Introduction to Globalization 3.

Harvey (1998) describes globalization as

"...the compression of time and space."
DEFINING GLOBALIZATION

Broad and inclusive

In this course, we will define Globalization as:
generally allude to diminishing traditional
The set of processes by which more people
boundaries
become connected in more and different ways
across ever-greater distances but, is vague and do not clearly define the
implications of globalization
The movement towards the expansion of
economic and social ties between countries
through the spread of corporate institutions and
Narrow and exclusive
the capitalist philosophy that leads to the
shrinking of the world in economic terms 1. Cox(2000) states that the characteristics of
the globalization trend include the
But perhaps it is also worthwhile to understand
internationalizing of production, the new
the different points of view regarding
international division of labor, new
Globalization.
migratory movements from South to
Globalization is complex, multifaceted, and may North, the new competitive enviroriment
have different definitions, based on those who that accelerates these processes, and the
define it. internationalizing of the state...making
states into agencies of the globalizing
In reality, the definition of Globalization will
world.
change as human society develops. How
2. According to the definition of Bridgemary
globalization will be defined in the future is hard
Community Sports College (2006),
to predict.
globalization is where an industry or
corporation is acting on a global scale with
manufacturing bases in several countries
DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
e.g. Nike and McDonalds."
In general there are broad and inclusive views of
-more specific
globalization as well as narrow and exclusive
views -but can be limiting in terms of applicatior; it
can only be applied within the scope of the
particular definition
DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
Broad and inclusive
1. Solid

Solidity refers to a world where barriers exist.

1. According to Ohmae (1992), globalization Barriers:
means the onset of the borderless world.
- prevent free movement
2. Kiely and Marfleet (1998) defines
globalization as a world in which societies, - can be natural or manmade
cultures, politics, and economics have, in
some sense, come closer together
People, things, information, and places As Chanda (2007) stated, it is because of the
"harden" over time and therefore have limited basic human need to make lives better that
mobility. made globalization possible.

2. Liquid Historians trace the beginning of globalization

from the early inhabitants of Africa who
Liquidity refers to the increasing movement of
walked out from the said continent in the late
people, things, information, and places in the
Ice Age.
contemporary world.
2. Cycles

Globalization is a long-term cyclical process.

There are three characteristics of liquidity:
There are notions that other global ages have
a. Changes quickly and continuously appeared - that this point of globalization will
soon disappear and reappear.
b. Movement is difficult to stop
3. Epoch
c. Permeable
There are six great epochs of globalization
Characteristics of liquidity:
(Ritzer, 2015 and Therborns, 2000) also called
a. It changes quickly and continuously "waves" and has its own origin. The difference
fluctuates of this view from the cycles view is that it
b. Their movement is difficult to stop. does not treat epochs as returning.
c. The forces of liquid made political
Six great epochs of globalization:
boundaries more permeable to the flow of
people and things. 1. Globalization of religion (4th to 7th
centuries)

2. European colonial conquests (late 15th

3. Flows
century)
Flows refer to the movement of people,
3. Intra-European wars (late 18th to early 19th
knowledge, data, money, culture, arts and
centuries)
other things due to the increasing "porosity"
of boundaries across the globe. 4. Heyday of European imperialism (mid-19th
century to 1918)
These are some examples of flows of liquid
phenomena: poor, illegal migrants seeking 5. Post-World War II
better opportunities in other countries, and
6. Post-Cold War Period
the virtual flow of legal and illegal information

These are additional examples of flows:

patronization of different foreign cuisines and 4. Events
immigrants establishing ethnic enclaves in
Specific events are also considered in
host countries like the Chinese communities
explaining the origins of globalization
in the Philippines.
therefore, several points can be treated as the
Five perspectives on the origins of beginning of globalization.
globalization:
Roman conquests centuries before Christ
1. Hardwired
 Rampage of the armies of Genghis Khan into The sceptics highlight the limited nature of
Eastern Europe in the 13th century globalizing processes and argue that the world is
not as integrated as proponents say.

