PROJECT PROPOSAL FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF

DOLOMITE PROCESSING PLANT

SUBMITTED TO SOUTH ETHIOPIA, GAMO

ZONE ARBAMINCH TOWN MINES
RESOURCE AUTHORITY BUREAU

PROMOTER: THUNDER BCLT TRADING

PLC

PHONE: +25140151515
ARBAMINCH, ETHIOPIA
MAY 2025
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4
2. INTRODUCTION 6
3. MINING SECTOR IN ETHIOPIA 7
4. THE BUSINESS LOCATION 8
4.1 South Ethiopia 8
4.2 Influence area 10
5. PROJECT RATIONAL 10
6. PROMOTER BACKGROUND 11
7. SWOT ANALYSIS 12
7.1 Strength 12
7.2 Weakness 12
7.3 Opportunity 12
7.4 Threat 13
8. VISION MISSION AND VALUES 13
8.1 Vision 13
8.2 Mission 13
8.3 Keys to Success 13
9. OBJECTIVES AND STRATAGIES 14
9.1 Marketing objectives and strategies 14
9.1.1 Marketing objectives ...........................................................................14
9.1.2 Marketing Strategies 14
9.2 Financial objectives and strategies 15
9.2.1 Financial objectives 15
9.2.2 Financial strategies 15
10. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 15
11. PROJECT LOCATION 16
12. NATURE OF THE DEPOSIT 17
12.1. Resource evaluation 17
12.2 Reserve estimation 18
12.3 Life time 18
13. PRODUCTION PROCESS 19
13.1 Pre-mining activities 19
13.2 The mining activities 19
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14. PRODUCTION PROGRAM 21
14.1 Capacity 21
14.2 Production Program 21
Table 2. Production at attainable capacityin ton ......................................................21
15. MARKET ASSESSEMENT 22
16. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT 23
16.1 Organizational structure 23
16.2 Man power requirement with qualification 24
17. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE 24
17.1 Pre-implementation phases 24
17.2 Logistic procurement and mobilization phase 24
17.3 Operation phase 24
18. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE PROJECT 26
19. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 27
20. DEPRECIATION 31
21. WORKING CAPITAL 32
22. PROJECT INVESTMENT OUT LAY 33
23. FINANCIAL RESULTS 36

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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The proposed project intends to setup in south Ethiopia Gamo zone Arbaminch Town and will be
able to produce 15,000 tons of Dolomite powder per year. The Rated plant capacity is 10,000 tons
of Dolomite powder per annum working on 8 Hours single shift. The plant will have the capacity
to operate in double shifts, producing 20,000 Tons of Dolomite powder
The company proposes to establish a dolomite mining & processing project in Arbamich town, Gamo
zone ,south Ethiopia region so as to utilize the abundant of Dolomite resources in the area. At full
capacity operation, the plant is capable of manufacturing 150,000 tons of processed dolomites per
annum. The project is proposed to required 30 hectares of land /mountain Area for its Quarrying
activities while another 5 hectares of land will be required for its processing plant at Arbamich Town.

The establishment of envisaged project is owned by an Ethiopian individual business promoter,

who on top of all capable to run the business strategically and in a proper way as company’s
General Manager. Previously, the promoter has been engaged in operating multiple business
lines; Such as: Query Production (Aggregate Gravel) and Other Related service businesses. With
the underlying Project is intended to take part on the development activity of the country by
involving in the mining development sector and manufacturing of industrial minerals which there
exist huge potential market in the country and thereby contribute to the overall national
development. The company is inspired to supply various types of processed industrial minerals
using modern supply techniques through creation of employment and saving. In addition, the
business objective is to undertake multiple socio-economic responsibilities on one part and
generate income for the company in order to expand the existing and other development
activities in the country.
after successful project implementation and start-up of the operation, the company will explore
the possibility of making takeout and delivering quality cement products through wholesale
and retail market outlets. Hence, the market for the products under consideration is projected
to grow rapidly in the coming years. The products will be supplied to high demanding domestic
market and also will improve the supply of cement based construction inputs to and improve
the lives of local community through employment creation

In an effort to promote economic growth and diversify production, the Ethiopian government,
which officially pursues a market led economic policy, has taken various policy measures and
provide several incentives to encourage and promote private investment.

