaler the area and place concrete in the regular manner. When it is
For the items where mechanical vibrators are not to be used, the contractor shall take necessary to deposit concrete under water, the methods, equipment, materials and
permission of the Engineer-in-Charge in writing before the start of the work. After proportions of the mix to be used shall be submitted to and approved by the
compaction the lop surface shall be finished even and smooth with wooden trowel F,ngincer-in-Charge before the work is started. Under-water concrete should have a
before the concrete begins to set. slump as recommended and the water-cement ratio shall not exceed 0.6 and may
need to be smaller, depending on the grade of concrete or the type of chemical
Construction Joints: Concreting shall be carried out continuously up to attack. For aggregates of 40 mm maximum particle size, the cement content shall be
construction joints. The position and arrangement of construction joints shall be as at least 350 kg/m3 of concrete.
*
1 4 'j P a g e S e c t i o n : C RVRK Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur
3. Concrete in Sea Water: Concrete in sea-water or exposed directly along the sea- In case of use of higher grade cements special precautions shall be taken in the
coast shall be at least M20 Grade in the case of plain concrete and M30 in case of i n i t i a l period setting as directed by the Enginccr-in-chief.
reinforced concrete. The use of slag cement or pozzolana cement is advantageous
under such conditions. Advanced mehods like steam curing or any other method may be used as required as
per the direction and guidelines of the Engineer-in-chief.
1) Special attention shall be given to the design of the mix to obtain the densest Freshly laid concrete shall be protected from rain and any other damage by suitable
possible concrete: slag, broken brick, soft lime stone, soft sandstone, or other porous covering. Over the foundation concrete, the masonry work may be started after 48
or weak aggregates shall not be used. hours of its compaction but the curing of exposed surfaces of cement concrete shall
2) As far as possible, preference shall be given to precast members unreinforced, be continued along with the masonry work for at least 7 days.
well-cured and hardened, without sharp corners, and having trowel-smooth finished
surfaces free from crazing, cracks or other defect; plastering should be avoided. And where cement concrete is used as base concrete for flooring, the flooring may
3) No construction joints shall be allowed within 600 mm below low water-level or be commenced before the curing period of base concrete is over but the curing of
within 60 mm of the upper and lower planes of wave action. Where unusually severe base concrete shall be continued along with top layer of flooring fora minimum
conditions or abrasion are anticipated, such parts of the work shall be protected by period of 7 days.
bituminous or silico-fluoride coatings or stone facing bedded with bitumen.
4) In reinforced concrete structures, care shall be taken to protect the reinforcement Testing of Concrete:
from exposure to saline atmosphere during storage, fabrication and use. It may be Slump test, Compressive strength (spit tensile test, flexure test- as required)
achieved by treating the surface of reinforcement with cement wash or by suitable
methods. ^.. /-A-1^ •' '*•'
V
Curing: Curing is the process of preventing loss of moisture from the concrete. The Recapulatef- ^
following methods shall be employed for effecting curing. Aggregate: DETERMINATION OF TEN PER CENT'FINE VALUE
12.5 mm I.S. Sieve and retained >
Moist Curing : Exposed surfaces of concrete shall be kept continuously in a damp on a 10 mm I.S. Sieve. T
or wet condition by ponding or by covering with a layer of sacking, canvas, Hessian
or similar materials and kept constantly wet for at least 7 days from the date of 25 strokes from the
placing concrete in case of ordinary Portland cement and at least 10 days where tamping rod (16 mm dia and 45 to 60 cm long) rounded to one'end, care being
mineral admixtures or blended cements are used. compression testing machine
The period of curing shall not be less than 1 0 days for concrete exposed to dry and penetration of a plunger in 10 minutes of about: 15.0 mm ,..,
hot weather conditions. In the case of concrete where mineral admixtures or blended a 2.36 mm I.S. Si
cements are used, it is recommended that above m i n i m u m periods may be extended
to 14 d a s . Form Work

Membrane Caring : Approved curing compounds may be used in lieu of moist

curing with the permission of the Engineer-in-Charge. Such compound shall be
applied to all exposed surfaces of the concrete as soon as possible after the concrete
has set. Impermeable membrane such as polythene sheet covering the concrete
surface may also be used to provide effective barrier against the evaporation.
15 | P a g e S e c t i o n : C RVR K P ra sa d A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur
Form work shall be as specified in R.C.C. chapter and shall be paid for separately the mean total air content by volume of the fresh concrete at the time of delivery into
unless otherwise the construction should be: Entrained Air Percentage 5+1 % (for 20mm)
specified.
Exposure to Sulphate Attack : For very high concentration of sulphates, expressed
as SO3, and more than 2% concentration some form of lining such as polyethylene
or polychloroprene sheet: or surface coating based on asphalt, chlorinated rubber,
epoxy; or polyurethane materials should also be used to prevent access by the
sulphate solution.

Finishes: Plastering and special finishes other than those, obtained through form Chlorides in Concrete : The total amount of chlorides content (as Cl) in the concrete
work shall be specified and paid for separately unless otherwise specified. at thetime of placing shall be less than 0.6 kg/m3 (for RCC)

Sulphates in Concrete : The total water-soluble sulphate content of the concrete mix,
expressed as SO3 should not exceed 4 percent by mass of the cement in the mix.
The sulphate content should be calculated as the total from the various constituents
of the mix. The 4 per cent limit does not apply to concrete made with supersuiphate
cement complying with IS 6909

Durability of Concrete Measurements: Dimensions of length, breadth and thickness shall be measured
A durable concrete is one that performs satisfactorily in the working environment correct to nearest cm. except for the thickness of slab and partition which shall be
during its anticipated exposure conditions during service. The materials and mix measured to nearest 5 mm. Areas shall be worked out to nearest 0.01 sq.m and the
proportions shall be such as to maintain its integrity and, if applicable, to protect cubic contents of consolidated concrete shall be worked out to nearest 0.01 cum.
reinforcement from corrosion. Any work done in excess over the specified dimension or sections shown in the
The factors influencing durability include: drawing shall be ignored.
(a) The environment;
(b) The cover to embedded steel; No deduction shall be made for the Opening upto 0.1 sq and for the volume
(c) The type and quality of constituent materials; occupied by pipes, conduits, sheathing etc. not exceeding 100 sq cm each in cross
(d) The cement content and water/ cement ratio of the concrete; sectional areas.
(e) Workmanship, to obtain full compaction and efficient curing; and
(f) The shape and size of the member.

Requirements for Durability

General Environment : The general environment to which the concrete will be
exposed during its working life is classified into five levels of severity, that is, mild, List of mandatory tests
moderate, severe, very severe and extreme.
Slump test, test for compressive strength split tensile test, flexure test,
Freezing and Thawing : Where freezing and thawing actions under wet conditions
exist, enhanced durability can be obtained by the use of suitable air entraining
admixtures. When concrete lower than grade M50 is used under these conditions,
!6|Page S e c t i o n : C RVRK Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur
 REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE WORK Wet curing period shall be enhanced to a m i n i m u m of 10 days or its equivalent. In
Reinforced cement concrete work may be cast-in-situ or Precast as may be directed hot & arid regions, the m i n i m u m curing period shall be 14 days or its equivalent.
by Engineer-in-Charge according to the nature of work.
Use of Fly ash Admixed Cement Concrete (FACC) in RCC structures
Reinforced cement concrete work shall comprise of the following which may be There shall be no bar on use of FACC in RCC structures subject to following
paid separately or collectively as per the description of the item of work. additional conditions.
1) Form work (Centering and Shuttering)
2) Reinforcement 1) Fly ash shall have its chemical characteristics and physical requirements etc.
3) Concreting: (Cast-in-situ/2 - Precast) conforming to IS 3812 (part I & II) and shall be duly certified.

MATERIALS 2) To ensure uniform blending of fly ash with cement in conformity with IS 456, a
Water, cement, fine and coarse aggregate shall be as specified above. specific facility needs to be created at site with complete computerized automated
process control to achieve design quality or with similar facility from Ready Mix
Fly Ash admixed cement concrete (FACC) and fly ash Blended cements in Cement Concrete (RMC) plants.
Concrete (PPCC) in RCC structures. Fly ash Blended Cements conforming to IS
1489 may be used in RCC structures. IS 456- 2000 - clause-9shall be followed in 3) As per IS 1489 (Part-I) maximum 35% of OPC by mass is permitted to be
regard to Concrete Mix Proportion, production/ manufactured in accordance with substituted with fly ash conforming to IS 3812 (Part-I) and same is reiterated.
clause 10 and it also covers the quality assurance measures
4) Separate storage for dry fly ash shall be provided. Storage bins or silos shall be
The mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, creep and weather proof and permit a free flow and efficient discharge of fly ash. The filter or
shrinkage of fly ash mixed concrete or concrete using fly ash blended cements dust control system provided in the bins or silos shall be of sufficient size to allow
(PPCs) are not likely to be significantly different and their values are to be taken delivery of fly ash maintained at specified pressure to prevent undue emission of fly
same as those used for concrete made with OPC. ash dust, which may interfere weighing accuracy.

To control higher rate of carbonation in early ages of concrete both in fly ash Use of Fly Ash Blended Cements in Cement Concrete (PPCC) in RCC Structures
admixed as well as PPC based concrete, water/binder ratio shall be kept as low as 1) Subject to General Guidelines detailed out as above, PPC manufactured
possible, which shall be closely monitored during concrete manufacture. If conforming to IS 1489 (Part-I) shall be treated at par with OPC for manufacture of
necessitated due to low water/binder ratio, required workability shall be achieved by Design Mix concrete for structural use in RCC.
use of chloride free chemical admixtures conforming to IS 9103. The compatibility
of chemical admixtures and super plasticizers with each set OPC, fly ash and /or 2) Till the time, BIS makes it mandatory to print the %age of fly ash on each bag of
PPC received from different sources shall be ensured by trials. cement, the certificate from the PPC manufacture indicating the same shall be
insisted upon before allowing use of such cements in works.
In environment subjected to aggressive chloride or sulphate attach in particular, use
of fly ash admixed or PPC based concrete is recommended. In cases, where 3) While using PPC for structural concrete work, no further admixing of fly ash
structural concrete is exposed to excessive magnesium sulphate, fly ash substitution/ shall be permitted.
content shall be limited to 18% by weight. Special type of cement with low C3A
content may also be alternatively used, Durability criteria like m i n i m u m binder
content and maximum water /binder ratio also need to be given due consideration in
such environment.
17 | P a g e Section RVR K P r a s a d A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur
.
 .
Steel for Reinforcement The TMT bars are being produced under valid license from either of the firms
The steel used for reinforcement shall be any of the following types: namely Tempcore, Thermex Evcon Turbo & Turbo Quench. These firms have
1) Mild steel and medium tensile bars conforming to IS 432 (Part 1) acquired patents and are giving licenses to various producers to produce TMT Bars.
2) High strength deformed steel bars conforming to IS 1786 The TMT bars shall conform to IS 1786 pertaining to Fe415 D or Fe 500 Dor Fe
3) Hard drawn steel wire fabric conforming to IS 1566 grade of steel as specified.
4) Structural steel conforming to Grade A of IS 2062
5) Thermo-meclianically treated (TMT) Bars. Stacking and Storage: Steel for reinforcement shall be stored in such a way as to
prevent distorting and corrosion, protect the reinforcement from exposure to saline
Elongation percent on gauge length is 5.65VA where A is the cross sectional areas of atmosphere during storage, fabrication and use. It may be achieved by treating the
the test piece. Fe 415 should have a minimum elongation of 14.5% surface of reinforcement with cement wash or by suitable methods. Bars of different
classifications, sizes and lengths shall be stored separately to facilitate issue in such
Mild steel is not recommended for the use in structures located in earthquake zone sizes and lengths to cause minimum wastage in cutting from standard length.
subjected to severe damage and for structures subjected to dynamic loading (other
than wind loading) such as railway and highway bridges. Identification: The staff shall be specially trained for looking for identification
marks on the bars given by the manufacturers which are generally given colour
Welding of reinforcement bars covered in this specification shall be done in code. It will be advisable to see that only one type/grade of bars are brought to site
accordance with the requirements of IS 2751. and used in the project after conducting tests for each lot.

Nominal mass/weight: The tolerance on mass for round and square bars shall be in General Requirements
accordance with IS 1786. The density may be taken as 7850 kg/ m3 Steel for reinforcement shall be clear and free from loose mill scales, dust,
For high strength deformed bars 0.2 Per cent Proof stress should have a minimum loose rust, coats of paints, oil or other coating which may destroy or reduce bond. It
value of 415 N/mrrr or 500 N/mm 2 or 550 N/mm 2 as the case may be. shall be stored in such a,way as to avoid distortion and to prevent deterioration and
The tensile stength should be more than 10% of its proof stress for Fe 415. corrosion. Prior to assembly of reinforcement on no account any oily substance shall
be used for removing the rust.
Testing of Steel Reinforcement:
1) Tensile Test: 0.2% proof stress and percentage elongation -IS 1608 in conjunction Assembly of Reinforcement: Bars shall be bent correctly and accurately to the size
with IS 226. and shape as shown in the detailed drawing or as directed by Engineer-in-Charge.
2) Rebend test/ RE- test: This shall be done as per IS 1786. Preferably bars of full length shall be used. Necessary cutting and straightening is
3) Chemical composition of reinforcement (Maximum percentage) also included. Overlapping of bars, where necessary shall be done as directed by the
Fe415 Fe415 D Fe 500 D Fe 550 D Engineer-in-Charge. The overlapping bars shall not touch each other and these shall
Carbon 0.30 0.25 0.25 0.25 be kept apart with concrete between them by 25mm or 1 ]A times the maximum size
Sulphur 0.060 0.045 0.040 0.040 of the coarse aggregate whichever is greater. But where this is not possible, the
Phosphorous 0.060 0.045 0.040 0.040 overlapping bars shall be bound together at intervals not exceeding twice the dia. of
Sulphur & 0.110 0.085 0.075 0.075 such bars with two strands annealed steel wire of 0.90 mm to 1.6 mm twisted tight.
Phosphorous The overlaps/ splices shall be staggered as per directions of the Engineer-in-Charge.
But in no case the overlapping shall be provided in more than 50% of cross sectional
Thermo Mechanically treated (TMT) reinforcement bars: There is no BIS code for area at one section.
TMT bars. The available code BIS 1786 pertains to HSD Bars.