3. Modifiers
Voyages of discovery:
The modifiers challenge the novelty of the
Christopher Columbus' discovery of America
process while recognizing the existence of
in 1942;
reasonable globalizing tendencies.
Vasco de Gama in Cape of Good Hope in 1498;
and
THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION
Ferdinand Magellan's completed
circumnavigation of the globe in 1522 Globalization, being multifaceted, can be
interpreted from different perspectives.
First transatlantic telephone cable in 1956
Discourses about Globalization are usually viewed
First transatlantic television broadcasts in through the lens of these three major theories:
1962

Founding of the modern internet in 1988

1. World Systems Theory

In the World-system Theory, the core countries

Terrorist attacks on the Twin Towers in New are the industrialized capitalist countries on
York in 2001 which periphery countries and semi-periphery
countries depend.
5. Broader, more recent changes
Core countries control and benefit from the
Broad and recent changes happened in the
global market. They are usually recognized as
last half of the 20th century. Scholars attribute
wealthy nations with a wide variety of resources
the origin of globalization to three notable
and are in a favorable location compared to other
changes in recent history:
states. They have strong state institutions, a
1. The emergence of the United States as the powerful military and powerful global political
global power (post-World War II) alliances.
1. The emergence of multinational 2. Polity Theory
corporations (MNCs)
The Polity theory views the world system as a
3. The demise of the Soviet Union and the social system with a cultural framework called
end of the Cold War world polity, which encompasses and influences
the actors, such as nations, international
organization, and individuals under it.
GLOBALIZATION AS "GLOBALONEY"
The world polity is constituted by distinct culture
Globalization Critics a set of fundamental principles and models,
1. Rejectionists mainly ontological and cognitive in character,
defining the nature and purposes of social actors
The rejectionists oppose the usefulness of and action.
globalization as an imprecise analytical concept.
3. World Culture Theory
2. Sceptics
This perspective agrees that world culture is process where nations or corporations impose
indeed new and important. Societies must themselves or their policies, priciples, and
make sense of themselves in relation to a behaviors, which are different from the other
larger system of societies. geographic areas, in order to gain more control,
power or profit.

2. Heterogeneity
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION
creation of various cultural practices, new
1. Homogeneity
economiesand political groups
Globalization increases "sameness"
associated with cultural hybridization as opposed
As culture, arts, economic factors, political to cultural imperialism
orientation, knowledge flow across
a. Glocalization
boundaries, they create common practices.
as global forces interact with local factors, glocal
is produced.
a. Cultural Imperialism

Cultural - Christianity, Americanization or the

importation of products, images,
technologies, practices, and behaviors that
are closely-related to Americans;
DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURES
Economic - spread of neoliberalism,
The digital technology has made so it much easier
capitalism, and market economy
and faster for culture to flow globally than ever
Political - McWorld, which means only one before.
political orientation
There are three perspectives on global cultural
flows:

b. Media Imperialism 1. Cultural differentialism

b. Media Imperialism - idea, information, and Cultures are fundamentally different and are only
culture dissemination has been broader and superficially affected by global flows.
faster with advancement of technology. Some
It basically says that cultures may clash if they get
medium of transfer and exchange are:
to interact.
TV, books, and movies
2. Cultural hybridization
Internet - Twitter, Facebook, Google, Spotify,
Globalization is a creative process resulting to the
and Netflix
creation of hybrid entities that is neither global or
c. McDonaldization the local.

The global adoption of efficient, predictable, 3. Cultural convergence

controllable processes typical of fast food
As cultures continue to interact, the more they
chain restaurants such as McDonalds, which
get to reflect each other. In other words, over
originated from the Western world.
time, their values, behaviors, ideologies evolve
d. Grobalization and become similar.
  Globalization is complex and
multifaceted.
Conclusion/Summary
 It may have different meanings depending
We define Globalization as the movement
on who defines it.
towards the expansion of economic and social
ties between countries through the spread of  Its definition may change over time as
corporate institutions and the capitalist society evolves.
philosophy that leads to the shrinking of the
world in economic terms.
📚 DEFINING GLOBALIZATION

1. Broad and Inclusive Views

Globalization is complex, multifaceted, and may
have different definitions, based on those who  Ohmae (1992): Borderless world
define it.
 Kiely and Marfleet (1998): Societies,
In reality the definition of Globalization will cultures, politics, and economics become
change as human society develops. How closer.
globalization will be defined in the future is hard
 Harvey (1998): "Compression of time and
to predict.
space"
There are 3 Theories about Globalization.
These definitions emphasize diminishing
- The World-system Theory boundaries but may lack specific implications.

The World Polity Theory 2. Narrow and Exclusive Views

- The World Culture Theory  Cox (2000): Internationalizing of

production, labor division, new migration,
There are 2 opposing views about Globalization.
state transformation.
One view is that it results to homogeneity, while
the other view is that it results to heterogeneity.  Bridgemary Sports College (2006):
Companies like Nike/McDonald's
Due to advancement in digital technology,
operating globally.
information and cultural flow is faster and easier
creating new and different local vs. global More specific and applicable, but may be limited
dynamics such as cultural differentialism, in scope.
hybridism, and convergence.

