This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: E659 − 15 (Reapproved 2023)

Standard Test Method for

Autoignition Temperature of Chemicals1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E659; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

INTRODUCTION

This test method is one of several methods developed by ASTM Committee E27 for determining
the hazards of chemicals. It is designed to be used in conjunction with other tests to characterize the
hazard potential of the chemical under test.

1. Scope D2155 Test Method for Determination of Fire Resistance of

1.1 This test method covers the determination of hot- and Aircraft Hydraulic Fluids by Autoignition Temperature
cool-flame autoignition temperatures of a liquid chemical in air D2883 Test Method for Reaction Threshold Temperature of
at atmospheric pressure in a uniformly heated vessel. Liquid and Solid Materials (Withdrawn 2016)3
E659 Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Chemi-
NOTE 1—Within certain limitations, this test method can also be used to cals
determine the autoignition temperature of solid chemicals which readily
melt and vaporize at temperatures below the test temperature and for
chemicals that are gaseous at atmospheric pressure and temperature. 3. Terminology
NOTE 2—After a round robin study, Test Method D2155 was 3.1 Definitions:
discontinued, and replaced by Test Method E659 in 1978. See also
Appendix X2.
3.1.1 ignition, n—the initiation of combustion.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Ignition, which is subjective, is defined
1.2 This standard should be used to measure and describe for this test method as the appearance of a flame accompanied
the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response by a sharp rise in the temperature of the gas mixture. The
to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and determination is made in total darkness because some flames,
should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or such as cool-flames, are observed with difficulty.
fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire
conditions. However, results of this test may be used as 3.1.2 autoignition, n—the ignition of a material commonly
elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all in air as the result of heat liberation due to an exothermic
of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire oxidation reaction in the absence of an external ignition source
hazard of a particular end use. such as a spark or flame.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor- 3.1.3 autoignition temperature, n—the minimum tempera-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- ture at which autoignition occurs under the specified conditions
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the of test.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Autoignition temperature is also re-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
ferred to as spontaneous ignition temperature, self-ignition
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
temperature, autogenous ignition temperature, and by the
2. Referenced Documents acronyms AIT and SIT. As determined by this test method, AIT
is the lowest temperature at which the substance will produce
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 hot-flame ignition in air at atmospheric pressure without the aid
of an external energy source such as spark or flame. It is the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E27 on Hazard lowest temperature to which a combustible mixture must be
Potential of Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E27.04 on raised, so that the rate of heat evolved by the exothermic
Flammability and Ignitability of Chemicals.
Current edition approved May 1, 2023. Published May 2023. Originally oxidation reaction will over-balance the rate at which heat is
approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E659 – 15. DOI: lost to the surroundings and cause ignition.
10.1520/E0659-15R23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.