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As per Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP), and Industrial Development Strategy, the
private sector is expected to play a leading role in the economic and social development of
the Country. To this end, the Ethiopian Government has designated and prioritizes the
business of which export oriented business is one of the priorities.

Dolomite mining & processing is a metal with increasing demand on the global market mainly
for its application in dolomite mining & processing ion battery for electric cars. Ethiopia has a
potential for dolomite mining & processing deposits related with pegmatite’s but also dolomite
mining & processing brine deposits may be expected in the country. However, Ethiopia has huge
mineral resources deposit, so far little has been done to systematically product the minerals due
to the expensive nature of exploration and limited number of local skilled man power.

Thus, by assessing the mineral deposit and the growing demand for dolomite mining &
processing product internationally, the envisaged dolomite mining & processing mining and
production project is designed by one dynamic, well experienced and trained female
entrepreneur named Thunder BCLT trading PLC who is currently engaged in precious and
industrial mining production and export business in different parts of the country. The project is
planned to mine dolomite mining & processing in South Ethiopia, Gamo Zone Arbaminch town
Administration.

The project will be executed through establishing partnership with local community who are
living at the proposed project site. As per assessment made in the area, the selected site has huge
and high grade dolomite mining & processing. The project will produce 86,400 ton of dolomite
mining & processing product annually at full production capacity

According to the market assessment, the envisaged business will have adequate and dependable
market throughout the project life due to the growing demand for industrial minerals of which
dolomite mining & processing is one of the most demanded minerals internationally due to its use
as a major raw material in the production of electric car battery and other products.

The perfect combination of the promoter capability and commitment, the huge deposit in the
country, the marketing arrangements together with the support from concerned governmental
offices shall create an environment for successfully managing the business.

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The initial investment cost allocated to implement the project is estimated to be Birr 30,000,000 of
which Birr 28,000,000 will be for fixed investment and the rest Birr 2,000,000 for working capital.
Out of the whole project cost Birr 9,000,000 will be covered from owner’s equity and the rest Birr
21,000,000 will be financed by bank loan.

The project, in addition to its financial viability and benefits, it is economically and socially
acceptable. The envisaged project adds value and generates production exchange to the nation over
the life of the project. The implementation of the project will also provide permanent job
opportunity for 37 local people.

Hence, the envisaged dolomite mining & processing product mining and production project is
designed by W/O Amasu Kena Wayes to engage in dolomite mining & processing mining,
production and export business through establishing legal partnership with local community who
are living at the proposed project area and commence the mining and production activates that
generate product currency to the nation and benefit the local community.

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2. INTRODUCTION

The GTP II major goal is to realise the national vision of becoming a lower middle-income
country by 2025 - achieved by sustaining rapid broad-based and inclusive economic growth,
which accelerates economic transformation. The GTP II outlines the Government of Ethiopia’s
deliberate interventions to increase the mining sector’s revenues to USD3.7 billion by 2025. This
includes strengthening the implementation capacity of the Ministry and regional states,
attracting reputable and competent investors by undertaking international standard promotion
work and funding the provision of reliable geological survey data.

To achieve this, the GoE has will drive an import-substitution agenda by developing minerals
that can be used as inputs for local industries and value-addition. Bio-fuel production and
promotion of the downstream petroleum industry will also be prioritized. Reducing
environmental impact of the sector will be central as will setting standards and regulations in
fuel extraction, blending, storing, transporting and distribution processes in the country.

Systematic mineral exploration in the country started in the 1970’s leading to the discovery of
many metallic mineral deposits (example, gold and tantalum) and industrial raw materials for
manufacturing of cement, ceramics, glass, fertilizer, etc. Exploration for fuel (natural gas and
oil) and energy (coal and geothermal energy) occurrences has been conducted back in the late
1940s and are still under investigation. Little is known to date about the occurrences of gem
minerals, but prospecting is underway by the private sector.

Currently, mining companies are engaged in the exploration for further gold and base metal
occurrences in different regions of the country. There are also several local and product private
companies mining marble, granite, amphibolite’s, opal dolomite mining & processing , and
limestone in various parts of the country.