📘 INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
🌍 METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
🔍 Definition
1. Solid
 Globalization is the process where people
o World with barriers (natural or
become more connected across distances
manmade) that restrict movement.
through economic, cultural, social, and
political ties. 2. Liquid

 It leads to a "shrinking world" in economic o Things flow more easily across

terms due to the spread of capitalism and boundaries.
corporate institutions.
o Characteristics:
🧠 Key Points:
  Changes quickly 5. Broader Recent Changes – Late 20th
century:
 Hard to stop
o US as superpower
 Boundaries become
permeable o Rise of MNCs

3. Flows o Fall of Soviet Union

o Movement of people, knowledge,

money, arts, etc.
🚫 GLOBALIZATION AS "GLOBALONEY"
o Examples: (Criticisms)

 Migrants moving to richer 1. Rejectionists – Too vague to be useful.

countries
2. Skeptics – Exaggerated; the world isn’t as
 Foreign food and ethnic integrated.
communities (e.g., Chinese
3. Modifiers – Not entirely new, but
in PH)
recognize real global effects.

⏳ ORIGINS OF GLOBALIZATION (5 Perspectives)

📖 THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Hardwired – Chanda (2007): Human
1. World Systems Theory
desire to improve life; started during early
human migration. o Core countries benefit most
(wealthy, industrialized).
2. Cycles – Globalization is a repeating
historical process. o Periphery & semi-periphery are
dependent on the core.
3. Epochs – Globalization occurs in unique
waves: 2. Polity Theory

o Religion spread (4th–7th c.) o There is a world polity or cultural

framework influencing global
o Colonial conquests (15th c.)
actors (states, orgs, people).
o Intra-European wars (18th–19th c.)
3. World Culture Theory
o European imperialism (19th–early
o Societies redefine themselves
20th)
within a larger global culture.
o Post-WWII

o Post-Cold War
🌐 IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION
4. Events – Historical turning points:
🔁 1. Homogeneity (Sameness)
o Roman conquests, Genghis Khan,
 Cultural Imperialism
Columbus (1492), Magellan (1522)
o Spread of Western/American
o Transatlantic cable (1956), TV
ideas, Christianity, products.
(1962), Internet (1988), 9/11
(2001)  Media Imperialism
 o Dominance of global media  Three main theories: World Systems,
(Netflix, Facebook, etc.) Polity, and World Culture Theory.

 McDonaldization  It can lead to homogeneity (sameness) or

heterogeneity (diversity).
o Fast food-style systems: efficient,
predictable, controllable.  Global culture flows are now faster due to
digital tech, creating new forms of identity
 Grobalization
and culture.
o Powerful nations/corps push their
influence for control/profit.

🌱 2. Heterogeneity (Diversity)

 New cultures, economies, and political

groups emerge.

 Leads to hybridization – mixing of global

and local cultures.

Example: Glocalization

o Local cultures adapt and blend

with global influences.

💬 DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURES

1. Cultural Differentialism

o Cultures remain distinct; may

clash.

2. Cultural Hybridization

o Global + Local = New hybrid

cultures.

3. Cultural Convergence

o Cultures become more alike over

time due to interaction.

✅ SUMMARY

 Globalization connects countries and

people economically, politically, and
culturally.

 It can be seen from broad/narrow,

positive/negative, and varied theoretical
perspectives. 📘 INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
🔍 Definition 🌍 METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION

 Globalization is the process where people 1. Solid

become more connected across distances
o World with barriers (natural or
through economic, cultural, social, and
manmade) that restrict movement.
political ties.
2. Liquid
 It leads to a "shrinking world" in economic
terms due to the spread of capitalism and o Things flow more easily across
corporate institutions. boundaries.

🧠 Key Points: o Characteristics:

 Globalization is complex and  Changes quickly

multifaceted.
 Hard to stop
 It may have different meanings depending
 Boundaries become
on who defines it.
permeable
 Its definition may change over time as
3. Flows
society evolves.
o Movement of people, knowledge,
money, arts, etc.
📚 DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
o Examples:
1. Broad and Inclusive Views
 Migrants moving to richer
 Ohmae (1992): Borderless world countries

 Kiely and Marfleet (1998): Societies,  Foreign food and ethnic

cultures, politics, and economics become communities (e.g., Chinese
closer. in PH)

 Harvey (1998): "Compression of time and

space"
⏳ ORIGINS OF GLOBALIZATION (5 Perspectives)
These definitions emphasize diminishing
1. Hardwired – Chanda (2007): Human
boundaries but may lack specific implications.
desire to improve life; started during early
2. Narrow and Exclusive Views human migration.