18 | P a g e Section RVRK Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur

 Bonds and Hooks Forming End Anchorages: Reinforcement shall be bent and fixed 2) In case of cantilevered and doubly reinforced beams of slabs, the vertical distance
in accordance with procedure specified in IS 2502, code of practice of bending and between the horizontal bars shall be maintained by introducing chairs, spacers or
fixing of bars for concrete reinforcement. support bars of steel at 1 .Omere or at shorter spacing to avoid sagging.
3) In case of columns and walls, the vertical bars shall be kept in position by means
1) U-Type Hook: In case of mild steel plain bars standard U type hook shall be of timber templates with slots accurately cut in them: or with block of cement mortar
provided by bending ends of rod into semicircular hooks having clear diameter equal 1:2 of required size suitable tied to the reinforcement to ensure that they are in
to four times the diameter of the bar. In seismic zone- eight times the diameter of bar correct position during concreting.

2) Bends: Bend forming anchorage to a M.S. plain bar shall be bent-with and Tolerance on Placing of Reinforcement: Unless otherwise specified by the
internal radius equal to two times the diameter of the bar with a minimum length Engineer-in-Charge, reinforcement shall be placed with a tolerance of ±10 mm for
beyond the bend equal to four times the diameter of the bar. effective depth < 200 mm, and ± 15 mm for effective depth, more than 200 mm.

Anchoring Bars : Deformed bars may be used without end anchorages provided, Bending at Construction Joints : Where reinforcement bars are bent aside at
development length equipment is satisfied. Hooks should normally be provided for construction joints and afterwards bent back into their original position care should
plain bars . Development length of bars will be determined as per IS: 456. be taken to ensure that at no time the radius of the bend is less than 4 bar diameters
for plain mild steel or 6 bar diameter for deformed bars. Care shall also be taken
Binders, stirrups, links etc. : In case of binders, stirrups, links etc. the straight when bending back bars to ensure that the concrete around the bar is notdamaged.
portion beyond the curve at the end shall be not less than eight times and nominal ..
size of bar. Cover : The minimum nominal cover to meet durability requirements shall-be
according to the requirement of IS 456 -2000 as per the exposure condition.
Welding of Bars: Wherever facility for electric arc welding or gas pressure welding Exposure Nominal Concrete cover in mm not less than
is available, welding of bars shall be done in lieu of overlap as approved by the •»
Engineer-in-Charge as per IS 2751 and 9417. Measurement
Mechanical Anchors: can be used as approved by E-in-C Reinforcement including authorized spacer bars and lappages shall be measured in
length of different diametre, as actually (not more than as specified in the drgs.) used
Placing in Position: Fabricated reinforcement bars shall be placed in position as per in the work nearest to a centimetre and their weight calculated on the basis of
the drawings or as directed by the Engineer-in-charge. The bars crossing one another standard weight. In case actual unit weight of the bars is less than standard unit
shall be tied together at every intersection with two strands of annealed steel wire weight, but within variation, in such cases weight of reinforcement shall be
0.9 to 1.6 mm thickness twisted tight to make the skeleton of the steel work rigid so calculated on the basis of actual unit weight. Wastage and unauthorized
that the reinforcement does not get displaced during deposition of concrete. Tack overlaps shall not be paid for. Annealed steel wire required for binding or tack
welding in crossing bars shall also be permitted in if approved by E-in-C. welding shall not be measured, its cost being included in the rate of reinforcement.
Where tack welding is used in lieu of binding, such welds shall not be measured.
Cover blocks, chairs: Chairs separators etc. shall be provided as directed by the Engineer-in-Charge and
The bars shall be kept in correct position by the following methods: measured separately and paid for.
1) In case of beam and slab construction pre-cast cover blocks in cement mortar 1:2 Rate: The rate for reinforcement shall include the cost of labour and materials
about 4x4 cm section and of thickness equal to the specified cover shall be placed required for all operations described above such as cleaning of reinforcement bars,
between the bars and shuttering, so as to secure and maintain the requisite cover of straightening, cutting, hooking bending, binding, placing in position etc. as required
concrete over reinforcements. or directed including tack welding on crossing of bars in lieu of binding with wires

19 | P a g e Section RVR K P r a s a d A-l 26 KDKCE, Nagpur

 .
provided in the joints. Steel shuttering used or concreting should be sufficiently
FORM WORK (CENTRING & SHUTTERING) stiffened. The steel shuttering should also be properly repaired before use and
Form Work: Form work shall include all temporary or permanent forms or moulds properly cleaned to avoid stains, honey combing, seepage of slurry through joints
required for forming the concrete which is cast-in-situ, together with all temporary etc.
construction required for their support.
Runner Joists; RSJ, MS Channel or any other suitable section of the required size
Design & Tolerance in Construction: It shall be designed and constructed to shape, shall be used as runners. Assembly of beam head over props: Beam head is an
line and dimension shown on the drawing with tolerance as per IS 456-2000 adopter that fits snugly on the head plates of props to provide wider support under
beam bottoms. Only steel shuttering shall be used, except for unavoidable portions
General Requirement: It shall be strong enough to withstand the dead and live loads and very small works for which 12 mm thick water proofing ply of approved quality
and forces caused by ramming and vibrations of concrete and other incidental loads, may be used.
imposed upon it during and after casting of concrete. It shall be made sufficiently
rigid by using adequate number of ties and braces, screw jacks or hard board wedges Design: Form work shall be properly designed for self weight, weight of
where required shall be provided to make up any settlement in the form work either reinforcement, weight of fresh concrete, and in addition, the various live loads likely
before or during the placing of concrete. to be imposed during the construction process (such as workmen, materials and
Form shall be so constructed as to be removable in sections in the desired sequence, equipment). In case the height of centering exceeds 3.50 metres, the prop may be
without damaging the surface of concrete or disturbing other sections, care shall be provided in multi-stages.
taken to see that no piece is keyed into the concrete.
Material for Form Work Camber: Suitable camber shall be provided in horizontal members of structure,
Propping and Centering : All propping and centering should be either of steel tubes especially in cantilever spans to counteract the effect of deflection. The form work
with extension pieces or built up sections of rolled steel. shall be so assembled as to provide for camber. The camber for beams and slabs
shall be 1 to 250 or as directed by the Engineer-in-Charge, so as to offset the
1) Centering/Staging: Staging should be as designed with required extension pieces subsequent deflection, For cantilevers the camber at fiee end shall be l/50th of the
as approved by Engineer-in-Charge to ensure proper slopes, as per design for slabs/ projected length or as directed by the Engineer-in-Charge.
beams etc. and as per levels as shown in drawing. All the staging to be either of
Tubular steel structure with adequate bracings as approved or made of built up Walls : The form faces have to be kept at fixed distance apart and an arrangement of
structural sections made form rolled structural steel sections. wall ties with spacer tubes or bolts is considered best. The two shutters of the wall
are to be kept in place by appropriate ties, braces and studs, some of the accessories
In case of structures with two or more floors, the weight of concrete, centering and used for wall form.
shuttering of any upper floor being cast shall be suitably supported on one floor
below the top most floor already cast. Removal of Form work (Stripping 7Y/w<^;The forms, may generally be removed
after the expiry of the periods mentioned in clause 1 ! of IS 456 or as directed by the
Form work and concreting of upper floor shall not be done until concrete of lower E-i-C for cements other than OPC
floor has set at least for 14 days. I
Surface Treatment
2) Shuttering: Shuttering used shall be of sufficient stiffness to avoid excessive Oiling the Surface : Shuttering gives much longer service life if the surfaces are
deflection and joints shall be tightly butted to avoid leakage of slurry. If required, coated with suitable mould oil which acts both as a parting agent and also gives
rubberized lining of material as approved by the Engineer-in-Charge shall be surface protections. Atypical mould oil is heavy mineral oil or purified cylinder oil
containing not less than 5% pentachlorophenol conforming to IS 716 well mixed to
20 | P a g e Section RVRK Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur
a viscosity of 70-80 centipoises. After 3-4 uses and also in cases when shuttering has The form work shall include the following: Strutting, sheathing, battens, struts,
been stored for a long time, it should be recoated with mould oil before the next use. braces, mud sills, bolting, nailing, wire, ties, clamps, spreaders, nails scaffolds,
ladders, gangways, wedging for easing, striking and removal.etc.
The second categories of shuttering oils / leavening agents are Polymer based water CONCRETING
soluble Compounds. They are available as concentrates and when used diluted with The concrete, proportion are as specified earlier.
water in the ratio of 1:20 or as per manufacturer specifications. The diluted solution Consistency: The concrete which will flow sluggishly into the forms and around
is applied by brush applications on the shuttering both of steel as well as ply wood. the reinforcement without any segregation of coarse aggregate from the mortar shall
The solution is applied after every use. be used. The consistency shall depend on whether the concrete is vibrated on or
hand tamped, it shall be determined by slump test.
Inspection of Form Work
The completed form work shall be inspected and approved by the Engineer-in- Placing of Concrete:
Charge before the reinforcement bars are placed in position. Proper form work Concreting shall be commenced only after Engineer-in-Charge has inspected the
should be adopted for concreting so as to avoid honey combing, blow holes, grout centering, shuttering and reinforcement as placed and passed the same. Shuttering
loss, stains or discoloration of concrete etc. Proper and accurate alignment and shall be clean and free from all shavings, saw dust, pieces of wood, or other foreign
profile of finished concrete surface will be ensured by proper designing and erection material and surfaces shall be treated as prescribed.
of form work which will be approved by Engineer-in-Charge.
In case of concreting of slab and beams, wooden plank or cat walks of chequerred
Shuttering surface before concreting should be free from any defect/ deposits and MS plated or bamboo chalies or any other suitable material supported directly on the
full cleaned so as to give perfectly straight smooth concrete surface. Shuttering centering by means of wooden blocks or lugs shall be provided to convey the
surface should be therefore checked for any damage to its surface and excessive concrete to the place of deposition without disturbing the reinforcement in any way.
roughness before use. Labour shall not be allowed to walk over the reinforcement.

Erection of Form Work (Centering and shuttering): In case of columns and wall, it is desirable to place concrete without construction
1) Any member which is to remain in position after the general dismantling is done, joints. The progress of concreting in the vertical direction, shall be restricted to one
should be clearly marked. metre per hour. The concrete shall be deposited in its final position in a manner to
2) If there are any excavations nearby which may influence the safety of form preclude segregation of ingredients. In deep trenches and footings concrete shall be
works, corrective and strengthening action must be taken. placed through chutes or as directed by the Engineer-in-Charge. In case of columns
3) The bearing soil must be sound and well prepared and the sole plates shall bear and walls, the shuttering shall be so adjusted that the vertical drop of concrete is not
well on the ground. Sole plates shall be properly seated on their bearing pads or more than 1.5 metres at a time.
sleepers.
4) Safety measures to prevent impact of traffic, scour due to water etc. should be During cold weather, concreting shall not be done when the temperature falls below
taken. Adequate precautionary measures shall be taken to prevent accidental impacts 4.50C. The concrete placed shall be protected against frost by suitable covering.
etc. Concrete damaged by frost shall be removed and work redone.
5) Bracing, struts and ties shall be installed along with the progress of form work to
ensure strength and stability of form work at intermediate stage. All the securing During hot weather precaution shall be taken to sec that the temperature of wet
devices and bracing shall be lightened. concrete does not exceed 38°C. No concrete shall be laid within half an hour of the
closing time of the day, unless permitted by the Engineer-in-Charge,
Measurements

21 | P a g e Section: C R VR K Pra sad A-l 26 KDKCE, Nagpur

It is necessary that the time between mixing and placing of concrete shall not exceed Concreting shall be carried out continuously up to the construction joints, the
30 minutes so that the initial setting process is not interfered with. position and details of which shall be as shown in structural drawing or as directed
by Engineer-in-Charge. Number of such joints shall be kept to minimum. The joints
shall be kept at places where theshear force is the minimum. These shall be straight
Compaction and shall be at right angles to the direction of main reinforcement. Construction
It shall be as specified earlier. joints should comply with IS 11817.

Concrete shall be compacted into dense mass immediately after placing by means of In case of columns the joints shall be horizontal and 10 to 15 cm below the bottom
mechanical vibrators designed for continuous operations complying With IS 2505, IS of the beam running into the column head. The portion of the column between the
2506, IS 2514 and IS 4656. The Engineer-in-Charge may however relax this stepping off level and the top of the slab shall be concreted with the beam.
condition at his discretion for certain items depending on the thickness of the
members and feasibility of vibrating the same and permit hand compaction instead. When stopping the concrete on a vertical plane in slabs and beams, and approved
Hand compaction shall be done with the help of tamping rods so that concrete is stop board shall be placed with necessary slots for reinforcement bars or any other
thoroughly compacted and completely worked around the reinforcement, embedded obstruction to pass the bars freely without bending. The construction joints shall be
fixtures, and into corners of the form. keyed by providing a triangular or trapezoidal fillet nailed on the stop board.
Inclined or feather joints shall not be permitted. Any concrete flowing through the
The layers of concrete shall be so placed that the bottom layer does not finally set joints of stopboard shall be removed soon after the initial set. When concrete is
before the top layer is placed. The vibrators shall maintain the whole of concrete stopped on a horizontal plane, the surface shall be roughened and cleaned after the
under treatment in an adequate state of agitation; such that de-aeration and effective initial set. When the work has to be resumed, the joint shall be thoroughly cleaned
compaction is attained at a rate commensurate with the supply of concrete from the with wire brush and loose particles removed. A coat of neat cement slurry at the rate
mixers. The vibration shall continue during the whole period occupied by placing of of 2.75 kg of cement per square metre shall then be applied on the roughened
concrete, the vibrators being adjusted so that the centre of vibrations approximates to surface before fresh concrete is laid.
the centre of the mass being compacted at the time of placing.
Expansion Joints
Concrete shall be judged to be properly compacted, when the mortar fills the spaces Expansion joints shall be provided as shown in the structural drawings or as directed
between the coarse aggregate and begins to cream up to form an even surface. When by Engineer-in-Charge, for the purpose of general guidance. However it is
this condition has been attained, the vibrator shall be stopped in case of vibrating recommended that structures exceeding 45 m in length shall be divided by one or
tables and external vibrators. Needle vibrators shall be withdrawn slowly so as to more expansionjoints. The filling of these joints with bitumen filler, bitumen felt or
prevent formation of loose pockets in case of internal vibration. In case both internal any such material and provision of copper plate, etc. shall be paid for separately in
and external vibrators are being used, the internal vibrator shall be first withdrawn running metre. The measurement shall be taken two places of decimal stating the
slowly after which the external vibrators shall be stopped so that no loose pocket is depth and width of joint.
left in the body of the concrete.
Curing
The specific instructions of the makers of the particular type of vibrator used shall After the concrete has begun to harden i.e. about 1 to 2 hours after its laying, it shall
be strictly complied with. Shaking of reinforcement for the purpose of compaction be protected from quick drying by covering with moist gunny bags, sand, canvass
should be avoided. Compaction shall be completed before the initial setting starts, Hessian or any other material approved by the Engineer-in-Charge. After 24 hours
i.e. with 30 minutes of addition of water to the dry mixture. of laying of concrete, the surface shall be cured by ponding with water for a
m i n i m u m period of 7 days from the date of placing of concrete in case of OPC and
Construction joints at feast 10 days where mineral admixtures or blended cements are used. The period
22 | P a g e Section: C RVRK Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur
 .

of curing shall not be less than 10 days for concrete exposed to dry and hot weather with cement mortar 1:3 (1 cement: 3 fine sand) 6 mm thick, necessary deduction
condition. shall be made for plastering not done.
(d) The surface which is to receive plaster or where it is to be joined with brick
masonry wall, shall be properly roughened immediately after the shuttering is
Finishing removed, taking care to remove the laitance completely without disturbing the
In case of roof slabs the top surface shall be finished even and smooth with wooden concrete. The roughening shall be done by hacking. Before the surface is plastered,
trowel, before the concrete begins to set. Sprinkling of dry cement while finishing it shall be cleaned and wetted so as to give bond between concrete and plaster. RCC
shall not be resorted to. Immediately on removal of forms, the R.C,C. work shall work shall be done carefully so that the thickness of plaster required for finishing the
be examined by the Engineer-in-Charge, before any defects are made good. surface is not more than 6 mm.
(e) The surface of RCC slab on which the cement concrete or mosaic floor is to be
1) The work that has sagged or contains honey combing to an extent detrimental to laid shall be roughened with brushes while the concrete is green. This shall be done
structural safety or architectural concept shall be rejected for visual inspection test. without disturbing the concrete.