Ethiopia’s mining sector has undertaken a major reform program in recent years. The reform is
designed to make it easier than ever to invest in Ethiopia, encourage exploration and mining, and
unlock the sector’s full potential and value. The reform includes geo data management,
transparency and ease of licensing process and the artisanal mining sector among others.

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3. MINING SECTOR IN ETHIOPIA

Ethiopia’s mining sector is undergoing a huge transformation as opportunities for investment

have opened up. The development of Ethiopia’s mineral wealth is one of the Government’s
leading economic objectives which serve as one of the catalysts for the export-orientated
development strategy in place. Geological surveys indicate that Ethiopia is endowed with a
variety of mineral resources.

Metallic minerals include gold, which is the most developed with a huge potential of exploration.
A proven reserve of natural gas, in the amount of 12.6 trillion CC, has been found which is ready
for commercial exploration, whilst deposits of platinum (and other PGE), tantalite, iron, copper,
lead, zinc, nickel and other base metals do exist. Petroleum and gemstones have also been
identified. Industrial and construction minerals such as precious minerals , feldspar, mica,
kyanite, kaolin, talc, chromites, graphite, magnesite, industrial olivine, marble, and granite,
potash, rock salt, soda ash, sulphur, silica sand, diatomite and bentonite have been identified and
some are under production.

Such mineral wealth, in combination with a skilled and highly motivated workforce guarantees a
thriving and profitable mining sector. The Mining Proclamation recognizes the significant role
of private investment in capital formation, technology acquisition and marketing of minerals.

Ethiopia’s mining sector has undertaken a major reform programme in recent years. The reform
is designed to make it easier than ever to invest in Ethiopia, encourage exploration and mining,
and unlock the sector’s full potential and value. The reform includes geo data management,
transparency and ease of licensing process and the artisanal mining sector among others.

As a result of the conducive fiscal and legislative environment, the country is now enjoying the
participation of both product and local investors in exploration and mining. The Ministry of
Mines and Energy has granted hundreds of exploration and mining licenses for product
investors, joint venture and domestic investors and companies.

Intensive exploration programs are also being conducted for oil and gas, precious stones such as
diamonds and sapphires and other gemstones in different parts of the country. Product
companies already investing in Ethiopia’s mining sector come from all over the world including
the UK, China, South Africa, Canada, USA, Guyana, Italy and Norway. In 2012 product
investment in the mining sector reached to US$ 1billion.

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4. THE BUSINESS LOCATION

4.1 South Ethiopia, Gamo Zone Arbaminch town Administration

Geographically, the project area, South Ethiopia, Gamo Zone Arbaminch townadministration lies
within 9 0 27' and 49 0N latitude and and 41 0 38' and 21 0 19'E longitude. The zone of South
Ethiopia ,Gamo Zone Arbaminch town is found at a distance of 501 kms far from Addis Ababa to
the East and 306 kms far from Djibouti to south directions by road. The proximity to Djibouti
made South Ethiopia ,Gamo Zone Arbaminch town outlet for export and inlet to import for the
eastern part of the country. Neighboring regions of South Ethiopia ,Gamo Zone Arbaminch town
are the South west region in the North and West, and Sidama region in the East and South
directions

The climatic condition of the Administration is characterized mainly by warm, dry climate with
relatively low level of precipitation. In general, the Administration is found within low moisture
zone. The rainfall pattern of the Administration has a bimodal characteristic. The small rainy
season is from March to April, while the big rainy season extends from August to mid-September.
The average annual rainfall of the Administration is over 604 mm.

The pattern of the rainfall distribution of the Administration is influenced by two major factors.
The first one is the periodic dislocation of the ITCZ (Inter Tropical Convergence Zone) at a global
level, which is responsible for the seasonal difference in the amount of rainfall received. The second
factor is the Monsoon winds originating from the southern Indian Ocean.