 Cox (2000): Internationalizing of 2. Cycles – Globalization is a repeating

production, labor division, new migration, historical process.
state transformation.
3. Epochs – Globalization occurs in unique
 Bridgemary Sports College (2006): waves:
Companies like Nike/McDonald's
o Religion spread (4th–7th c.)
operating globally.
o Colonial conquests (15th c.)
More specific and applicable, but may be limited
in scope. o Intra-European wars (18th–19th c.)

o European imperialism (19th–early

20th)
 o Post-WWII

o Post-Cold War 🌐 IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION

4. Events – Historical turning points: 🔁 1. Homogeneity (Sameness)

o Roman conquests, Genghis Khan,  Cultural Imperialism

Columbus (1492), Magellan (1522)
o Spread of Western/American
o Transatlantic cable (1956), TV ideas, Christianity, products.
(1962), Internet (1988), 9/11
 Media Imperialism
(2001)
o Dominance of global media
5. Broader Recent Changes – Late 20th
(Netflix, Facebook, etc.)
century:
 McDonaldization
o US as superpower
o Fast food-style systems: efficient,
o Rise of MNCs
predictable, controllable.
o Fall of Soviet Union
 Grobalization

o Powerful nations/corps push their

🚫 GLOBALIZATION AS "GLOBALONEY" influence for control/profit.
(Criticisms)
🌱 2. Heterogeneity (Diversity)
1. Rejectionists – Too vague to be useful.
 New cultures, economies, and political
2. Skeptics – Exaggerated; the world isn’t as groups emerge.
integrated.
 Leads to hybridization – mixing of global
3. Modifiers – Not entirely new, but and local cultures.
recognize real global effects.
Example: Glocalization

o Local cultures adapt and blend

📖 THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION with global influences.

1. World Systems Theory

o Core countries benefit most 💬 DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURES

(wealthy, industrialized).
1. Cultural Differentialism
o Periphery & semi-periphery are
o Cultures remain distinct; may
dependent on the core.
clash.
2. Polity Theory
2. Cultural Hybridization
o There is a world polity or cultural
o Global + Local = New hybrid
framework influencing global
cultures.
actors (states, orgs, people).
3. Cultural Convergence
3. World Culture Theory
o Cultures become more alike over
o Societies redefine themselves
time due to interaction.
within a larger global culture.
  Capitalist philosophy

✅ SUMMARY  Shrinking of the world in economic terms

 Globalization connects countries and 🔹 Alternate definition:

people economically, politically, and A set of processes by which more people become
culturally. connected in more and different ways across
ever-greater distances.
 It can be seen from broad/narrow,
positive/negative, and varied theoretical 🔹 Globalization is:
perspectives.
 Complex and multifaceted
 Three main theories: World Systems,
 Defined differently by scholars and
Polity, and World Culture Theory.
societies
 It can lead to homogeneity (sameness) or
 Continuously evolving as human society
heterogeneity (diversity).
changes
 Global culture flows are now faster due to
digital tech, creating new forms of identity
and culture. 📌 TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION DEFINITIONS

🌍 Broad and Inclusive

Would you like a printable reviewer version or  Ohmae (1992): “Borderless world”
flashcards for this content?
 Kiely & Marfleet (1998): Societies,
4o cultures, politics, and economics come
closer together
You said:
 Harvey (1998): “Compression of time and
printable.
space”
ChatGPT said: ✔️Emphasize diminishing traditional
boundaries
Here’s your organized and printable reviewer for
❗ Vague and not always actionable
Contemporary World – Introduction to
Globalization. It’s formatted clearly for easy 🏭 Narrow and Exclusive
printing and reviewing.
 Cox (2000): Focused on production, labor,
migration, state globalization

📘 CONTEMPORARY WORLD REVIEWER  Bridgemary College (2006): Global

industry or corporations (e.g., Nike,
INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
McDonald’s)
✔️More specific
❗ Limited in application
📌 DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION

Globalization is the movement towards the

expansion of economic and social ties between 📌 METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
countries through:
🧱 1. Solid
 The spread of corporate institutions
  World with barriers (natural or man- 5. Post-WWII globalization
made)
6. Post-Cold War period
 Limited mobility of people, things, and
4. Events
ideas
 Roman and Mongol conquests
💧 2. Liquid
 Voyages: Columbus (1492), Magellan
 Increased movement in the contemporary
(1522), Vasco da Gama (1498)
world
✔️Three characteristics:  Inventions: Telephone cable (1956),
a. Changes quickly Internet (1988)
b. Hard to stop
 9/11 attacks (2001)
c. Political boundaries are permeable
5. Recent Broad Changes
🔄 3. Flows
1. U.S. as global power (Post-WWII)
 Movement of people, money, data,
culture, knowledge, etc. 2. Rise of multinational corporations