2) Surface defects of minor nature may be accepted. On acceptance of such a work Strength of Concrete and Testing
by the Engineer-in-Charge, the same shall be rectified as follows: The compressive strength on the work tests for different mixed shall be as
i) Surface defects which require repair when forms are removed, usually consist of Concrete(Nominal )mixby vol. 1:1:2 1 : 1 '/2 : 3 1:2:4
buiged due to movement of forms, damage resulting from the stripping of forms. Comp. 7 day 21 17.5 14
The bulges and ridges are removed by careful chipping or tooling and the surface is strength 28 day 31.5 26.5 21
then rubbed with a grinding stone.
ii) Shallow patches are first treated with a coat of thin grout composed of one part of Regular mandatory tests on the workability of the fresh concrete shall be done to
cement and one part of fine sand. The mortar is placed in layers not more than achieve the specified compressive strength of concrete.
10mm thick and each layer is given a scratch finish to secure bond with the Slump Test, Cube Test for Compressive Strength of Concrete , Visual Inspection .
succeeding layer. The last layer is finished to match the surrounding concrete . Test, Load test on individual units, load test on structure, Determination of water
iii). Large and deep patches require filling up with concrete held in place by forms. soluble and acid soluble chlorides IS1070.
Such patches are reinforced and carefully dowelled to the hardened concrete, Non-Destructive Testing of Concrete: Rebound Hammer, Cutting cores IS 1199, IS
iv) Holes left by bolts, Tiered holes extending right through the concrete are filled 516, Ultra sonic test IS 13311
with mortar carefully packed into places in small amounts or may be filled with
mortar with a pressure gun similar to the gun used for greasing motor cars, Measurements
v ) . Normally, patches appear darker than the surrounding concrete, possibly owing Dimensions shall be measured nearest to a cm except for the thickness of slab which
to the presence on their surface of less cement laitance. Where uniform surface shall be measured correct to 0.5 cm. The areas shall be worked out nearest to 0.01
colour is important, this defect shall be remedied by adding 10 to 20 percent of Sq. mt. The cubical contents shall be worked out to nearest 0.01 cubic metre.
white Portland cement to the patching mortar, the exact quantity being determined Reinforced cement concrete whether cast-in-situ or pre cast shall be classified and
by trial. measured separately as follows: all work up to plinth level, up to floor level, soon.
3) The exposed surface of R.C.C. work shall be plastered with cement mortar 1:3 of
thickness not exceeding 6 mm to give smooth and even surface true to line and form. No deductions are made for Opening upto 0.1. sqm.
Any RCC surface which remains permanently exposed to view in the completed a) Slabs shall be taken from the face to face of the beam if they are cast monolithic.
structure, shall be considered exposed surfaced for the purpose of this specification. b) Beams shall be measured from face to face of columns
Where such exposed surface exceeding 0.5 sqm in each location is not plastered c) The columns measurements shall be taken through.

23 | P a g e Section RVR K P ra sa d A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur

5.4.12 Tolerances
. Mineral Admixtures : Use of mineral admixtures shall be permitted in accordance
Subject to the condition that structural safety is not impaired and architectural with the provisions of IS 456.
concept does not hamper, the tolerances in dimensions of R.C.C. members shall be
as specified in the drawings by the designer. Aggregates : Aggregates used for concrete shall be in accordance with the
requirement of IS 456. Unless otherwise agreed testing frequencies for aggregates in
When tolerances in dimensions are permitted, following procedure for measurement plant shall be as given IS 4926
shall apply.
a) If the actual dimensions exceed the design dimensions by more than the tolerance Chemical Admixtures
limit, the design dimensions only shall be measured for the puipose of payment. Use of chemical admixtures shall be permitted in accordance, with the provisions of
b) If the actual dimensions decrease more than the tolerance limit specified, the IS 456 and IS 9103.
actual dimensions of the RCC members shall be taken for the purpose of It shall be the responsibility of the producer to establish compatibility and suitability
measurement and payment. of any admixture with the other ingredients of the mix and the determine the dosage
required to give the desired effect. Admixtures should be stored in a manner that
Rate prevents degradation of the product and consumed within the time period indicated
The rate included the cost of materials and labour involved in all the operations by the admixture supplier. Any vessel containing an admixture in the plant or taken
described above except for the cost of centring and shuttering. to site by the producer shall be clearly marked as to its content.
On the basis of mandatory lab tests, in case of actual average compressive strength
being less than specified strength but upto 70% of specified strength, the rate When offering or delivering a mix to a purchaser it should be indicated if such a
payable shall be in the same proportion as actual average compressive strength bears mix contains an admixture or combination of admixtures or not. The admixtures
to specified compressive strength. may be identified generically and should be declared on the delivery ticket.

The amount of admixture added to mix shall be recorded in the production record. In
READY MIXED CONCRETE (IS 4926) special circumstances, if necessary, additional dose of admixture may be added at -
Materials project site to regain the workability of concrete with the mutual agreement between
Selection and Approval oj Materials : Materials used should satisfy the the producer and the purchaser.
requirements for the safety, structural performance durability and appearance of the
finished structure, taking full account of the environment to which it will be Water: Water used shall be in accordance with the requirement of IS 456. Unless
subjected. The selection and use of materials shall be in accordance with IS 456. otherwise specified. The use of re-cycled water is encouraged as long as concrete of
Materials used shall conform to the relevant Indian Standards applicable. Where satisfactory performance can be produced and steps are taken to monitor the build up
materials are used which are not covered by the provisions of the relevant Indian of chlorides in any recirculated water and that any subsequent adjustments to the
Standard, there should be satisfactory data on their suitability and assurance of mix design are made to ensure that any overall limit on chloride contents
quality control. Records and details of performance of such materials should be is satisfied.
maintained. Account should be taken of possible interactions and compatibility
between IS 4926 and materials used. Also, prior permission of the purchaser shall be The total amount of water added to the mix shall be recorded in the production
obtained before use of such materials. record. The water content of concrete shall be regulated by controlling its
workability or by measuring and adjusting the moisture contents of its constituent
Cement: Cement used for concrete shall be in accordance with the requirements of materials.
IS 456.

24 | P a g e Section: C RVRK Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur

(g) Splints, rollers, and other devices for protection of conduit over rock concrete 1) The Common Burnt Clay Bricks shall conform to IS: 1077 and .shall be hand
Reinforcing steel and form and to provide lifting and lashing points in the pipe line. moulded or machine moulded. They shall be free from nodules of free lime, visible
(h) Transitions for connecting different sizes of pipe sections cracks, flaws warpage and organic matter, have a frog 100 mm in length 40 mm in
(i) Air vents for downward pumping, width and 10 mm to 20 mm deep on one of its flat sides. Bricks made by extrusion
(j) Clean out equipment. process and brick tiles may not be provided with frogs. Each brick shall be marked
For concreting of columns, walls and scattered small placement, recommendation is (in the frog where provided) with the manufacturer's identification mark or initials.
made for special cranes or power controlled booms carrying pipe lines with a 2) Fly Ash Lime Bricks (FALG Bricks) : The Fly Ash Lime Bricks (FALG Bricks)
pendant type concrete delivery hose. shall conform to IS 12894. Visually the bricks shall be sound, compact and uniform
in shape free from visible cracks, warpage, flaws and organic matter. The bricks
Lubricating of Pipe Line shall be solid and with or without frog on one of its flat side. Fly ash shall conform
Before pumping concrete into the pipeline, the line shall be lubricated with a to IS 3812.
properly designed mortar/grout lubricant. This shall be ensured by starting the 3) Clay Fly Ash Bricks: The clay fly ash bricks shall conform to IS 13757. The
pumping operation with a properly designed mortar, or with a batch of regular bricks shall be sound, compact and uniform in shape and colour. Bricks shall have
concrete with the coarse aggregate omitted. Lubrication shall be maintained as long smooth rectangular faces with sharp and square comers. The bricks shall be free
as the pumping of concrete continues. from visible cracks, flaws, warpage, nodules of free lime and organic matter, the
bricks shall be hand or machine moulded. The bricks shall have frog of 100 mm in
GUIDELINES FOR FIELD PRACTICE length 40 mm width and 10 to 20 mm deep on one of its flat sides. If made by
General Precautions extrusion process may not be provided with frogs. Fly Ash shall conform to
(i) Proper planning of concrete supply, pump locations, line layout, placing sequence 1S3812.
and the entire pumping operation will result in savings of time and expense. 4) Calcium Silicate Bricks: The bricks shall conform to IS 4139. The Calcium
(ii) The pump shall be placed as near the placement area as practicable. silicate bricks shall be sound, compact and uniform in shape. Bricks shall be free
( i n ) Pipe lines from the pump to the placing area shall be laid with m i n i m u m from visible cracks, warpage, organic matter, large pebbles and nodules of free lime.
number of bend. The pipeline shall be firmly supported. Bricks shall be solid and with or without frog. The bricks shall be made of finely
(iv) When pumping downwards, an air release valve shall be provided at the middle grounded sand siliceous rock and lime. In addition limited quantity of fly ash
of the top bend to prevent vacuum or air buildup. Similarly, while pumping conforming to IS 3812 may be used in the mix. These bricks are also known as
upwards, a no-return valve shall be provided near the pump to prevent the reverse Fly Ash Sand Lime bricks in the construction industry.
flow of concrete. 5) Tile Brick: The bricks of 4 cm height shall be moulded without frogs. Where
(v) It is essential that direct radio/telecommunication be maintained between the modular tiles are not freely available in the market, the tile bricks of F.P.S. thickness
pump operator and the concrete placing crew 44 mm (1-3/4") shall be used unless otherwise specified.
(vi) The pump shall be started for a check run and operted without concrete to 6) Mechanized Autoclave Fly Ash Lime Brick: These bricks shall be machine
ensure that all moving parts are in operation properly. Before placing concrete, the moulded and prepared in plant by appropriate proportion of fly ash and lime. The
pump shall be run with some grout/mortar for lubricating the line. autoclave fly ash bricks shall conform to IS 12894. Visually, the bricks shall be
(vii) When concrete is received in the hopper, the pump shall be run slowly until the sound, compact and uniform shape, free from visible cracks, warpage and organic
lines are completely full and the concrete is steadily moving. matters. The brick shall be solid with or without frog, and of 100/80 mm in length,
( v i i i ) H is essential to clean the line after concrete placing operation is complete. 40 mm width and 10 to 20 mm deep one of its flat side. The brick shall have smooth
rectangular faces with sharp corners and shall be uniform in shape and colour. Lime
shall conform to class *C" hydratcd lime of IS 712.
BRICK WORK Dimensions
Bricks used in the masonry may be of the following type.
29 ( P a g e Section RVRK Prasad A-l 26 K D K C E , Nagpur
The brick may be modular or non-modular. While use of modular bricks/tiles is Note: For other methods of sampling i.e. sampling in motion and sampling from
recommended, non-modular (FPS) bricks/tiles can also be used where so specified. lorries or trucks,
Non-modular bricks/tiles of sizes other than the sizes mentioned in Table may also IS :5454 may be referred
be used where specified.

Brick Tile Scale of sampling and criteria for conformity for visual and dimensional
Nominal size Actual size Nominal size Actual size characteristics:—
Modular 200x100x100 190x90x90 200x100x40 1 90x90x40 Visual characteristics: The bricks shall be selected and inspected for
ascertaining their
Non-modular 229x114x70 225x111x70 229x114x440 ,225x111x44
conformity to the requirements of the relevant specification.
Classification ii) Visual Characteristics: All the bricks selected above in accordance with Col.
Bricks/Brick tiles shall be classified on the basis of their minimum compressive 1 and 2 of Table
strength as given below : 6.3 shall be examined for visual characteristics. If the number of defective bricks
Compressive strength (Average) in MPa found in the
Not less than Less than sample is less than or equal to the corresponding number as specified in Col. 3
3.5 (35) 3.5 5.0 of Table 6.3 the
5 (50) 5.0 7.5 lot shall be considered as satisfying the requirements of visual characteristics,
7.5 (75) 7.5 10.0 otherwise the lot
10 (100) 10.0 12.5 shall be deemed as not having met the visual requirements.
12.5 (125) 12.5 15.0 (iii) Dimensional Characteristics: The number of bricks to be selected for
inspecting the
The bricks shall have smooth rectangular faces with sharp corner and shall be dimensions and tolerance shall be in accordance with Col. 1 and 4 of Table 6.3.
These bricks will
uniform in colour and emit clear ringing sound when struck
be divided into groups of 20 bricks at random and each of the group of 20 bricks
Sampling and Tests
thus formed will
Samples of bricks shall be subjected to the following tests :
be tested for all the dimensions and tolerances. A lot shall be considered having
a) Dimensional tolerance. found meeting
b) Water absorption. the requirements of dimensions and tolerance if none of the groups of bricks
c) Efflorescence. inspected fails to
d) Compressive strength. meet the specified requirements.
6.1.3.1 Sampling: For carrying out compressive strength, water absorption,
efflorescence and 6.1.3.3 Dimensional Tolerances: The dimensions of, modular bricks when
dimensional tests, the samples of bricks shall be taken at random according to tested as described above
the size of lot as given in as per procedure described in Appendix A of Chapter 6 shall be within the
Table 6.3 below. The sample thus taken shall be stored in a dry place until tests following limits per 20 bricks
are made. For the or locally available size as approved by Engineer-in-charge.
purpose of sampling, the following definition shall apply.