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 E659 − 15 (2023)
3.1.4 cool-flame, n—a faint, pale blue luminescence or materials, ignition is dependent upon the thermal and kinetic
flame occurring below the autoignition temperature (AIT). properties of the decomposition, the mass of the sample, and
the heat transfer characteristics of the system.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Cool-flames occur in rich vapor-air
mixtures of most hydrocarbons and oxygenated hydrocarbons. 5.4 This test method can be employed for solid chemicals
They are the first part of the multistage ignition process. which melt and vaporize or which readily sublime at the test
3.1.5 ignition delay time, n—the time lapse between appli- temperature. No condensed phase, liquid or solid, should be
cation of heat to a material and its ignition. It is the time in present when ignition occurs.
seconds between insertion of the sample into the flask and 5.5 This test method is not designed to measure the autoi-
ignition. It is maximum at the minimum autoignition tempera- gnition temperature of materials which are solids or liquids at
ture and also referred to as ignition lag. the test temperature (for example, wood, paper, cotton, plastics,
and high-boiling point chemicals). Such materials will ther-
4. Summary of Test Method
mally degrade in the flask and the accumulated degradation
4.1 A small, metered sample of the product to be tested is products may ignite.
inserted into a uniformly heated 500 mL glass flask containing
air at a predetermined temperature. The contents of the flask 5.6 This test method can be used, with appropriate
are observed in a dark room for 10 min following insertion of modifications, for chemicals that are gaseous at atmospheric
the sample, or until autoignition occurs. Autoignition is evi- temperature and pressure.
denced by the sudden appearance of a flame inside the flask 5.7 This test method was developed primarily for liquid
and by a sharp rise in the temperature of the gas mixture. The chemicals but has been employed to test readily vaporized
lowest internal flask temperature (T) at which hot-flame solids. Responsibility for extension of this test method to solids
ignition occurs for a series of prescribed sample volumes is of unknown thermal stability, boiling point, or degradation
taken to be the hot-flame autoignition temperature (AIT) of the characteristics rests with the operator.
chemical in air at atmospheric pressure. Ignition delay times
(ignition time lags) are measured in order to determine the 6. Apparatus
ignition delay-ignition temperature relationship.
6.1 Furnace—An electrically heated crucible furnace or
4.2 The temperatures at which cool-flame ignitions are fluidized sand bath of appropriate internal geometry and
observed or evidenced by small sharp rises of the gas mixture dimensions to contain the test flask and which will maintain a
temperature are also recorded along with the corresponding uniform temperature within the flask shall be used. A furnace
ignition delay times. The lowest flask temperature at which with a cylindrically shaped interior, 5 in. (12.7 cm) in inside
cool-flame ignition occurs is taken to be the cool-flame diameter, and 7 in. (17.8 cm) deep is minimal for this purpose.
autoignition temperature (CFT). Similarly, observations are It should be capable of attaining a temperature of 600 °C or
made of any nonluminous preflame reactions, as evidenced by higher.
a relatively gradual temperature rise which then falls off to the
base temperature. The lowest flask temperature at which these 6.2 Temperature Controller—A temperature control system,
reactions are observed is the reaction threshold temperature capable of controlling the temperature in the furnace to within
(RTT). 61 °C at temperatures up to 350 °C, and to within 62 °C
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above 350 °C, is required. Temperatures are monitored at the

NOTE 3—The hot-flame autoignition, cool-flame autoignition, and bottom, side, and neck of the flask by means of three external
reaction threshold temperatures obtained by this test method approximate
thermocouples. Heating adjustments are made when necessary
those temperatures obtained by Test Method D2883 for hot-flame reaction,
cool-flame reaction, and reaction threshold, respectively. in order to maintain uniform temperature within the flask. If a
controller is not available, temperature control may be
5. Significance and Use achieved by the use of suitable autotransformers or rheostats,
5.1 Autoignition, by its very nature, is dependent on the thermocouples, and a suitable potentiometer.
chemical and physical properties of the material and the 6.3 Test Flask—The test flask shall be a commercial 500 mL
method and apparatus employed for its determination. The borosilicate round-bottom, short-necked boiling flask.
autoignition temperature by a given method does not necessar- 6.3.1 The flask is closely wrapped in reflective metal foil,
ily represent the minimum temperature at which a given such as aluminum, to promote temperature uniformity, and is
material will self-ignite in air. The volume of the vessel used is suspended in the furnace so as to be completely enclosed with
particularly important since lower autoignition temperatures the top of the neck being inset below the top of the insulated
will be achieved in larger vessels. (See Appendix X2.) Vessel cover (see Fig. 1).
material can also be an important factor. 6.3.2 The flask is suspended in the furnace or sand bath by
5.2 The temperatures determined by this test method are means of a thick insulating holder, the bottom of which is also
those at which air oxidation leads to ignition. These tempera- covered with reflective metal foil.
tures can be expected to vary with the test pressure and oxygen 6.4 Hypodermic Syringe—A 500 µL or 1000 µL hypodermic
concentration. syringe equipped with a 6 in., No. 26 or finer stainless steel
5.3 This test method is not designed for evaluating materials needle, and calibrated in units of 10 µL should be used to inject
which are capable of exothermic decomposition. For such liquid samples into the heated flask. It is suggested that a