Topographic nature of the land has also a significant role in determining microclimatic variations
within relatively small distances. Thus, the mean annual rainfall along the southern uplands of
the Administration is 850 mm, while that of the low-lying areas is not product than 500 mm. The
temperature of the Administration can in general, be characterized by a high temperature
throughout the year with minor seasonal variations. The mean annual temperature is about
24.8°C. The average maximum temperature is 31.4°C, whereas the average minimum temperature
is 18.2°C. The season for high temperature starts at mid-January and extends to the beginning of
October. On the other hand, the season for low temperature is from October to mid-January. All
the rivers found in the Administration are seasonal and with short duration flood, practically
without base flow. The mean annual runoff values estimated for different watersheds in the DDA
ranges from 12.4 Mm3 to 100.13 Mm3.
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South Ethiopia ,Gamo Zone Arbaminch town Administration is one of the two urban dominated
chartered administrations in Ethiopia. It has its own Charter established by Proclamation No.
416/2004. The zone is divided into 9 Kebeles that are the lowest administrative units. The
Administration has executing and implementing it’s municipal and state functions though its
formally established institutions. There product, it is facilitating, supporting and enabling the
investment and development initiative of the administration through its institutions and related
legal and organizational instruments.

The roles of the Administration are to keep peace and safety for the public and for developers of the
area. There product, peace and security/safety of visitors are crucial to tourism like any entities of
the Administration. The safety and security situation of the zone is found in a stable situation.
There product, the situation is conducive to promote investment in relation to hotel and related
areas of investment.

Regarding the social situation and characteristics of the population, South Ethiopia ,Gamo Zone
Arbaminch town serves as a home for people from nearly all parts of the country. According to the
Population Census Report of 2007 prepared by CSA, the population of the zone consists of people
from nearly all ethnic groups of the country. Of these groups, the Oromo, Somali, Amhara and
Southern Nations and Nationalities, Peoples constitute the larger composition in their population
size.

The general demographic situation of South Ethiopia ,Gamo Zone Arbaminch town shows that
there is a fast population increase both from natural and migration causes. The prospect for the
speeding-up of the momentum of the population growth of the zone in the future is also higher as
the size of the young age population at present dominates its population structure. The total
population of South Ethiopia ,Gamo Zone Arbaminch townAdministration, as of July 2011, was
projected to be 377.000. From this, the population of the urban was projected to be 256,774, in
the same year.

The administration has launched different rules, regulations, development frame works and
related enabling basis to improve the overall development initiatives including the private sectors
involvement in investment ventures. The promulgation of investment rules and guidelines,
establishment of land development and management operational arrangements, elaboration of

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national policies, regulations and codes to fit to the Administration situation and other technical
and managerial arrangements to promote and enhance the local development initiatives made
both by the public and private sectors.

It is obvious that investment is the prime driving force to any development endeavor. Its
effectiveness also rests on the capability, competitiveness and innovativeness of the private
ventures. Recently, the role and share of private investment is growing in South Ethiopia, Gamo
Zone Arbaminch town. Especially the manufacturing sector has an important role to restproduct
the zone’s previous contribution and to accommodate the growing need as a major center.

4.2 Influence area

South Ethiopia ,Gamo Zone Arbaminch towninfluence areas include Harari National Regional
State, Somali National Regional State, East and West Hararghe Zone of Oromia National
Regional State.

Thus, South Ethiopia ,Gamo Zone Arbaminch townis the ideal location for the envisaged precious
and industrial minerals as it is in close proximity to the principal raw materials and access to
product market. The town has another advantage because of its well-developed infrastructures,
manpower and financial institutions required for the business.

5. PROJECT RATIONAL

Proper resource utilization is among the many strategic approaches that help to ensure
sustainable development to be practical. On the other hand, the ability of private sector both in
financial & technical terms to utilize the available resource for development is the other existing
crucial problem that hampered the economic growth of the nation. More product, as
development is an intertwined process requiring input that greatly satisfies the needs in
properly planed and regulated manner, extraction of resource is indispensably to be carried to
maximize revenue for the owners and the government as well.

Beside on this presumption, the need to build development capacity is the other relevant and
most important factor to get attention. This means the weakened ability of capital formation is
one of the most important attentions seeking area boost growth in the economy the reproduction
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capacity which increase additional injection of capital in the economy which is expected to be
intersected by the private sector. In relation to the proposed project this has remarkable meaning
in the area for further utilization of the available resource, which could gradually appear when
the capacity to perform grows.