30 | P a g e Section: C RVRK Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur

 The mortar for the brick work shall be as specified, and conform to accepted
6.1.3.4 Compress/Ve Strength: The bricks, when tested in accordance with the standards. Lime shall
procedure laid down in not be used where reinforcement is provided in brick work.
Appendix B of Chapter 6 shall have a minimum average compressive strength 6.2.3 Soaking of Bricks
for various classes as Bricks shall be soaked in water before use for a period for the water to just
given in Table 6.2. The compressive strength of any individual brick tested shall penetrate the whole
not fall below the min. depth of the bricks. Alternatively bricks may be adequately soaked in stacks by
average compressive strength specified for the corresponding class of brick by profusely spraying with
more than 20%. In case clean water at regular intervals for a period not less than six hours. The bricks
compressive strength of any individual brick tested exceeds the upper limit required for masonry work
specified in Table 6.2 for the
corresponding class of bricks, the same shall be limited to upper limit of the
class as specified in Table
6.2 for the purpose of calculating the average compressive strength. using mud mortar shall not be soaked. When the bricks are soaked they shall be
6.1.3.5 Water Absorption: The average water absorption of bricks when tested removed from the tank
in accordance with the sufficiently early so that at the time of laying they are skin-dry. Such soaked
procedure laid down in Appendix C of Chapter 6 shall be not more than 20% by bricks shall be stacked on a
weight. clean place where they are not again spoiled by dirt earth etc.
6.1.3.6 Efflorescence: The rating of efflorescence of bricks when tested in Note I: The period of soaking may be easily found at site by a field test in which
accordance with the the bricks are
procedure laid down in Appendix D of Chapter 6 shall be not more than soaked in water for different periods and then broken to find the extent of water
moderate. penetration. The least
6.1.4 Sewer Bricks period that corresponds to complete soaking will be the one to be allowed for in
6.1.4.1 Sewer bricks are intended for the lining of walls, roofs and floors of construction work.
sewers used for ordinary Note II : If the bricks are soaked for the required time in water that is frequently
sanitary (domestic) sewage. The general practice in the country is also to utilize changed the soluble
common building bricks salt in the bricks will be leached out, and subsequently efflorescence will be
reduced.
6.2.4 Laying
6.2.4.1 Bricks shall be laid in English Bond (Fig. 6.2, 6.3, 6.4) unless otherwise
specified. For brick work
in half brick wall, bricks shall be laid in stretcher bond. Half or cut bricks shall not
be used except as
closer where necessary to complete the bond. Closers in such cases, shall be
6.2 BRICK WORK cut to the required size
6.2.1 Classification and used near the ends of the wall. Header bond shall be used preferably in all
The brick work shall be classified according to the class designation of bricks courses in curved plan
used. for ensuring better alignment.
6.2.2 Mortar Note: Header bond shall also be used in foundation footings unless thickness of
walls (width of

31 | P a g e Section: C RVRK Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur

footing) makes the use of headers impracticable. Where thickness of footing is This will be checked using graduated wooden straight edge or storey rod
uniform for a number of indicating height of each
courses, the top course of footing shall be headers. course including thickness of joints. The position of damp proof course, window
6.2.4.2 All loose materials, dirt and set lumps of mortar which may be lying over sills, bottom of lintels,
the surface on which top of the wall etc. along the height of the wall shall be marked on the graduated
brick work is to be freshly started, shall be removed with a wire brush and straight edge or storey
surface wetted. Bricks shall be rod. Acute and obtuse quoins shall be bonded, where practicable in the same
laid on a full bed of mortar, when laying, each brick shall, be properly bedded way as square quoins.
and set in position by Obtuse quoins shall be formed with squint showing three quarters brick on one
gently pressing with the handle of a trowel. Its inside face shall be buttered with face and quarter brick on
mortar before the next the other.
brick is laid and pressed against it. Joints shall be fully filled and packed with
mortar such that no hollow
space are left inside the joints.
6.2.4.3 The walls shall be taken up truly in plumb or true to the required batter 6.2.4.5 The brick work shall be built in uniform layers.
where specified. All No part of the wall during its construction shall rise more than one metre above
courses shall be laid truly horizontal and all vertical joints shall be truly vertical. the general
Vertical joints in the construction level. Parts of wall left at different levels shall be raked back at an
alternate course shall come directly one over the other. Quoin, Jambs and other angle of 45 degrees or
angles shall be properly less with the horizontal. Toothing shall not be permitted as an alternative to
plumbed as the work proceeds. Care shall be taken to keep the perpends raking back. For half brick
properly aligned within partition to be keyed into main walls, indents shall be left in the main walls.
following maximum permissible tolerances : 6.2.4.6 All pipe fittings and specials, spouts, hold fasts and other fixtures which
(a) Deviation from vertical within a storey shall not exceed 6 mm per 3 m height. are required to be built
(b) Deviation in verticality in total height of any wall of building more than one into the walls shall be embedded, as specified, in their correct position as the
storey in height shall work proceeds unless
not exceed 12.5 mm. otherwise directed by the Engineer-in-Charge.
(c) Deviation from position shown on plan of any brick work shall not exceed 6.2.4.7 Top courses of all plinths, parapets, steps and top of walls below floor
12.5mm. and roof slabs shall be laid
(d) Relative displacement between load bearing wall in adjacent storeys with brick on edge, unless specified otherwise. Brick on edge laid in the top
intended to be vertical courses at corner of walls
alignments shall not exceed 6 mm. shall be properly radiated and keyed into position to form cut (maru) corners as
(e) A set of toots comprising of wooden straight edge, masonic spirit levels, shown in Fig 6.4. Where
square, 1 metre rule line bricks cannot be cut to the required shape to form cut (maru) corners, cement
and plumb shall be kept on the site of work for every 3 masons for proper check concrete 1:2:4 (1 cement:
during the 2 coarse sand : 4 graded stone aggregate 20 mm nominal size) equal to
progress of work. thickness of course shall be
6.2.4.4 All quoins shall be accurately constructed and the height of brick courses provided in lieu of cut bricks.
shall be kept uniform. 6.2.4.8 Bricks shall be laid with frog (where provided) up. However, when top
course is exposed, bricks

32 | P a g e Section: C RVRK Prasad A-l 26 KDKCE, Nagpur

shall be laid with frog down. For the bricks to be laid with frog down, the frog 6.2.4.14 In retaining wails and the like, where water is likely to accumulate,
shall be filled with mortar weep holes, 50 to 75 mm
before placing the brick in position. square shall be provided at 2 m vertically and horizontally unless otherwise
6.2.4.9 In case of walls one brick thick and under, one face shall be kept even specified, The lowest weep
and in proper plane, while hole shall be at about 30 cm above the ground level. All weep holes shall be
the other face may be slightly rough. In case of walls more than one brick thick, surrounded by loose stones
both the faces shall be and shall have sufficient fall to drain out the water quickly.
kept even and in proper plane. Note : Work of providing loose stone will be payable extra.
6.2.4.10 To facilitate taking service lines later without excessive cutting of
completed work, sleeves
(to be paid separately) shall be provided, where specified, while raising the brick
work. Such sleeves in 6.2.4.15 Work of cutting chases, wherever required to be made in the walls for
external walls shall be sloped down outward so as to avoid passage of water housing G.I. pipe, Cl pipe
inside. or any other fixtures shall be carried out in various locations as per guidelines
6.2.4.11 Top of the brickwork in coping and sills in external walls shall be slightly given below:
tilted. Where brick (a) Cutting of chases in one brick thick and above load bearing walls,
coping and sills are projecting beyond the face of the wall, drip course/throating (i) As far as possible services should be planned with the help of vertical chases.
(to be paid separately) Horizontal
shall be provided where indicated. chases should be avoided.
6.2.4.12 Care shall be taken during construction that edges of jambs, sills and (ii) The depths of vertical chases and horizontal chases shall not exceed one-
projections are not third and one-sixth
damaged in case of rain. New built work shall be covered with gunny bags or of the thickness of the masonry respectively.
tarpoulin so as to prevent (iii) When narrow stretches of masonry (or short length of walls) such as
the mortar from being washed away. Damage, if any, shall be made good to the between doors and
satisfaction of the windows, cannot be avoided they should not be pierced with openings for soil
Engineer-in-Charge. pipes or waste
6.2.4.13 Vertical reinforcement in the form of bars (MS or high strength pipes or timber joints, etc. Where there is a possibility of load concentration such
deformed bars orthermomechanically narrow
treated bars as per direction of Engineer-in-Charge)), considered necessary at lengths of walls shall be checked for stresses and high strength bricks in mortar
the corners or concrete
and junction of walls and jamb opening doors, windows etc. shall be encased walls provided, if required.
with cement mortar not (iv) Horizontal chases when unavoidable should be located in the upper or lower
leaner than 1:4 (1 cement: 4 coarse sand), or cement concrete mix as specified. one-third of
The reinforcement height of storey and not more than three chases should be permitted in any
shall be suitably tied, properly embedded in the foundation and at roof level. The stretch of a wall.
dia. of bars shall not be No continuous horizontal chase shall exceed one metre in length. Where
less than 8 mm and concrete grade shall be minimum 1:3:6 (1 cement: 3 coarse unavoidable,
sand : 6 graded stone stresses in the affected area should be checked and kept within the permissible
aggregate 20 mm nominal size) limits.

33 | P a g e Section: C RVRK Prasad A-l 26 KDKCE, Nagpur

(v) Vertical chases should not be closer than 2 m in any stretch of a wall. These so as to remove any splashes of mortar during the course of raising the brick
shall be kept work. In pointing, the joints
away from bearings of beams and lintels. If unavoidable, stresses in the affected shall be squarely raked out to a depth of 1.5 cm while the mortar is still green
area should and raked joints shall be
be checked and kept within permissible limits. brushed to remove dust and loose particles and well wetted, and shall be later
(vi) Masonry directly above a recess, if wider than 30 cm horizontal dimension) refilled with mortar to give
should be ruled finish. Some such finishes are 'flush', 'weathered', ruled, etc.
supported on lintel. Holes in masonry may be provided upto 30 cm width and 30 6.2.6 Curing
cm height The brick work shall be constantly kept moist on all faces for a minimum period
without any lintel. In the case of circular holes in the masonry, no lintel need be of seven days. Brick
provided for work done during the day shall be suitably marked indicating the date on which
holes upto 40 cm in diameter. the work is done so as to
(b) Cutting of chases in half brick load bearing walls. keep a watch on the curing period.
No chase shall be permitted in half brick load bearing walls and as such no
reccessed conduits
and concealed pipes shall be provided with half brick thick load bearing walls. 6.2.7 Scaffolding
(c) Cutting of chases in half brick non-load bearing wall : Scaffolding shall be strong to withstand all dead, live and impact loads which are
Services should be planned with the help of vertical chases. Horizontal chase likely to come on
should be provided them. Scaffolding shall be provided to allow easy approach to every part of the
only when unavoidable. work.
6.2.5 Joints 6.2.7.1 Single Scaffolding: Where plastering, pointing or any other finishing
The thickness of all types of joints including brick wall joints and cross joints has been indicated for
shall be such that four brick work, single scaffolding may be provided, unless otherwise specified. In
course and three joints taken consecutively shall measure as follows: single scaffolding, one end
(i) In case of modular bricks conforming to IS 1077 specification for common of the put-logs/pole shall rest in the hole provided in the header course of brick
burnt clay buildings masonry. Not more than
bricks, equal to 39 cm. one header for each put-log/pole shall be left out. Such holes shall not be
(ii) In case of non-modular bricks, it shall be equal to 31 cm. allowed in the case of pillars,
Note : Specified thickness of joints shall be of 1 cm. Deviation from the specified brick work less than one metre in length between the openings or near the skew
thickness of all backs of arches or
joints shall not exceed one-fifth of specified thickness. immediately under or near the structural member supported by the walls. The
6.2.5.1 Finishing of Joints: The face of brick work may be finished flush or by holes for putlogs/poles
pointing. In flush shall be made good with brick work and wall finishing as specified.
finishing either the face joints of the mortar shall be worked out while still green 6.2.7.2 Double Scaffolding: Where the brick work or tile work is to be exposed
to give a finished surface and not to be finished with
flush with the face of the brick work or the joints shall be squarely raked out to a plastering etc. double scaffolding having two independent supports, clear of the
depth of 1 cm while the work, shall be provided.
mortar is still green for subsequently plastering. The faces of brick work shall be 6.2.8 Measurements
cleaned with wire brush 6.2.8.1 Brick work shall be measured in cubic metres unless otherwise specified.
Any extra work over

34 j P a g e Section: C RVRK Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur