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FIG. 1 Autoignition Temperature Apparatus

needle with a right-angle bend be used so that the operator’s 6.9 Timer—A stop watch or electric timer (preferably foot-
fingers can be kept away from the flask opening. switch operated) calibrated in 0.1 s or 0.2 s units shall be used
6.5 Balance—A laboratory balance capable of weighing to to determine the time lag before ignition (time interval between
the nearest 10 mg shall be used for preparing samples that are the instant of sample insertion and that of ignition as evidenced
solid at room temperature. Sample weights will range from by the appearance of the flame). If visual ignition is difficult to
10 mg to 1000 mg. observe, the temperature-time recorder trace may be used to
estimate the time lag.
6.6 Powder Funnel—A 60 mm filling funnel is used to aid
the insertion of solid samples into the flask. It is suggested that 6.10 Mirror—A 6 in. mirror or other suitable size, mounted
a holder such as a small buret clamp be used so that the above the flask so that the observer may see into the flask
operator’s fingers can be kept away from the flask opening. without having to be directly over it.
6.7 Thermocouple—A fine Chromel-Alumel thermocouple 6.11 Hot-Air Gun—A suitable hot-air gun may be used to
(36 B and S gauge) is used for measuring the gas temperature purge the product gases after a reaction is completed and
(T) inside the flask. Position the tip of the thermocouple at the before the next test. A temperature-controlled, hot-air guncan
center of the flask. Thermocouples should be calibrated against reduce testing time if used to aid in achieving the desired flash
standard temperatures or a standard thermocouple, and should temperature between trials and upon insertion of clean test
be rechecked frequently. Iron-constantan thermocouples are to flasks.
be avoided because they may promote catalytic oxidation on
the iron-oxide surface. External flask temperatures are mea- 7. Safety Considerations
sured with a No. 20 B and S gauge or finer thermocouple 7.1 No explosion hazard is encountered in conducting the
mounted at the top (t1), middle (t2), and bottom (t3) of the flask. determination as outlined in Section 7. However, flames are
6.8 Recording Potentiometer—A fast response (1 s or less occasionally emitted well above the top of the flask. Thus, the
for full scale pen travel) variable range and variable chart speed operator should always use a mirror for observation of the flask
recording potentiometer shall be used for recording the signal interior. The use of a right-angle syringe and, for solids, the use
from the internal gas thermocouple (T). An X–Y recorder has of a holder for the powder funnel will remove the hands from
been found suitable for this purpose. the immediate vicinity of the flask opening.