On top of these the current development policy of the Government both at the national and
regional level has pave the way for any domestic and product investor to participate in the
development process of which they assumed to be beneficial to them and to local people both in
terms of profit and job creation .

In pertinence to the growing demand for raw materials and source of energy locally and
internationally, the demand for minerals in general and dolomite mining & processing product
in particular is expected to grow with high elastizone. However, except few minerals, there is no
strong effort that has been made to use locally available natural resources to use neither as
source of product currency and generate product currency nor use locally source of raw materials
for locally available industries.

Their product, based on the assessment made by the promoter, the envisaged dolomite mining &
processing product mining and production project is selected to engage in mining and production
of dolomite mining & processing mineral to productign market in the first phase and also to
process the dolomite mining & processing product and benefit the promoter and the country
accordingly.

Product over, the promoter has long years of experience, good truck of record and reputation in
mineral exploration and mining sector. It is with the productgoing background that promoter,
decided to engage in dolomite mining & processing mining and production business.

This project proposal is there product, designed to engage in dolomite mining & processing
mineral mining and production business in partnership with local community where the mineral
resource is found.

6. PROMOTER BACKGROUND

The promoter, Thunder BCLT trading PLC , is a dynamic, well experienced and trained
female entrepreneur. She has a master degree in leadership field from lead star university and
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currently she is engaged in different business lines mainly in mining, export, trading and other
investment activities. The promoter has also attained short term training on gemstone
identification and introduction to Lapidary to in order to do the mining business professionally
and successfully.

The promoter has gained practical experience and skills of doing successful business in precious
and industrial minerals mining due to her professional background and commitment. The
promoter has mproduct than one decade of experience in delivering and managing various
types of business activities. The major business lines she has engaged in include precious mineral
mining and production, coal mining, legumes, spices, beans and high value crops trading and
export business.

Due to the growing demand, export potential and the benefit to be generated, the promoter is
committed to engage in industrial mineral mining and production business that generate
production currency to the nation and also benefit local community through working in
partnership with local community who are living at the project site.

The mission of the promoter is always to look for opportunities to grow the business using
proven skills to create value in the mining sector of which Ethiopia is endowed with huge and
untouched potentials. Ethically, the promoter shall conduct its business in a fair manner and in
such a way to enhance its reputation both in the business and community.

Hence, the promoter has the required educational back ground, good entrepreneur skill and long
years of practical experience in running and managing any mineral mining and production
business in general and precious minerals in particular due to her long year of experience and
engagement.

7. SWOT ANALYSIS

7.1 Strength

 The promoter has well experience and entrepreneur skills

 The promoter has well established contact and market outlets

 The required precious and industrial minerals are available locally

 The demand for precious and industrial minerals are growing

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7.2 Weakness

 Financial constraints to finance the business

7.3 Opportunity

 The growing demand for precious and industrial minerals

 Expected increase in the economic growth of the country


 The availability of huge precious and industrial minerals deposit

 Expected increase in the economic growth of the country

 The promoter has very good contact with financial institution

7.4 Threat

 Absence of alternative financing of business

 Decline in the purchasing power of the Birr
 Increasing trends of prices of raw materials
 Collateral based bank borrowing system
 Time taken to secure term loan to finance project cost

8. VISION MISSION AND VALUES

8.1 Vision

The vision of the promoter is to engage in the precious and industrial minerals mining, production
and export business and generate production currency to the nation. .

8.2 Mission

The mission of the promoter is to become the leading precious and industrial minerals miner,
producer and exporter in Ethiopia.

8.3 Keys to Success

In descending order of importance, the five critical keys for the success of the envisaged dolomite
mining & processing mining and production business are:

 Work in partnership with local community in mineral mining and

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 production business

 Produce selected and market demanded precious and industrial minerals

 Establish strong relation with product company who are engaged in

mineral product import business

 Jointly work with local banks and buyers

 Carry out market research and meet customer expectation

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9. OBJECTIVES AND STRATAGIES

The product objective of business is to mine dolomite mining & processing mineral in
partnership with local community and produce dolomite mining & processing product for
export so as to generate production currency to the nation, generate income to local community
and create job opportunity.

Taking into account the vision, mission, strength, weaknesses, opportunity and threats, the
promoter has designed the following marketing and financial objectives and strategies to be
achieved.