 .
the specified dimensions shall be ignored. Dimensions shall be measured 6.2.8.5 Walls beyond half brick thickness shall be measured in multiples of half
correct to the nearest 0.01 m brick which shall be
i.e. 1 cm. Areas shall be calculated to the nearest 0.01 sq mtrs and the cubic deemed to be inclusive of mortar joints. For the sizes of bricks specified in 6.1.1,
contents shall be worked half brick thickness
out to the nearest 0.01 cubic metres. shall mean 100 mm for modular and 115 mm for non-modular bricks.
6.2.8.2 Brick work shall be measured separately in the following stages: Where fractions of half brick occur due to architectural or other reasons,
(a) From foundation to floor one level (Plinth level) measurement shall be as follows :
(b) Plinth (floor one) level to floor two level (a) upto 1/4th brick-actual measurements and
(c) Between two specified floor levels above floor two level (b) exceeding 1/4 brick-full half bricks.
Note : (i) Brick work in parapet walls, mumty, lift machine room and water tanks 6.2.8.6 String courses, projecting pilasters, aprons, sills and other projections
constructed on the shall be fully described
roof upto 1.2 m height above roof shall be measured together with the and measured separately in running metres stating dimensions of each
corresponding work of the floor projection.
next below. 6.2.8.7 Square or rectangular pillars shall be measured separately in cubic
6.2.8.3 No deductions or additions shall be done and no extra payment made for metres in multiple of half brick.
the following : 6.2.8.8 Circular pillars shall be measured separately in cubic metres as per
Note : Where minimum area is defined for deduction of an opening, void or actual dimensions.
both, such areas shall 6.2.8.9 Brick work curved on plan shall be measured like the brick work in
refer only to opening or void within the space measured. straight walls and shall
(a) Ends of dissimilar materials (that is, joists, beams, lintels, posts, girders, include all cutting and wastage of bricks, tapered vertical joints and use of extra
rafters, purlins, trusses, mortar, if any. Brick
corbels, steps, etc.); upto 0.1 rmin section; work curved on plan to a mean radius not exceeding six metres shall be
(b) Opening upto 0.1 rrtein area (see Note); measured separately and extra
(c) Wall plates, bed plates, and bearing of slabs, chajjas and the like, where shall be payable over the rates for brick work in straight walls. Nothing extra
thickness does not shall be payable if the mean
exceed 10 cm and bearing does not extend over the full thickness of wall; radius of the brick work curved in plan exceeds six metres.
(d) Cement concrete blocks as for hold fasts and holding down bolts; 6.2.8.10 Tapered walls shall be measured net as walls and extra payment shall
(e) Iron fixtures, such as wall ties, pipes upto 300 mm diameter and hold fasts be allowed for making
for doors and tapered surface for brick work in walls.
windows; and 6.2.8.11 Brick work with brick tiles shall be measured and paid for separately.
(f) Chases of section not exceeding 50 cm in girth. 6.2.9 Rate
(g) Bearing portion of drip course, bearing of moulding and cornice. The rate shall include the cost of materials and labour required for all the
Note : In calculating area of an opening, any separate lintel or sills shall be operations described above
included with the size of except the vertical reinforcement and its encasement in cement mortar or
the opening but end portions of lintel shall be excluded. Extra width of rebated cement concrete. The rate
reveals, if any, shall also shall also include the following :
be excluded. (a) Raking out joints or finishing joints flush as the work proceeds;
6.2.8.4 Walls half brick thick and less shall each be measured separately in (b) Preparing tops of existing walls and the like for raising further new brick
square metres stating work.
thickness. (c) Rough cutting and waste for forming gables, splays at eaves and the like.

35 | P a R e Section R V R K Pra sad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur

(d) Leaving holes for pipes upto 150 mm dia. and encasing hold fasts etc. joined. The mortar used for reinforced brick work shall be rich dense cement
(e) Rough cutting and waste for brick work curved in plan and for backing to mortar of mix 1:4
stone or other types of (1 cement: 4 coarse sand). Lime mortar shall not be used. Over laps in
facing. reinforcement, if any shall not be
(f) Embedding in ends of beams, joists, slabs, lintels, sills, trusses etc. less than 30 cm.
(g) Bedding wall plates, lintels, sills, roof tiles, corrugated sheets, etc. in or on The mortar interposed between the reinforcement bars and the brick shall not be
walls if not covered in less than 5 mm.
respective items and The mortar covering in the direction of joints shall not be less than 15 mm.
(h) Leaving chases of section not exceeding 50 cm in girth or 350 sq cm in 6.4.1 Measurements
cross-section. The length and height of the wall shall be measured correct to a cm. The area
(i) Brick on edge courses, cut brick corners, splays reveals, cavity walls, brick shall be calculated in
works curved on plan sq.m. where half brick wall is joined to the main walls of one brick or greater
to a mean radius exceeding six metres. thickness and
6.3 BRICK WORK IN ARCHES (FIG. 6.5) measurements for half brick wall shall be taken for its clear length from the face
6.3.0 The detailed specifications for brick work mentioned in 6.2 shall apply, in of the thicker wall.
so far as these are 6.4.2 Rate
applicable. Arch work shall include masonry for both gauged as well as plain The rate includes the cost of the materials and labour involved in ail the
arches. In gauged arches, operations described above
cut or moulded bricks shall be used. In plain arches, uncut bricks shall be used. except reinforcement which is to be paid for separately.
Brick forming skew-backs shall be dressed or cut so as to give proper radial '. J9
bearing to the end .
voussiors. Defects in dressing of bricks shall not be covered by extravagant use 6.7 JOINING OLD BRICK WORK WITH NEW BRICK WORK
of mortar, nor shall the 6.7.1 In case the height of the bricks of old as well as new work is same, the old
use of chips or bats etc. be permitted. work shall be toothed to
the full width of the new wall and to the depth of a quarter of brick in alternate
courses. In case the
height of the bricks is unequal, then the height of each course of new work shall
be made equal to the
6.4 HALF BRICK WORK height of the old work by adjusting thickness of horizontal mortar joints in the
Brick work in half brick walls shall be done in the same manner as described new wall. Where
above in 6.2.4 except necessary, adjustment shall be made equal to thickness of old wall by adjusting
that the bricks shall be laid in stretcher bond. When the half brick work is to be the thickness of vertical
reinforced, 2 Nos. M.S. joints.
bars of 6 mm dia., shall be embedded in every third course as given in the item 6.7.2 For joining new cross wall to old main walls, a number of rectangular
(the dia of bars shall not recesses of width equal to
exceed 8 mm). These shall be securely anchored at their end where the the thickness of cross wall, three courses in height and half a brick in depth shall
partitions end. The free ends of be cut in the main
the reinforcement shall be keyed into the mortar of the main brick work to which
the half brick work is

36 | P a g e
fc
'^'
Section: C RVR K Prasad A-l 26 KDKCE, Nagpur
walls. A space of the three courses shall be left between two consecutive drop shall be made in base concrete. Plinth masonry off set shall be depressed
recesses. The new cross wall so as to allow the base
shall be bonded into the recesses to avoid any settlement. concrete to rest on it.
6.7.3 Joining of old brick work with the new brick work shall be done in such a 11.2.2.2 The flooring shall be commenced preferably within 48 hours of the
way that there shall not be laying of base concrete. The
any hump or projection at the joint. surface of the base shall be roughened with steel wire brushes without
6.7.4 Measurement disturbing the concrete.
The height and thickness of vertical face in contact with new work shall be Immediately before laying the flooring, the base shall be wetted and a coat of
measured to the nearest cement slurry @ 2 kg of
0.01 m and the area shall be calculated to the nearest 0.01 sqm. cement spread over an area of one sqm so as to get a good bond between the
6.7.5 Rate base and concrete floor.
The rate includes the cost of labour and material involved in all the operations 11.2.2.3 If the cement concrete flooring is to be laid directly on the RCC slab,
described above. the top surface of RCC
slab shall be cleaned and the laitance shall be removed and a coat of cement
slurry @ 2 kg of cement
spread over an area of one sqm so as to get a good bond between the base and
concrete floor.

••

FLOORING 11.2.3 Thickness

The thickness of floor shall be as specified in the description of the item.
11.2.4 Laying
11.2 CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING 11.2.4.1 Panels : Flooring of specified thickness shall be laid in the pattern
11.2.1 Cement Concrete including the border as given
Cement concrete of specified mix grade shall be used and it shall generally in the drawings or as directed by the Engineer-in-Charge. The border panels
conform to the shall not exceed 450 mm in
specifications described under sub head 4.0 . width and the joints in the border shall be in line with panel joints. The panels
11.2.2 Base Concrete shall be of uniform size
11.2.2.1 Flooring shall be laid on base concrete where so provided The base and no dimension of a panel shall exceed 2 m and the area of a panel shall not
concrete shall be provided be more than 2 sqm.
with the slopes required for the flooring. Flooring in verandah, Courtyard,
The joints of borders at corners shall be mitred for provision of strips.
kitchens & baths shall have 11.2.4.2 Laying of Flooring with Strips : Normally cement concrete flooring
slope ranging from 1 : 48 to 1 : 60 depending upon location and as decided by shall be laid in one
the Engineer-in-Charge. operation using glass/aluminium/PVC/brass strips/stainless steel strips or any
Floors in water closet portion shall have slope of 1:30 or as decided by the other strips as required as
Engineer-in-Charge to drain per drawing or instructions of the Engineer-in-Charge, at the junction of two
off washing water. Further, necessary drop in flooring in bath, WC, kitchen near panels. This method
floor traps ranging from ensures uniformity in colour of all the panels and straightness at the junction of
6 mm to 10 mm will also be provided to avoid spread of water. Necessary the panels. 4 mrn thick
margin to accommodate this
37 | P a g e Section RV R K P r a s a d A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur
glass strips or 2 mm PVC strips or 2 mm aluminium or brass strips shall be fixed previously laid panels are not damaged and fresh mortar is not splashed over
with their tops at them. The joints between
proper level, giving required slopes. Use of glass and metallic strips shall be the panels should come out as fine straight lines.
avoided in areas exposed 11.2.5 Finishing
to sun. Cost of providing and fixing strips shall be paid for separately. 11.2,5.1 The finishing of the surface shall follow immediately after the cessation
Concreting : Cement concrete shall be placed in the panels and be levelled of beating. The surface
with the help of straight shall be left for some time, till moisture disappears from it or surplus water can
edge and trowel and beaten with thapy or mason's trowel. The blows shall be be mopped up. Use of
fairly heavy in the dry cement or cement and sand mixture stiffening the concrete to absorb
beginning but as consolidation takes place, light rapid strokes shall be given. excessive moisture shall not
Beating shall cease as be permitted. Excessive trowelling shall be avoided.
soon as the surface is found covered with a thin layer of cream of mortar. The 11.2.5.2 Fresh cement shall be mixed with water to form a thick slurry and
evenness of the surface spreaded @ 2 kg of cement
shall be tested with straight edge. Surface of flooring be true to required slopes. over an area of one sqm of flooring while the flooring concrete is still green. The
While laying concrete, cement slurry shall then
care shall be taken to see that the strips are not damaged/disturbed by the be properly processed and finished smooth.
labourers. The tops of strips
shall be visible clearly after finishing with cement slurry.
11.2.4.3 Laying of Flooring without Strips : Laying of cement concrete 11.5.5.3 The edges of sunk floors shall be finished and rounded with cement
flooring in alternate panels mortar 1:2 (1 cement: 2
may be allowed by the Engineer-in-Charge in case strips are not to be provided. coarse sand) and finished with a floating coat of neat cement.
Shuttering : The panels shall be bounded by angle iron or flats. The angle 11.2.5.4 The junctions of floor with wall plaster, dado or skirting shall be rounded
iron/flat shall have the same off where so specified.
depth as the concrete flooring. These shall be fixed in position, with their top at 11.2.5.5 The men engaged on finishing operations shall be provided with raised
proper level giving wooden platform to sit
required slopes. The surface of the angle iron or flats, to come in contact with on so as to prevent damage to new work.
concrete shall be smeared 11.2.6 Curing
with soap solution or non-sticking oil (Form oil or raw linseed oil) before The curing shall be done for a minimum period often days. Curing shall not be
concreting. The flooring shall commenced until the
butt against the unplastered masonry wall. top layer has hardened. Covering with empty gunnies bag shall be avoided as
Concreting : The concreting shall be done in the manner described under the colour of the flooring
11.2.4.2. The angle iron/flats is likely to be bleached due to the remanents of cement dust from the bags.
used for shuttering, shall be removed on the next day of the laying of cement 11.2.7 Precautions
concrete. The ends thus Flooring in lavatories and bath room shall be laid only after fixing of water closet
exposed shall be repaired, if damaged with cement mortar 1 ; 2 (1 cement: 2 and squatting pans
coarse sand) and allowed and floor traps. Traps shall be plugged while laying the floors and opened after
to set for minimum period of 24 hours. The alternate panels shall then be the floors are cured and
cleaned of dust, mortar, cleaned. Any damage done to W.C.'s squatting pans and floor traps during the
droppings etc. and concrete laid. While laying concrete, care shall be taken to execution of work shall
see that the edges of the be made good.

38 Pa e Section RVRK Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur

During cold weather, concreting shall not be done when the temperature falls avoided as far as possible by using richer mixes of concrete, unless the use of a
below 4°C. The metallic hardner is
concrete placed shall be protected against frost by suitable covering. Concrete justified on the basis of cost. Where metallic hardener topping is used, it shall be
damaged by frost shall 12 mm thick.
be removed and work redone. During hot weather, precautions shall be taken to 11.3.1 Metallic Hardening Compound
see that the The compound shall be of approved quality consisting of uniformally graded iron
temperature of wet concrete does not exceed 38° C. No concreting shall be laid particles, free from
within half an hour of non-ferrous metal particles, oil, grease sand, soluble alkaline compounds.
the closing time of the day, unless permitted by the Engineer-in-Charge. To Where so directed by the
facilitate rounding of junction Engineer-in-Charge it shall be tested as described in Appendix A.
of skirting, dado and floor, the skirting/dado shall be laid along with the border or
adjacent panels of
floor. 11.3.2 Base Concrete
11.2.8 Measurement It shall be as specified in 11.2.2.
Length and breadth shall be measured before laying skirting, dado or wall 11.3.3 Under Layer
plaster. No deduction shall Cement concrete flooring of specified thickness and mix (mentioned in item for
be made nor extra paid for voids not exceeding 0.20 sqm. Deductions for ends under layer) shall be
of dissimilar materials or laid as under layer (11.2.1 and 11.2.4). The top surface shall be roughened with
other articles embedded shall not be made for areas not exceeding 0,10 sqm. brushes while the
The flooring done either with strips (in one operation) or without strips (in concrete is still green and the forms/strips shall be kept projecting up 12 mm
alternate panels) shall be over the concrete surface,
treated as same and measured together. to receive the metallic hardening compound topping.
11.2.9 Rate 11.3.4 Topping
The rate shall include the cost of all materials and labour involved in all the This shall consist of 12 mm thick layer of mix 1:2 (1 cement: 2 stone aggregate
operations described 6 mm nominal size)
above including application of cement slurry on RCC slab or on base concrete by volume or as otherwise specified with which metallic hardening compound is
including roughening and mixed in the ratio of 1 :
cleaning the surface but excluding the cost of strips which shall be paid 4 (1 metallic concrete hardener: 4 cement) by weight. Metallic hardener shall be
separately under relevant item. dry mixed thoroughly
Nosing of steps where provided shall be paid for separately in running metre. with cement on a clean dry pacca platform. This dry mixture shall be mixed with
Nothing extra shall be paid stone aggregate 6 mm
for laying the floor at different levels in the same room or courtyard and rounding nominal size or as otherwise specified in the ratio of 1 : 2 (1 cement: 2 stone
off edges of sunk aggregate) and well turned
floors. In case the flooring is laid in alternate panels, nothing extra shall be paid over. Just enough water shall then be added to this dry mix as required for floor
towards the cost of concrete.
shuttering used for this purpose. The mixture so obtained shall be laid in 12 mm thickness, on cement concrete
11.3 CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING WITH METALLIC HARDENER floor within 2 to 4
TOPPING hours of its laying. The topping shall be laid true to provide a uniform and even
11.3.0 Wherever floors are required to withstand heavy wear and tear, use of surface. It shall be firmly
floor hardener shall be