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 E659 − 15 (2023)
7.2 It is recommended that the apparatus be installed in a time of 10 min is sufficient. Shorter intervals may be employed
fume hood or be equipped with an exhaust duct to prevent for preliminary trials. Thermal equilibrium should be ensured
exposure to potentially toxic combustion and decomposition for final trials.
products. All tests with toxic chemicals should involve the use
NOTE 7—Most materials ignite in less than 10 min. However, some
of adequate exhaust ventilation. chemicals (such as saturated cyclic organics) do exhibit long delay times.
7.3 Determinations normally should not be made on poten- Initial tests may be conducted employing shorter delay times, but final
trials should be based on a 10 min test time.
tial or known explosive or propellant materials. Where such
AIT information is required, the determinations should be 8.5.2 If positive ignition occurs, stop the timer and record
made remotely behind a barricade. the time interval between sample insertion and ignition as the
ignition delay time. Lower the test temperature 30 °C and
8. Procedure repeat the entire procedure until autoignition is no longer
obtained. Narrow the test interval to 3 °C and determine the
8.1 Temperature Control—After the internal flask tempera- break point between ignition and nonignition.
ture (T) has reached the desired temperature, adjust the 8.5.3 Repeat the procedure using a larger sample, 150 µL or
temperature controller to maintain this temperature within the 150 mg. If ignition occurs at a lower temperature with the
designated limits and allow the system to equilibrate. increased sample size, repeat the process again using larger
8.2 Lighting—The lighting before sample insertion should samples (200 µL or mg and 250 µL or mg) until the minimum
be very subdued. Extinguish the lights as the sample is autoignition temperature is obtained. If ignition occurs only at
inserted. Cool-flame tests are generally conducted in total a higher temperature using the larger samples (those above 100
darkness. Eyes should be totally dark-adapted for optimum µL or 100 mg or 0.1 g), then repeat the process using small
observation of cool flames. samples (70 µL or mg, and finally, 50 µL or mg).
8.5.4 Use a new flask for tests on each product. Should the
8.3 Sample Addition: flask become visibly coated with residue before the completion
8.3.1 Liquids—Inject 100 µL of the sample to be tested into of tests for a given product, conduct the final series of tests
the flask with the hypodermic syringe and quickly withdraw with a new flask.
the syringe. Extinguish the lights as the sample is injected.
8.6 Autoignition—Autoignition is usually evidenced in
8.3.2 Solids—Insert a 100 mg sample by pouring it from the these tests by hot flames of various colors, usually yellow, red,
weighing vessel through the powder funnel which is inserted in or blue, but sometimes by cool flames that appear as faint
the neck of the flask. Quickly withdraw the powder funnel and bluish glows which are visible only in total darkness.
extinguish the lights. Normally, the hot flames produce sharp temperature rises of at
8.3.3 Gases—Inject 100 mg of the sample to be tested into least a few hundred degrees or more, whereas, the cool flames
the flask with a syringe (or other means such as one described are accompanied by rises of less than 100 °C. Cool flames
in Appendix X4) and quickly withdraw the syringe. Extinguish generally occur at lower flask temperatures than hot flames but
the lights as the sample is injected. may form over an intermediate temperature range, so that the
NOTE 4—Ideal gas law, with the average molecular weight of the
lowest temperature at which any ignition occurs should be
injected gas, may be used to determine the necessary volume of the test recorded. Below these ignition temperatures, nonluminous
gas to be drawn into the syringe. preflame reactions may occur and are distinguishable by rather
NOTE 5—For low molecular weight gases, it may be more appropriate weak temperature rises that are barely detectable in some
to select the initial test gas volume to be drawn into the syringe from the instances.
stoichiometric concentration or from (LFL+UFL)/2. In that case, the
search approach provided in 8.5.3 will need to be modified accordingly. 8.7 Data—Record the test temperature, atmospheric
NOTE 6—Low molecular weight gases require addition of large vol- pressure, quantity of sample used, ignition delay time, and
umes that are appreciable fraction of the test flask volume. In order to temperature rise. A plot of ignition delay time versus tempera-
minimize the escape of the test gas from the opening, added gas may need ture may be made to assist in determining the autoignition
to be cooled or liquefied prior to injection.
temperature.
8.4 Time Measurement—Start the timer as the sample is 8.7.1 A plot of the logarithm of the delay time versus the
inserted into the flask, and also mark this on the recorder trace. reciprocal of the absolute temperature normally results in a
In most cases, the recorder trace of the interior thermocouple straight line passing through both the autoignition and cool-
will indicate the time of sample injection as a cooling spike. flame test results.
8.5 Observations and Subsequent Trials—Observe the in-
side of the test flask in total darkness by means of the mirror 9. Report
placed at an appropriate angle above the flask. 9.1 The report shall include the following information:
8.5.1 If ignition is not observed in 10 min, consider the 9.1.1 Description of the sample including its physical state
concentration of the sample tested to be nonflammable at the at atmospheric conditions.
9.1.2 Atmospheric conditions (barometric pressure, ambient
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gas temperature in the flask (Note 7). Completely purge the

flask with the hot-air gun. Reset the timer and recorder. Repeat temperature, and relative humidity) pressure at the time and
the test at a higher temperature (about 30 °C). Allow time for place where tests were conducted.
attainment of thermal equilibrium between trials. An elapsed 9.1.3 Hot-flame autoignition temperature, AIT (°C).