9.1 Marketing objectives and strategies

9.1.1 Marketing objectives

The major objectives are:

1. To produce quality product as per the market demand

2. Work jointly with local community and empower

3. Maximize the profit by minimizing the cost of doing the business

4. Increase the volume of sales annually and generate product currency

9.1.2 Marketing Strategies

In order to achieve the above listed marketing objectives, the strategies designed to be
implemented by the promoter are:

1. Establish strong business relation with local administration and stake holders

2. Give special attention to the environment

3. Discharge corporate social responsibility and support local community

4. Engage in other minerals exploration business

5. Contact international buyers

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9.2 Financial objectives and strategies

9.2.1 Financial objectives

1. Secure a term loan to finance the business

2. Settle Bank loan and interest on time
3. Minimize cost and maximize profit

9.2.2 Financial strategies

1. Maintain smooth and effective banking relation

2. Establish strong financial system and hire professional to manage properly

10. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The envisaged project is designed to mine and produce dolomite mining & processing product
for export purposes. The project mine the dolomite mining & processing and supply the raw
dolomite mining & processing (the product) to the international market since dolomite mining
& processing is an essential component of clean energy technologies, from electric vehicles to
the big batteries used to product electrizone at power plants. It is an abundant mineral, but to
be used it must be extracted from the earth and processed.

As per the requirement set by the local administration, the planned dolomite mining &
processing mining and production project will be executed in partnership with local
community. Hence, project is designed to mine and produce dolomite mining & processing
product and supply the product to production market so as to generate production currency to
the nation.

To realize the dolomite mining & processing mining and production business, all the required
man power, machineries and equipment’s, civil works and related activities will be in place in
order to commence the mining and production of the product. There product, this project is
aimed at mining dolomite mining & processing from the source, produce the required dolomite
mining & processing product as per the buyer’s standard and exports the product to product
market.

Thus, the envisaged business is designed to mine dolomite mining & processing product,
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transport to the collection site, and finally to export the product to product market. In doing this
business, the promoter will work in partnership with local community.

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11. PROJECT LOCATION

Since choice of mining location is one of the important factor that affect its viability and success,
the location of the proposed dolomite mining & processing mining and production project is
selected after careful evaluation of different location. Hence, South Ethiopia ,Gamo Zone
Arbaminch town Administration is selected as the site for the implementation of the envisaged
mining and production of dolomite mining & processing due to the availability of the product,
raw materials, especially in the required quantity & quality, good access to market, well
developed physical & economic infrastructures.

Hence, the envisaged dolomite mining & processing mining and production project is planned to
be established in South Ethiopia ,Gamo Zone Arbaminch town Administration within the
boundary of Melekakero Rural Kebele which is 80 kilometer away from South Ethiopia ,Gamo
Zone Arbaminch town.

The total area required as mining site and product collection site is estimated to be 50,000 square
meter land. The project area is served with all weather gravel road and it has relatively well
developed infrastructure facilities due to its proximity to South Ethiopia ,Gamo Zone
Arbaminch town.

Table 1. Geographic coordination of the site location

GIS Corner points of the proposed site

No X axis Y axis
1 04206075 0937044
2 04205970 0937049
3 04206055 0937223
4 04205705 0936139

11.2 Geological set up of the area

Geological events that were look place at the regaining of the Cenozoic era particularly tertiary
period shaped the present surface of Ethiopian. This was the shifting of the land accompanied by
the out pouring of immense lava and the nation of the Rift Valley. A strong internal force purifies
the land. As a result the moment rocks and the sedimentary rocks that lie over them cracked.
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Through these numerous and widespread cracks basaltic lava come out in the surface thorough
fissures events through which basaltic lava commonly known as tertiary volcanic poured and
covered the Mesozoic marine sediments and other rocks of the early biological ages.

Zanettin (1997) divided the tertiary volcanic of central Ethiopians in three stages of volcanism
and tectonics, where the first transitional (theproducttic) flood basalt followed by alkali hyalite
and ending with alkali basalt. At first the volcanism has occurred on a large elongated basin.
The outer part of the basin was uplifted and deep eroded (Peniplanation of Ashangi). During
this stage the volcanism dies out on the uplifted area.