39 I P a t> e Section: C RVRK Prasad A - l 26 KDKCE, Nagpur

pressed into the bottom concrete so as to have good bond with it. After the initial be kept true and straight in continuation of the line of joints in borders or
set has started, the adjacent panels. The skirting
surface shall be finished smooth and true to slope with steel floats. shall be finished smooth with top truly horizontal and joints truly vertical except
The junction of floor with wall plaster, dado or skirting and finishing operations where otherwise
shall be dealt with as indicated. t
described in 11.2.5.
The men engaged on finishing operations shall be provided with raised wooden 11.4.4 Finishing
platform to sit on, so The finishing of surface shall be done simultaneously with the borders or the
as to prevent damage to new work. adjacent panels of floor.
11.3.5 The specifications for curing, precautions to be taken, 'Measurements' The cement to be applied in the form of slurry for smooth finishing shall be at the
and 'Rates' shall be as rate of 2 kg of cement
specified in 11.2. per litre of water applied over an area of 1 sqm.
11.4 CEMENT PLASTER IN RISERS OF STEPS, SKIRTING, DADO Where skirting is flush with plaster, a groove 10 mm wide and upto 5 mm deep
11.4.0 Plaster at the bottom of wall not exceeding 30 cm in height above the shall be provided in
floor shall be classified as plaster at the junction of skirting with plaster.
skirting. It shall be flush with wall plaster or projecting out uniformly by 6 mm 11.4.5 Curing
from the wall plaster, as Curing shall be commenced on the next day of plastering when the plaster has
specified. The work shall be preferably carried out simultaneously with the laying hardened sufficiently
of floor. It's corners and.shall be continued for a minimum period of 7 days.
and junctions with floor shall be finished neatly as specified. 11.4.6 Measurement
11.4.1 Thickness Length and height shall be measured correct to a cm and its area shall be
The thickness of the plaster specified shall be measured exclusive of the calculated in sqm correct
thickness of key i.e. grooves or to two places of decimals for a specified the thickness. Length shall be
open joints in brick work. The average thickness shall not be less than the measured as the finished length
specified thickness. The average of skirting. Height shall be measured from the finished level of floor correct to 5
thickness should be regulated at the time of plastering by keeping suitable mm.
thickness of the gauges. Extra
thickness required in rounding of corners at junctions of wall shall be ignored.
11.4.2 Preparation of Wall Surface 11.4.7 Rate
The joints shall be raked out to a depth of at least 15 mm in masonry walls. In Rate shall include the cost of all materials and labour involved in all the
case of concrete walls, operations described above
the surfaces shall be roughened by hacking. The surface shall be cleaned
thoroughly, washed with
water and kept wet before skirting is commenced.
11.4.3 Application
Skirting with specified mortar and to specifed thickness shall be laid immediately
after the surface
is prepared. It shall be laid along with the border or adjacent panels of floor. The
joints in skirting shall

40 | P a g e Section: C RVRK Prasad A-l 26 KDKCE, Nagpur

 water, cleaned and kept wet before plastering is commenced.
In case of concrete surface if a chemical retarder has been applied to the form
work, the surface
shall be roughened by wire brushing and all the resulting dust and loose
particles cleaned off and care
shall be taken that none of the retarders is left on the surface.
13.1.3 Mortar
The mortar of the specified mix using the type of sand described in the item shall
be used. It shall be
FINISHING as specified in Subhead 3.0. For external work and under coat work, the fine
aggregate shall conform to
grading IV. For finishing coat work the fine aggregate conforming to grading
zone V shall be used.
13.0 FINISHING 13.1.4 Application of Plaster
13.1 CEMENT PLASTER 13.1.4.1 Ceiling plaster shall be completed before commencement of wall
The cement plaster shall be 12 mm, 15 mm or 20 mm thick as specified in the plaster.
item. 13.1.4.2 Plastering shall be started from the top and worked down towards the
13.1.1 Scaffolding floor. All putlog holes
For all exposed brick work or tile work double scaffolding independent of the shall be properly filled in advance of the plastering as the scaffolding is being
work having two sets of taken down. To ensure
vertical supports shall be provided. The supports shall be sound and strong, tied even thickness and a true surface, plaster about 15* 15 cm shall be first
together with horizontal applied, horizontally and
pieces over which scaffolding planks shall be fixed. vertically, at not more than 2 metres intervals over the entire surface to serve as
For all other work in buildings, single scaffolding shall be permitted. In such gauges. The surfaces
cases the inner end of of these gauged areas shall be truly in the plane of the finished plaster surface.
the horizontal scaffolding pole shall rest in a hole provided only in the header The mortar shall then be
course for the purpose. laid on the wall, between the gauges with trowel. The mortar shall be applied in
Only one header for each pole shall be left out. Such holes for scaffolding shall, a uniform surface slightly
however, not be allowed more than the specified thickness. This shall be brought to a true surface, by
in pillars/columns less than one metre in width or immediately near the skew working a wooden straight
backs of arches. The holes edge reaching across the gauges, with small upward and side ways movements
left in masonry works for scaffolding purposes shall be filled and made good at a time. Finally the
before plastering. surface shall be finished off true with trowel or wooden float according as a
Note : In case of special type of brick work, scaffolding shall be got approved smooth or a sandy granular
from Engineer-in-charge in texture is required. Excessive troweling or over working the float shall be
advance. avoided.
13.1.2 Preparation of Surface 13.1.4.3 All corners, arrises, angles and junctions shall be truly vertical or
The joints shall be raked out properly. Dust and loose mortar shall be brushed horizontal as the case may be
out. Efflorescence if and shall be carefully finished. Rounding or chamfering corners, arrises,
any shall be removed by brushing and scrapping. The surface shall then be provision of grooves at
thoroughly washed with
41|Page S e c t i o n : C RVRK Prasad A- 1 26 KDKCE, Nagpur
junctions etc. where required shall be done without any extra payment. Such watered.
rounding, chamfering or The plaster shail be kept wet for a period of at least 7 days. During this period, it
grooving shall be carried out with proper templates or battens to the sizes shall be suitably
required. protected from all damages at the contractor's expense by such means as the
Engineer-in-Charge may
approve. The dates on which the plastering is done shall be legibly marked on
the various sections
plastered so that curing for the specified period thereafter can be watched.
13.1.4.4 When suspending work at the end of the day, the plaster shall be left, 13.1.7 Finish
cut clean to line both The plaster shall be finished to a true and plumb surface and to the proper
horizontally and vertically. When recommencing the plastering, the edge of the degree of smoothness as
old work shall be required. The work shall be tested frequently as the work proceeds with a true
scrapped cleaned and wetted with cement slurry before plaster is applied to the straight edge not less
adjacent areas, to than 2.5 m long and with plumb bobs. All horizontal lines and surfaces shall be
enable the two to properly join together. Plastering work shall be closed at the tested with a level and all
end of the day on the jambs and corners with a plumb bob as the work proceeds.
body of wall and not nearer than 15 cm to any corners or arrises. It shall not be 13.1.8 Precaution
closed on the body of Any cracks which appear in the surface and all portions which sound hollow
the features such as plasters, bands and cornices, nor at the corners of arrises. when tapped, or are
Horizontal joints in found to be soft or otherwise defective, shall be cut out in rectangular shape and
plaster work shall not also occur on parapet tops and copings as these redone as directed by
invariably lead to leakages. The the Engineer-in-Charge.
plastering and finishing shall be completed within half an hour of adding water to (i) When ceiling plaster is done, it shall be finished to chamfered edge at an
the dry mortar. angle at its junction
No portion of the surface shall be left out initially to be patched up later on. The with a suitable too! when plaster is being done. Similarly when the wall plaster is
plastering and being done, it
finishing shall be completed within half an hour of adding water to the dry shall be kept separate from the ceiling plaster by a thin straight groove not
mortar. deeper than 6 mm
13.1.5 Thickness drawn with any suitable method with the wall while the plaster is green.
Where the thickness required as per description of the item is 20 mm the (ii) To prevent surface cracks appearing between junctions of column/beam and
average thickness of the walls, 150 mm wide
piaster shall not be less than 20 mm whether the wall treated is of brick or stone. chicken wire mesh should be fixed with U nails 150 mm centre to centre before
In the case of brick plastering the
work, the minimum thickness over any portion of the surface shall be not less junction. The plastering of walls and beam/column in one vertical plane should
than 15 mm while in case be carried out in
of stone work the minimum thickness over the bushings shall be not less than 12 one go. For providing and fixing chicken wire mesh with U nails payment shall
mm. be made
13.1.6 Curing separately.
Curing shall be started as soon as the plaster has hardened sufficiently not to be 13.1.9 Measurements
damaged when

42 ] P a g e Section: C RVRK Prasad A-l 26 KDKCE, Nagpur

13.1.9.1 Length and breadth shall be measured correct to a cm and its area old plaster, raking out the joints and cleaning the surface. Where the patch does
shall be calculated in not exceed 2.5 sqm in
square metres correct to two places of decimal. area it shall be measured under the appropriate item under sub head 'Repairs to
13.1.9.2 Thickness of the plaster shall be exclusive of the thickness of the key Buildings.'
i.e. grooves, or open 13.1.9.9 Deductions in measurements, for opening etc. will be regulated as
joints in brick work. follows:
(a) No deduction will be made for openings or ends of joists, beams, posts,
girders, steps etc. upto
0.5 sqm in area and no additions shall be made either, for the jambs, soffits and
sills of such
openings. The above procedure will apply to both faces of wall.
13.1.9.3 The measurement of wall plaster shall be taken between the walls or (b) Deduction for opening exceeding 0.5 sqm but not exceeding 3 sqm each
partitions (the dimensions shall be made for
before the plaster shall be taken) for the length and from the top of the floor or reveals, jambs, soffits sills, sills, etc. of these openings.
skirting to the ceiling for (i) When both faces of walls are plastered with same plaster, deductions shall be
the height. Depth of coves or cornices if any shall be deducted. made for one
13.1.9.4 The following shall be measured separately from wall plaster. face only.
(a) Plaster bands 30 cm wide and under (ii) When two faces of walls are plastered with different types of plaster or if one
(b) Cornice headings and architraves or architraves moulded wholly in plaster. face" is plastered
(c) Circular work not exceeding 6 m in radius. and other is pointed or one face is plastered and other is unplastered, deduction
13.1.9.5 Plaster over masonry pilasters will be measured and paid for as plaster shall be
only. made from the plaster or pointing on the side of the frame for the doors,
13.1.9.6 A coefficient of 1.63 shall be adopted for the measurement of one side windows etc. on
plastering on honey which width of reveals is less than that on the other side but no deduction shall
comb work having 6 x 1 0 cm. opening. be made on
13.1.9.7 Moulded cornices and coves. the other side.
(a) Length shall be measured at the centre of the girth. Where width of reveals on both faces of wall are equal, deduction of 50% of
(b) Moulded cornices and coves shall be given in square metres the area being area of opening
arrived at by on each face shall be made from area of plaster and/or pointing as the case may
multiplying length by the girth. be.
(c) Flat or weathered top to cornices when exceeding 15 cm in width shall not be (iii) For opening having door frame equal to or projecting beyond thickness of
included in the wall, full deduction
girth but measured with the general plaster work. for opening shall be made from each plastered face of wall.
(d) Cornices which are curved in their length shall be measured separately. (c) For opening exceeding 3 sqm in area, deduction will be made in the
13.1.9.8 Exterior plastering at a height greater than 10 m from average ground measurements for the full
level shall be measured opening of the wall treatment on both faces, while at the same time, jambs, sills
separately in each storey height. Patch plastering (in repairs) shall be measured and soffits will
as plastering new work, be measured for payment.
where the patch exceed 2.5 sqm. extra payment being made for preparing old
wall, such as dismantling

43 | P a e e Section RVRK Prasad A-l 26 KDKCE, Nagpur

In measuring jambs, sills and soffits, deduction shall not be made for the area in 13.3.3.1 The plaster shall be applied in two coats i.e. 12 mm undercoat and
contact with the then 6 mm finishing coat
frame of doors, windows etc. and shall have an average total thickness of not less than 18 mm.
13.1.10 Rate 13.3.3.2 12 mm Under Coat: This shall be applied as specified in 13.1.4 except
The rate shall include the cost of all labour and materials involved in all the that when the plaster
operations described above. has been brought to a true surface a wooden straight edge and the surface shall
13.2 CEMENT PLASTER WITH A FLOATING COAT OF NEAT CEMENT be left rough and
13.2.0 The cement plaster shall be 12, 15 or 20 mm thick, finished with a floating furrowed 2 mm deep with a scratching tool diagonally both ways, to form key for
coat of neat cement, the finishing coat. The
as described in the item. surface shall be kept wet till the finishing coat is applied.
13.2.1 Specifications for this item of work shall be same as described in 13.1 13.3.3.3 6 mm Finishing Coat: The finishing coat shall be applied after the
except for the additional under coat has sufficiently
floating coat which shall be carried out as below. set but not dried and in any case within 48 hours and finished in the manner
When the plaster has been brought to a true surface with the wooden straight specified in 13.1.4.
edge (clause 13.1.4.2) 13.3.4 Specifications for Curing, Finishing, Precautions, Measurements and
it shall be uniformly treated over its entire area with a paste of neat cement and Rate shall be as described
rubbed smooth, so that under 13.1.
the whole surface is covered with neat cement coating. The quantity of cement 13.4 6 MM CEMENT PLASTER ON CEMENT CONCRETE AND
applied for floating coat REINFORCED CEMENT
shall be 1 kg per sqm. Smooth finishing shall be completed with trowel CONCRETE WORK
immediately and in no case later 13.4.1 Scaffolding
than half an hour of adding water to the plaster mix. The rest of the Stage scaffolding shall be provided for the work. This shall be independent of
specifications described in 13.1.4 the walls.
shall apply.
13.3 18 MM CEMENT PLASTER (TWO COAT WORK) 13.4.2 Preparation of Surface
13.3.1 The specification for scaffolding and preparation of surface shall be as Projecting burrs of mortar formed due to the gaps at joints in shuttering shall be
described in 13.1 removed. The
13.3.2 Mortar surface shall be scrubbed clean with wire brushes. In addition concrete surfaces
The mix and type of fine aggregate specified in the description of the item shall to be plastered shall be
be used for the pock marked with a pointed tool, at spacings of not more than 5 cm. Centres,
respective coats. Generally the mix of the finishing coat shall not be richer than the pock being made not
the under coat unless less than 3 mm deep. This is to ensure a proper key for the plaster. The mortar
otherwise described in item. shall be washed off and
Generally coarse sand shall be used for the under coat and fine sand for the surface, cleaned off all oil, grease etc. and well wetted before the plaster is
finishing coat, unless applied.
otherwise specified for external work and under coat work, the fine aggregate 13.4.3 Mortars
shall conform to grading Mortar of the specified mix using the types of sand described in the item shall be
zone IV. For finishing coat work the fine aggregate conforming to grading zone V used. It shall be as
shall be used. specified in 3.2.
13.3.3 Application 13.4.4 Application