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 E659 − 15 (2023)
9.1.4 Quantity of the sample that resulted in the lowest AIT 10.1.1 Repeatability—Duplicate results by the same opera-
in the test series. tor should be considered suspect if they differ by more than
9.2 The report may also include the following information: 2 % of the temperature in degrees Celsius.
9.2.1 Cool-flame autoignition temperature, CFT (°C). 10.1.2 Reproducibility—The results submitted by each of
9.2.2 Reaction threshold temperature, RTT (°C) for pre- two laboratories should be considered suspect if the two results
flame reaction. differ by more than 5 % of the temperature in degrees Celsius.
9.2.3 Corresponding time lags.
10. Precision
10.1 The following criteria should be used for judging the
acceptability of results (95 % confidence):

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. APPARATUS

X1.1 Dimensions of the test vessel. Proper placement of the junction is facilitated
X1.1.1 Fig. 1 is a cut-away diagram of a typical test flask by inserting the leads through properly shaped small diameter
installation in a commercial pot-type crucible furnace. Other glass tubing. The glass tubing should not extend below the
furnaces or laboratory sand baths capable of maintaining the flash shoulder into the spherical portion of the flask to avoid
required temperature uniformity are satisfactory. The following flame quenching effects. This thermocouple is fed to the
dimensions are for a Heavy-Duty Laboratory Crucible Fur- recording potentiometer (see 5.8).
nace:4 X1.3.2 External flask temperatures are measured with ther-
(a) 7 in. (17.8 cm) mocouples t1, t2, and t3 located outside the test vessel and
(b) 5 in. (12.7 cm)
(c) 51⁄2 in. (14.0 cm) beneath the aluminum foil wrap. These thermocouples can be
(d) 1 in. (2.5 cm) monitored by a suitable strip chart recorder or manual poten-
(e) 10 in. (25.4 cm)
(f) 17⁄8 in. (4.8 cm) tiometer. If the temperature uniformity of the test set-up has
(g) 81⁄8 in. (20.6 cm) been adequately established, as in X1.5, the routine use of
(h) 21⁄2 in. (6.4 cm) exterior thermocouples is not necessary. The three exterior
(i) 3⁄4 in. (1.9 cm)
(j) 17 in. (43.2 cm) thermocouples are required if a multiple top, sidewall, and
bottom heater system is employed to obtain flask temperature
X1.2 Insulated Cover
uniformity.
X1.2.1 The insulated cover is fabricated from mineral
insulating block as a split unit to facilitate test flask removal X1.3.3 A furnace control thermocouple may be contained in
and installation. The cover bottom is lined with aluminum foil. the flask cavity. In the furnace illustrated in Fig. 1, the
thermocouple is inset in the face of the furnace refractory, as
X1.3 Thermocouples are the heating elements.
X1.3.1 Test temperature thermocouple (T) is a bare 36
gauge chromel-alumel (Type K) junction located at the center X1.4 Flask Location
X1.4.1 If furnace depth permits, the top of the flask neck
4
The Lindberg Model 56621, available from laboratory equipment suppliers, has should be recessed beneath the top of the insulated cover,
been found satisfactory for this purpose. If you are aware of alternative suppliers,
please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your com- positioning the flask near the furnace heater center line, as in
ments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical Fig. 1. The resulting optimum flask location and minimal heat
committee,1 which you may attend. loss, and the use of the aluminum foil flask overwrap result in
excellent flask temperature uniformity.
TABLE X1.1 Temperature Uniformity
Test Temperature External Flask Temperature, °C
X1.5 Temperature Uniformity
(T), °C t1 t2 t3
81 81 82 82 X1.5.1 The temperatures in Table X1.1 were obtained with
232 232 236 235 the furnace configuration shown in Fig. 1; this furnace contains
343 342.3 349 347
505 504.5 512 509.5 vertical heaters set in the furnace sidewall around the entire
circumference.