 Examples: 3. End of Cold War (Soviet collapse)

o Illegal migration

o Online info sharing 📌 CRITIQUES OF GLOBALIZATION

o Foreign cuisines and ethnic ❌ GLOBALIZATION AS “GLOBALONEY”

enclaves (e.g., Chinese
1. Rejectionists – Globalization is vague and
communities in PH)
useless

2. Sceptics – World is not as integrated as

📌 ORIGINS OF GLOBALIZATION claimed

1. Hardwired 3. Modifiers – Not a new process, but

acknowledge global tendencies
 Chanda (2007): Driven by basic human
need to improve life

 Traced back to early African migration (Ice 📌 THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION

Age)
1. World-System Theory
2. Cycles
 Core countries: Industrialized, control
 Long-term cyclical process; globalization global economy
rises and falls over time
 Periphery/Semi-periphery: Dependent on
3. Epochs (Ritzer, 2015 & Therborn, 2000) core

1. Globalization of religion (4th–7th c.) 2. World Polity Theory

2. European colonialism (15th c.)  World as a social system

3. Intra-European wars (18th–19th c.)  Shared global values, institutions, and

models
4. European imperialism (19th–early 20th c.)
3. World Culture Theory
  Societies redefine themselves within a 2. Cultural Hybridization
larger global system
 Global + local = new hybrid cultures

3. Cultural Convergence
📌 IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION
 Cultural interaction leads to similar values
⚖️1. Homogeneity – Cultural Sameness and behaviors

 Global spread leads to shared practices

and ideologies
📌 SUMMARY
a. Cultural Imperialism
 Globalization links nations socially,
 Religion: Christianity economically, politically.

 Culture: Americanization  It is constantly evolving and viewed

differently by scholars.
 Economy: Capitalism
 Metaphors help us imagine its effects:
 Politics: McWorld (single political outlook)
Solid, Liquid, Flows.
b. Media Imperialism
 Theories and critiques explain how
 Via TV, internet, movies, books (e.g., globalization works and impacts society.
Netflix, FB)
 Globalization causes both cultural
c. McDonaldization sameness (homogeneity) and diversity
(heterogeneity).
 Adoption of fast-food-style efficiency
globally  Modern tech accelerates globalization,
leading to cultural hybridization,
d. Grobalization
convergence, or resistance.
 Powerful nations/corporations impose
policies for control and profit

🌱 2. Heterogeneity – Cultural Diversity

 Leads to unique mixes of culture, politics,

and economy

a. Glocalization

 Interaction of global and local forces →

unique cultural outcomes

📌 DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURES

🌐 THREE PERSPECTIVES:

1. Cultural Differentialism

 Cultures remain distinct; global flows have

limited influence
 corporations, and other nations to influence
others and impose their power throughout

the world. Their major goals include

expanding their power and seeing that their

profits grow across different parts of the world.

2. HETEROGENEITY: It is associated with the

creation of local inputs leading to a variety of

cultural hybrids. In other words, the

predominance of locals would make a difference
on a

global scale. Thus, local is associated with

heterogeneity and the dominance of global is

related to homogenous.

a. Globalization: it is the integration of global and

local cultural inputs to create a blend

resulting in a variety of cultural hybrids. It

emphasizes diversity, hybridity, and

independence.

DYNAMICS OF GLOBAL AND LOCAL CULTURE

b. Media Imperialism: It is a subcategory THREE PERSPECTIVES IN GLOBAL CULTURAL FLOW

under the broader umbrella of cultural 1. Cultural Differentialism: It states that cultural
imperialism. From the traditional point of view, differences are immutable and there is a
the western media and its technologies likelihood that other culture which is significantly
dominate countries belonging to less developed different from one culture may clash if
nations. they get to interact.
c. Mcdonaldization: It is the process wherein the 2. Cultural Hybridization: It refers to a politics of
principle of one of the dominant fast- integration without the need to give up
food restaurants in the United States of cultural identity” (Pieterse, 2003, p. 56).
America is employed and used in almost
3. Cultural Convergence: it supports the idea of
different societies across the world. Its principle global cultural homogeneity. It is the process
usually revolves around Efficiency,
of increasing sameness by adopting global
Predictability, and technological advancement in culture, ideas, and practices.
production and marketing.

d. Globalization: It is the desires and ambitions of

different entities such as organizations,