44 | P a g e Section: C RVRK Prasad A-l 26 KDKCE, Nagpur

To ensure even thickness and a true surface, gauges of plaster 1 5 x 1 5 cm. 13.4.9.1 Length and breadth shall be measured correct a cm. and its area shall
shall be first applied at be calculated in sqm.
not more than 1.5 m intervals in both directions to serve as guides for the correct to two places of decimal. Dimensions before plastering shall be taken.
plastering. Surface of these 13.4.9.2 Thickness of plaster shall be exclusive of the thickness of the key i.e.
gauged areas shall be truly in the plane of the finished plaster surface. The depth or rock marks and
plaster shall be then applied hacking.
in a uniform surface to a thickness slightly more than the specified thickness and 13.4.9.3 Plastering on ceiling at height greater than 5 m above the
shall then be brought corresponding floor level shall be so
to true and even surface by working a wooden straight edge reaching across the described and shall be measured separately stating the height in stages of 1 m
gauges. Finally the or part thereof.
surface shall be finished true with a trowel or with wooden float to give a smooth
or sandy granular 13.4.9.4 Plastering on the sides and soffits of the projected beams of ceiling at a
texture as required. Excess troweling or over working of the floats shall be height greater than 5 m
avoided. The plastering and above the corresponding floor level shall be measured and added to the quantity
finishing shall be completed within half an hour of adding water to the dry measured under 13.4.9.3.
mortar. 13.4.9.5 Plastering on spherical and groined ceiling and circular work not
Plastering of ceiling shall not be commenced until the slab above has been exceeding 6 m in radius, shall
finished and centring has be measured and paid for separately.
been removed. In the case of ceiling of roof slabs, plaster shall not be 13.4.9.6 Flowing soffits (viz. portion under spiral stair case etc.) shall be
commenced until the terrace work measured and paid for separately.
has been completed. These precautions are necessary in order that the ceiling 13.4.9.7 Ribs and mouldings on ceiling shall be measured as for cornices,
plaster is not disturbed deductions being made from
by the vibrations set up in the above operations. the plastering on ceiling in case the width of the moulding exceed 15 cm.
13.4.5 Finish 13.4.9.8 The mode of measurement of exterior plastering and patch plastering
The plaster shall be finished to a true and plumb surface and to the proper (in repairs) shall be as
degree of smoothness as laid down in 13.1.9.8
required. The work shall be tested frequently as the work proceeds with a true 13.4.9.9 Deduction shall not be made for openings or for ends of columns, or
straightedge not less columns caps of 0.5 sqm
than 2.5 m long and with plumb bobs. All horizontal lines and surfaces shall be each in area and under. No additions will be made either for the plastering of the
tested with a level and all sides of such openings.
jambs and corners with a plumb bob as the work proceeds. For openings etc. of areas exceeding 0.5 sqm deduction will be made for the full
13.4.6 Thickness opening but the sides
The average thickness of plaster shall not be less than 6 mm. The minimum of such openings shall be measured for payment
thickness over any 13.4.10 Rate
portion of the surface shall not be less than 5 mm. The rate shall include the cost of all labour and materials involved in all the
13.4.7 Curing operations described above.
The specifications shall be as detailed in 13.1.6.
13.4.8 Precautions 13.6 NEAT CEMENT PUNNING
The specifications shall be as detailed in 13.1.8. 13.6.1 The specifications given for floating coat described in 13.2.1 shall apply.
13.4.9 Measurements

45 | P a g e Section: C RVRK Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur

13.6.2 Specification for scaffolding and curing shall be as described in 13.1.1 thoroughly washed with water, cleaned and kept wet before plastering is
and 13.1.6. respectively. commenced.
Specifications for Finish and Precautions shall be as described in 13.1.7. and 13.7.3 Mortar
13.1.8. Mortar of specified mix using the type of sand described in the item shall be
CPWP SPECIFICATIONS 2009 544 used, where coarse
13.6.3 Measurements sand is to be used, the fineness modulus of the sand shall not be less than 2.5
13.6.3.1 The measurements for cement punning shall be taken over the finished mm.
work. The length and 13.7.4 Application
breadth shall be measured correct to a cm. The area shall be calculated in sqm 13.7.4.1 The plaster base over which rough cast finish is to be applied shall
correct to two places of consist of two coats, under
decimal. layer 12 mm thick and top layer 10 mm.
13.6.3.2 Punning over Plaster on bands, skirting, coping, cornices, drip courses, 13.7.4.2 12 mm Under Layer: This shall be applied in the same manner as
string courses etc. shall specified in para 13.1.3
not be measured separately but only as wall surfaces. In these cases the under 18 mm cement plaster except that the finishing, after the mortar has been
measurements shall be taken brought to a level with
girthed over the above features. the wooden straight edge, shall be done with wooden float only.
13.6.3.3 Punning over plaster on circular work also, of any radius shall be 13.7.4.3 Top Layer: The top layer shall be applied a day or two after the under
measured only as wall layer has taken initial
surfaces, and not separately. set. The latter shall not be allowed to dry out, before the top layer, is laid on. The
13.6.3.4 Cement punning in patch repairs irrespective of the size of the patch mortar used for
shall be measured as new applying top layer shall be sufficiently plastic and of rich mix 1 : 3 (1 cement: 3
work, and in this case the rate shall include for cutting the patch to rectangular fine sand) or as
shape before lime otherwise specified so that the mix of sand and gravel gets welt pitched with the
punning. plaster surface. In order
13.6.3.5 Deductions in measurements for openings shall be regulated generally to make the base plastic, about 10% of finely grouted hydrated lime by volume
as described in 13.1.9.9. of cement, shall be
13.6.4 Rate added when preparing mortar for the top layer.
The rate shall include the cost of all labour and materials involved in all the
operations described
above. 13.7.5 Finish
13.7 ROUGH CAST PLASTER It shall be ensured that the base surface which is to receive rough cast mixture
13.7.0 Rough cast finish comprises of a mixture of sand and gravel in specified - is in plastic state. The
proportions dashed over rough cast mixture shall consist of sand or gravel or crushed stone of uniform
a freshly plastered surface. colour from 2.36 mm to
13.7.1 Scaffolding 12.5 mm or as specified and in the proportions as specified accurately to the
Scaffolding shall be done as specified in 13.1.1. effect required. The mixture
13.7.2 Preparation of Surface shall be wetted and shall be dashed on the plaster base in plastic state by hand
The joints shall be raked out, dust and loose mortar, shall be brushed out. The scoop so that the mix
surface shall be get well pitched into the plaster base. The mix shall again be dashed over the
vacant spaces if any so

46 | P a g e Section: C RVRK Prasad A-l 26 KDKCE, Nagpur

that the surface represents a homogeneous surfaces of sand mixed with gravel. 13.13.2 Preparation of surface
A sample of rough cast The joints shall be raked out properly. Dust and loose mortar shall be brushed
plaster shall be got approved by the Engineer-in-Charge. out. Efflorescence if
13.7.6 Specification for other details like precautions, measurement and rate any shall be removed by brushing and scraping. The surface shall then be
shall be as described thoroughly washed with
under 13.1. water, cleaned and kept wet before pointing is commenced.
13.8 PEBBLE DASH FINISH {IN SITU WORK) In case of concrete surface if a chemical retarder has been applied to the form
13.8.1 The specification shall be the same as for rough cast plaster, except that work, the surface
the washed pebble or shall be roughened by wire brushing and all the resulting dust and loose
crushed stone graded from 12.5 mm to 6.3 mm or as specified shall be dashed particles cleaned off and care
over the plaster base shall be taken that none of the retarders is left on the surface.
and the vacant spaces if any shall be filled in by pressing pebbles or crushed The joints shall be raked to such a depth that the minimum depth of the new
stone as specified by mortar measured from
hand, so that the finished surface represents a homogeneous surface. either the sunk surface of the finished pointing or from the edge of the brick shall
13.8.2 Specification for scaffolding, preparation of surface, Mortar, not be less than 12 mm.
Measurements and Rate shall be as
described under 13.7.
13.13 POINTING ON BRICK WORK, TILE WORK AND STONE WORK
13.13.0 Pointing shall be of the type shown in figure below: 13.13.3 Mortar
Mortar of specified mix shall be used. It shall be as specified under Chapter 3.0.
13.13.4 Application and Finishing
13.13.1 Scaffolding 13.13.4.1 The mortar shall be pressed into the raked out joints, with a pointing
For all exposed brick work, tile work or stone work independent double trowel, either flush, sunk
scaffolding having two sets of or raised, according to the type of pointing required. The mortar shall not spread
vertical supports shall be provided. The supports shall be sound and strong tied over the corner, edges
together with horizontal or surface of the masonry. The pointing shall then be finished with the proper
pieces over which scaffolding planks shall be fixed. tool, in the manner
For all other work in building, single scaffolding shall be permitted. In such described below:
cases, the inner end of 13.13.4.2 Flush Pointing: The mortar shall be pressed into the joints and shall
the horizontal scaffolding pole shall rest in a hole provided only in the header be finished off flush and
course for the purpose. level with the edges of the bricks, tiles or stones so as to give a smooth
Only one header for each pole shall be left out. Such holes for scaffolding shall, appearance. The edges shall be
however, not be allowed neatly trimmed with a trowel and straight edge.
in pillars/columns less than one metre in width, or immediately near the skew 13.13.4.3 Ruled Pointing : The joints shall be initially formed as for flush
backs of arches. The holes pointing and then while the
left in masonry works for scaffolding purposes shall be filled and made good mortar is still green, a groove of shape and size as shown in drawings or as
before plastering. instructed, shall be formed
Note : In case of special type of work, scaffolding shall be got approved from by running a forming tool, straight along the centre line of the joints. This
Engineer-in-Charge in operation shall be continued til!
advance.

47 Pa e Section: C RVRK Prasad A-l 26 KDKCE, Nagpur

a smooth and hard surface is obtained. The vertical joints shall also be finished measured separately.
in a similar way. The 13.13.6.3 Pointing on different types of walls, floors, roofs etc. shall each be
vertical lines shall make true right angles at their junctions with the horizontal measured separately. The
lines and shall not project type and material of the surface to be pointed shall be described.
beyond the same. 13.13.6.4 Pointing in a single detached joint as for flashing shall be given in
13.13.4.4 Cut or Weather Struck Pointing : The mortar shall first be pressed running metres.
into the joints. The top of 13.13.6.5 For jambs, soffits, sills etc. for opening not exceeding 0.5 sqm each in
the horizontal joints shall then be neatly pressed back about 3 mm or as area, ends of joists, beams,
directed, with the pointing tool posts, girders, steps etc. not exceeding 0.5 sqm each in area and opening not
so that the joints are sloping from top to bottom. exceeding 3 sqm each
The vertical joints shall be ruled pointed. The junctions of vertical joints with the deductions and additions shall be made in the following way, in case of pointing
horizontal joints shall on external face only.
be at true right angles. (a) No deduction shall be made for ends of joists, beams, posts etc. and
openings not exceeding 0.5
sqm each, and no addition shall be made for reveals, jambs, soffits, sills, etc. of
13.13.4.5 Raised and Cut Pointing : Raised and cut pointing shall project from these openings.
the wall facing with its (b) Deductions for openings exceeding 0.5 sqm but not exceeding 3 sqm each
edges cut parallel so as to have a uniformly raised band about 6 mm raised and shall be made as
width 10 mm more as follows and no additions shall be made for reveals, jambs, soffits, sills, etc. for
directed. these openings.
13.13.4.6 The superfluous mortar shall then be cut off from the edges of the (c) When both the faces of the wall are pointed with the same pointing deduction
lines and the surface of the shall be made for
masonry shall also be cleaned off all mortar. The finish shall be such that the one face only.
pointing is to the exact size (d) When two faces of wall are pointed with different pointings or if one face is.
and shape required and the edges are straight, neat and clean. plastered and other is
13.13.5 Curing pointed or plastered, deduction shall be made from the plaster or pointing on the
The pointing shall be kept wet for seven days. During this period it shall be side of frames
suitably protected from all for doors, windows, etc. on which the width of the reveal is less than that on the
damages. other side, but
The pointing lines shall be truly horizontal and vertical except where the joints no deduction shall be made from the other side.
are slanting as in (e) Where width of reveals on both faces of wall are equal, deduction of 50% of
rubble random masonry. Lines of joints from different directions should meet area of opening on
neatly at the junctions each face shall be made from area of pointing or plaster as the case may be.
instead of crossing beyond. (f) For opening having door frame equal to or projecting beyond thickness of
13.13.6 Measurements wall, full deduction for
13.13.6.1 Length and breadth shall be measured correct to a cm and its area opening shall be made from each pointed face of wafl.
shall be calculated in 13.13.6.6 In case of openings of area above 3 sqm each, deduction shall be
square metres upto two places of decimal. made for the openings, but
13.13.6.2 The various types of pointing for example, struck, keyed, flush, tuck, jambs, soffits and sills shall be measured.
etc. shall each be 13.13.6.7 The following shall be measured separately.