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 E659 − 15 (2023)

X2. EFFECT OF VOLUME ON AIT

X2.1 Numerous investigators5 have noted that the larger the X2.2 The determination of the vessel volume effect involves
test vessel the lower is the autoignition temperature. Thus, repeating these procedures in three or more test volumes, such
caution is indicated in applying the temperatures derived by as 250 mL, 500 mL, 1000 mL, and 5000 mL, of the same
this test method to practical situations.6,7 geometry. A plot of autoignition temperature versus logarithm
of the vessel volume can be helpful in estimating the AITs at
5
other volumes.
Setchkin, N. P., “Self-Ignition Temperatures of Combustible Liquids,” Re-
search Paper 2516, Journal of Research, National Bureau of Standards, Vol 53, No.
7
49, 1954. Kuchta, J. M., “Summary of Ignition Properties of Jet Fuels and Other Aircraft
6
Zabetakis, M. G., Scott, G. S., and Kennedy, R. E., Autoignition of Lubricants Combustible Fluids,” Technical Report AFAPL-TR-70, Air Force Aero Propulsion
at Elevated Pressures, U.S. Bureau of Mines RI 6112, 1962. Laboratory, September 1975.

X3. EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON AIT

X3.1 Increasing the pressure also lowers the AIT, as has

been confirmed by numerous investigators.

X4. AN APPARATUS THAT HAS BEEN USED FOR GAS/VAPOR ADDITION

X4.1 An apparatus that has been used for gas/vapor addition X4.2.1 Sample Vessel—A vessel of sufficient size shall be
is shown in Fig. X4.1. used to prepare the gas/vapor mixtures to be tested.
NOTE X4.1—Rapid, reproducible, and accurate delivery of the test gas
is essential for the accuracy of the test results, because the test method X4.2.2 Heater and Temperature Controller—A heating sys-
seeks to find the lowest AIT corresponding to the optimal (worst case) tem with a temperature controller shall be used to heat the
concentration of the test sample. sample vessel to the desired temperature for preparation of the
X4.2 The setup seen in Fig. X4.1 is comprised of the gas/vapor mixtures. The piping leading from the sample vessel
following items: to the test flask shall also be heated to at least the temperature

FIG. X4.1 Gas Addition Apparatus

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 E659 − 15 (2023)
of the sample vessel to minimize condensation within the lines During the course of the test, the mixer should be on to help
during the sample addition to the test flask. keep the gas/vapor mixture homogenous and minimize any
stratification between the components.
X4.2.3 Thermocouple—A fine gauge thermocouple is used
to monitor the temperature inside the sample vessel. X4.2.8 Flow Meter—A flow meter or metering valve is used
in conjunction with a quarter-turn shut off valve to finely
X4.2.4 Pressure Transducer—A pressure transducer is used control the amount of sample injected into the test flask.
for both preparation of the gas mixture inside the sample vessel
as well as measuring the change in pressure during the addition X4.3 The following test procedure has been used for gas
of mixture to the test flask. and gas/vapor mixtures:
X4.2.5 1⁄8 in. Stainless Steel Dip Tube—A stainless steel X4.3.1 The mixture to be tested is to be prepared in the
tube having a maximum OD of 1⁄8 in. shall be used for addition sample vessel through partial pressure addition of each com-
of the gas/vapor mixture to the test flask. The dip tube shall be ponent or by another suitable means. The sample vessel shall
inserted along the side of the flask and its outlet is positioned be heated if necessary in order to obtain the desired concen-
in the center of the axial direction of the spherical flask. tration of each component in the mixture.
X4.3.2 Inject a specified amount of the mixture into the test
X4.2.6 Quarter Turn Isolation Valve and Check Valve—An
flask (for example, 0.1 psi; actual amount will be dependent on
isolation valve shall be used to supply and cutoff the sample
the sample vessel size) by opening the isolation valve between
mixture from the sample vessel to the test flask. A check valve
the sample vessel and the test flask. Monitor the amount added
may be required to be installed between the sample vessel and
to the flask through the change in the pressure reading on the
the test flask to minimize flow back into the sample vessel to
sample vessel. An approximate sample quantity can be calcu-
minimize.
lated from the measured pressure difference in the sample
X4.2.7 Mixer—A mixing device shall be incorporated in the vessel, assuming the mixture behaves as an ideal gas and
sample vessel for tests with multiple component mixtures. knowing the volume and temperature of the sample vessel.

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