48 | P a g e Section: C RVRK Prasad A-l 26 KDKCE, Nagpur

(a) Raking out joints for old work only shall be measured and given in square In case of old work, all loose particles and scales shall be scrapped off and
metres. holes in plaster as well
(b) Raking out joints of old work built in mud mortar, lime mortar and cement as patches of less than 50 cm area shall be filled up with mortar of the same
mortar shall each be mix. Where so specifically
measured separately. ordered by the Engineer-in-Charge, the entire surface of old white wash shall be
thoroughly removed by
scrapping and this shall be paid for separately. Where efflorescence is observed
the deposits may be
c) Raking out joints of different types of old walls, floors etc. shall each be brushed clean and washed. The surface shall then be allowed to dry for atleast
measured separately. 48 hours before white
(d) Raking single detached joints as for flashing old work shall be given in washing is done.
running metres. 13.14.3 Preparation of Lime Wash
13.13.7 Rate 13.14.3.1 The lime wash shall be prepared from fresh stone white lime (Narnaul
The rate shall include the cost of all materials and labour involved in all the or Dehradun quality).
operations described above. The lime shall be thoroughly slaked on the spot, mixed and stirred with sufficient
13.14 WHITE WASHING WITH LIME water to make a thin
13.14.1 Scaffolding cream. This shall be allowed to stand for a period of 24 hours and then shall be
13.14.1.1 Wherever scaffolding is necessary, it shall be erected on double screened through a
supports tied together by clean coarse cloth. 40 gm of gum dissolved in hot water, shall be added to each
horizontal pieces, over which scaffolding planks shall be fixed. No bailies, 10 cubic dicimetre of
bamboos or planks shall rest the cream. The approximate quantity of water to be added in making the cream
on or touch the surface which is being white washed. will be 5 litres of water to
13.14.1.2 For all exposed brick work or tile work, double scaffolding having two one kg of lime.
sets of vertical supports 13.14.3.2 Indigo (Neel) upto 3 gm per kg of lime dissolved in water, shall then be
shall be provided. The supports shall be sound and strong, tied together with added and stirred well.
horizontal pieces over Water shall then be added at the rate of about 5 litres per kg. of lime to produce
which scaffolding planks shall be fixed. a milky solution.
Note : In case of special type of brick work, scaffolding shall be got approved 13.14.4 Application
from Engineer-in-Charge 13.14.4.1 The whitewash shall be applied with moonj brushes to the specified
in advance. number of coats. The
13.14.1.3 Where ladders are used, pieces of old gunny bags shall be tied on operation for each coat shall consist of a stroke of the brush given from the top
their tops to avoid damage
or scratches to walls.
13.14.1.4 For white washing the ceiling, proper stage scaffolding shall be from the bottom upwards over the first stroke, and similarly one stroke
erected. horizontally from the right and
13.14.2 Preparation of Surface another from the left before it dries.
Before new work is white washed, the surface shall be thoroughly brushed free 13.14.4.2 Each coat shall be allowed to dry before the next one is applied.
from mortar Further each coat shall be
droppings an foreign matter. inspected and approved by the Engineer-in-Charge before the subsequent coat
is applied. No portion of

49 | P a g e Section: C RV R K Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur

the surface shall be left out initially to be patched up later on. 13.14.6.5 The number of coats of each treatment shall be stated. The item shall
13.14.4.3 For new work, three or more coats shall be applied till the surface include removing naiis,
presents a smooth and making good holes, cracks, patches etc. not exceeding 50 sq. cm. each with
uniform finish through which the plaster does not show. The finished dry surface material similar in
shall not show any composition to the surface to be prepared.
signs of cracking and peeling nor shall it come off readily on the hand when 13.14.6.6 Work on old treated surfaces shall be measured separately and so
rubbed. described.
13.14.4.4 For old work, after the surface has been prepared as described in 13.14.7 Rate
para 13.14.2 a coat of white The rate shall include all material and labour involved in all the operations
wash shall be applied over the patches and repairs. Then a single coat or two or described above.
more coats of white
wash as stipulated in the description of the item shall be applied over the entire
surface. The white 13.15 SATNA LIME WASHING
washed surface should present a uniform finish through which the plaster 13.15.0 Satna lime wash shall be used as a base coat where so specified. The
patches do not appear. The specifications for 'white
washing on ceiling should be done prior to that on walls. washing with lime' shall apply except that Satna or Katni quality lime shall be
Note : In case of Hessian ceiling, on no account, lime shall be used as it rots used in place of Narnau! or
cloth and hessian. CPWP SPECIFICATIONS 2009 552
13.14.5 Protective Measures Dehradun quality lime and the wash will be mixed to a thicker consistency. The
Doors, windows, floors, articles of furniture etc. and such other parts of the other details and
building not to be white specifications described in 13.14 will apply in toto.
washed, shall be protected from being splashed upon. Splashings and 13.16 WHITE WASHING WITH WHITING
droppings, if any shall be 13.16.1 Preparation of Mix
removed by the contractor at his own cost and the surfaces cleaned. Damages if Whiting (ground white chalk) shall be dissolved in sufficient quantity of warm
any to furniture or water and thoroughly
fittings and fixtures shall be recoverable from the contractor. stirred to form a thin slurry which shall then be screened through a clean coarse
13.14.6 Measurements cloth. Two kg of gum
13.14.6.1 Length and breadth shall be measured correct to a cm. and area shall and 0.4 kg of copper sulphate dissolved separately in hot water shall be added
be calculated in sqm for every cum of the
correct to two places of decimals. slurry which shall then be diluted with water to the consistency of milk so as to
13.14.6.2 Measurements for Jambs, Soffits and Fills etc. for openings shall be make a wash ready for
as described in 13.1.9. use.
13.14.6.3 Corrugated surfaces shall be measured flat as fixed and the area so 13.16.2 Other specifications described in 13.14 shall apply in this case also.
measured shall be 13.17 COLOUR WASHING
increased by the following percentages to allow for the girthed area. 13.17.1 The mineral colours, not affected by lime, shall be added to white wash.
Corrugated non-asbestos cement sheet 20% Indigo (Neel) shall
Semi corrugated non-asbestos cement sheet 10% however, not be added. No colour wash shall be done until a sample of the
13.14.6.4 Cornices and other such wall or ceiling features, shall be measured colourwash of the required
along the girth and tint or shade has been got approved from the Engineer-in-Charge. The colour
included in the measurements. shall be of even tint or

50 | P a g e Section: C RVRK Prasad A-126 KDKCE, Nagpur

.

Direct Costs and Indirect Costs

The essential difference between direct costs and indirect costs is that only direct costs can be
traced to specific cost objects. A cost object is something for which a cost is compiled, such as a
product service, customer, project, or activity.

Manufacturing costs may be classified as direct costs and indirect costs on the basis of whether they can
be attributed to the production of specific goods, services, departments or not.
Direct Costs
Direct costs can be defined as costs which can be accurately traced to a cost object with little effort.
Cost object may be a product, a department, a project, etc. Direct costs typically benefit a single cost
object therefore the classification of any cost either as direct or indirect is done by taking the cost object
into perspective. A particular cost may be direct cost for one cost object but indirect cost for another
cost object.

Most direct costs are variable but this may not always be the case. For example, the salary of a
supervisor for a month who has only supervised the construction of a single building is a direct fixed cost
incurred on the building.
Examples: Cost of gravel, sand, cement and wages incurred on production of concrete.

Indirect Costs
Costs which cannot be accurately attributed to specific cost objects are called indirect costs. These
typically benefit multiple cost objects and it is impracticable to accurately trace them to individual
products, activities or departments etc.

Examples: Cost of depreciation, insurance, power, salaries of supervisors incurred in a concrete plant.

Example
Following costs are incurred by a factory on the production of identical cupboards:

I. Laborers' wages 2. Synthetic wood

3. Power consumption 4. Glass
5, Nails and screws 6. Factory insurance
7. Handles, locks and hinges 8. Wood
•j Supervisors' saiaries ±0. Factory depreciation
II. Varnish, glue, paints 12. Factor/ manager's salary
Classify the above costs as direct or indirect,
Solution I. •
1. Direct 2. Direct
fC- •
3. Indirect 4. Direct
5. Indirect 6. Indirect
7. Direct 8. Direct
9- Indirect 10, Indirect
11. Indirect 12. Indirect

These costs are usually only classified as direct or indirect costs if they are for production
activities, not for administrative activities (which are considered period costs).

Examples of direct costs are direct labor, direct materials, commissions, piece rate wages, and
manufacturing supplies. Examples of indirect costs are production supervision salaries, quality
control costs, insurance, and depreciation.

Direct costs tend to be variable costs, while indirect costs are more likely to be either fixed costs
or period costs.

Variable Costs and Fixed Costs

All the costs faced by companies can be broken into two main categories: fixed costs and
variable costs.

Fixed costs are costs that are independent of output. These remain constant throughout the
relevant range and are usually considered sunk for the relevant range (not relevant to output
decisions). Fixed costs often include rent, buildings, machinery, etc.

Variable costs are costs that vary with output. Generally variable costs increase at a constant rate
relative to labor and capital. Variable costs may include wages, utilities, materials used in
production, etc.

In accounting they also often refer to mixed costs. These are simply costs that are part fixed and
part variable. An example could be electricity—electricity usage may increase with production
but if nothing is produced a factory still may require a certain amount of power just to maintain
itself.

Below is an example of a firm's cost schedule and a graph of the fixed and variable costs.
Noticed that the fixed cost curve is flat and the variable cost curve has a constant upward slope.
B.ikeis Cakes Total Revenue Mary. Rev. Fixe<l Cost Vatiable Cost Total Cost Av<j, TO MaKjinal Cost
(Labor) (Of ITP-J MR=ATR iO <FO <VC( TC=FC+VC ATC=TC 0 MC=iTC iO
1 19.53 $ 117 $ 6.00 T- 200 'E 50 % 250 $ •;•
12.30 2 56
2 3S.16 * 229 $ 6.00 % 200 $ 100 $ 300 $ $
7.86 2 &y
3 55.90 $ 335 $ 6.00 $ 200 $ 150 $ 350 % 6.26 $ 2.82
4 72.80 $ 4^ 7 $ 6.00 1> 200 $ 200 $ 400 $ 5.49 $ 296
6 104.17 $ 625 $ 6.00 f 200 $ 300 $ 500 $ 480 $ '-I 19
8 132.50 $ 795 $ 6.00 $ 200 $ 400 % 600 $ 4.53 * 333
10 157.99 * 948 $ 6.00 $ 200 $ 500 $ 700 \3 % 392
13 191 .36 $ 1,148 $ 6,00 $ 200 $ 650 * 850 $ 444 $ 449
16 219.44 $ 1,317 $ 6.00 $ 200 $ 800 $ 1 ,000 T 4 56 % 534
20 24561 $ 1 .498 $ 6.00 $ 200 J 1 .000 '$ 1 ,200 :f 4 Si ? 6 63
25 277.32 $ 1 ,664 $ 6 00 $ 200 $ 1.250 I 1 ,450 1- 5.23 •\- 9 02
30 295 78 * 1 .775 J SOO 1- 200 1- 1 .500 1- ! ,700 t 575 5 I ? 55

Fixed .UK! Vaii. We Costs

1.1 .600
*l .400 s
/
1-1 ioo jtf
«, $1 000
_^x^
£ 3800
^^ VC
^*f^~
^~-~f~~ '-
1200 _^~***^~~

£ 50 100 !£3 200 250 300 -350

Quantity
FundjmeiiljIRiijnce com

Looking at it another way, indirect costs are those costs that are not classified as direct. Direct
costs can be identified specifically with particular cost objectives such as a grant, contract,
project, function or activity. Direct costs generally include:

1. Salaries are wages (including vacations, holidays, sick leave, and other excused absences
of employees working specifically on objectives of a grant or contract - i.e, direct labor
costs),
2. Other employee fringe benefits allocable on direct labor employees.
3. Consultant services contracted to accomplish specific grant/contract objectives.
4. Travel of (direct labor) employees.
5. -VijiLesiais, supplies and equipment purchased directly for use on a specific grant or
contract.
6. Communication costs such as long distance telephone calls or telegrams identifiable with
a specific award or activity.

What is an indirect cost rate?

An indirect cost rate is simply a mechanism for determining fairly and conveniently within the
boundaries of sound administrative principle, what proportions of Departmental/organisation
administration cosis each programs should bear. An indirect cost rate represents the ratio
between the total indirect costs and benefiting direct costs, after excluding and or reclassifying
unallowable costs, and extraordinary or distorting expenditures, (i.e., capital expenditures and
major contracts and subgrants). The indirect costs in the numerator of the equation should bear a
reasonable relationship to the direct costs from the denominator. This will allow for each
program or activity represented in the direct costs base to assume their fair share of indirect costs
when the rate is applied.
-
How are indirect cost rates determined?

The cognizant Federal agency is responsible for approving indirect cost rates for recipients based
on an indirect cost proposal submission. The indirect cost proposal or cost allocation plan
should:

1. Identify all the activities carried on by the Department or unit and their attendant costs.
All activities must be included regardless of the source of funds used to pay for them.
2. Incorporate those costs allocated to the departments or units through the central service
cost allocation plan.
3. Classify the activities and their costs as direct or indirect.
4. Eliminate from indirect costs capital expenditures and those stipulated as unallowable by
OMB Circular or program legislation.
5. Compute the rate by dividing the total remaining indirect costs by the direct cost base
selected for distribution of the indirect costs. The most frequently used base is Modified
Total Direct Costs (MTDC).

Step 4 will require judgement on whether to "exclude" any disallowed or distorting costs or
reclassify those costs to the direct costs base. The determining factor is if the cost at issue
generates overhead or benefits from indirect costs, then it should be reclassified to the base and
allocated a fair share of indirect costs. Additional guidance follows on how to obtain an approved
indirect cost rate.

a. For nonprofit organizations, click on the link to Indirect Cost Proposal Guidelines on the
U.S. Department of Labor's website.
b. For stale and local governments - Commonly asked questions about how to prepare your
indirect cost proposal for those subject to OMB Circular A-87. (Excerpt from " 1 098 U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Indirect Cost Determination Guidance for State and
! oca! Government Aaorscics"
o CBlne Book"*).

Should you have any questions concerning indirect costs, please send them to our Indirect Cosi
Group e-mail address: [email protected]

Accounting Procedure Regarding Contract Accounts (11 Illustrations)