At this stage strong extensive crusal movement occurred causing the renewal of volcanism
which defines finally the escarpment. Volcanism finally changed radically from fissure (lajie
rhyolite and Alajie basalt) to central type (Tarmaber- megezex basalt). This all from the south
western afar and the proto-Ethiopian rift followed by uplift and erosion. The area is characterized
by diverse volcanic rocks where basalt extrusion are inter spread with large accumulation of
pantellerituc hyaliies and hrachyte, comprising flows, breccias, ignimbrites and relate shallow
incisive rocks. The area situated south and southeast of Addis Ababa is covered by Pliocene to
plesitocene alkali basalt and terabyte lava flows. South Ethiopia ,Gamo Zone Arbaminch
townCompresses rocks ranging in age from to tertiary vocalic. The tertiary colcanscs represent
of the areas and comprises of aphantic, pyroxene- phyric, plagioclase- phyric.

Although there is no study conducted regarding the volume of deposit. the area is expected to
have huge deposit of dolomite mining & processing product.

12. NATURE OF THE DEPOSIT

The geologic features that might affect the quality of the dolomite mining & processing product include:
 Physical conduction: vesicular (voids). Curvaceous nature, sacrificial
weathering, mechanical crushing (very local), soil horizon development
(over burden). etc
 Chemical weathering: development of secondary minerals such as zealot,
calcite, different clay minerals etc.

12.1. Resource evaluation

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Physical mechanical and chemical properties, quantity and location of the deposit are been
investigated in order to determine the feasibility of the project in view of commencing profitable
investment. Site visit inspection of surface outcrops and relation of deposited sections in adjacent
quarries, and the like were the main methodologies used in studying the deposited intended for
quarrying. Random reserves were also carried outside in the project area in order to estimate the
altitude to which the deposited extend down depth and establish its lateral extensions were
surface out crops are lacking exposures, the river beds were also used for this purposes.

12.2 Reserve estimation

Though no drilling has been done on the project site to determine the depth of the deposit, minor
geological mapping was done in the area for the preliminary estimation of the reserve. The
minimum and average thickness of the deposit common to all the area under concession is taken
and is calculated using the polygon’s method.

As the deposit is assumed to be horizontally bedded, the thickness of the deposit can be
calculated by taking the difference between the altitudes at the tip and bottom of the deposit
beside observing the deep valleys around to calculate the average depth of the basalt, the main
methodology used to determine the depth of the deposit is the quarry mined befproduct round
the area.

12.3 Life time

The life of the project depends on the annual production capacityof the project. Hence, the
following parameters are considered in calculating the project life.

 Deposit surface area --------------------------- = 40,000m2

 Average minable depth -----------------------= 50m
 Deposit recovery --------------------------------= 95%

There product, the volume or reserve of deposit is computed to be 40,000m 2X50mX0.95 which
is 1,900,000m3. Based on the 70% effective production capacityof the 300 tone/day, 8 working
hour/day, 288 working days/annual, starting production with 70% of the effective production
capacityand increase by 10% each year to attain 80% capacityon third year and 90% at fourth
year which is full capacity. Thus, with a total reserve amount 1,900,000 m3 the project will have
a mine life of 14 years. Mean while the project is designed to consume this reserve deposit within
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the above mentioned project life.

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13. PRODUCTION PROCESS

13.1 Pre-mining activities

Pre- mining activities are essential activities that have to be executed in order to produce the raw
products successfully. The pre mining activities include:

 Establish partnership with local community

 Procurement and mobilization of machinery, equipment’s etc
 Recruitment of necessary manpower
 Site preparation
 Ware house generator house and office construction
 Transportation and export of products

13.2 The mining activities

Taking in to account the selection of appropriate mining equipment and or machineries,

including the outcropping features of the deposit, the mining methods to be deployed, scale of
mining and volume of annual production plan depends on these facts.

By considering all these factors, the following mining parameters have been recommended for the
quarrying of dolomite mining & processing product under consideration.

 Method of extraction - surface quarrying

 Quarrying method - opencast
 Kind of opencast

In this case the preferred option to develop this quarry site is initially to work the entire
thickness of the deposit stating from its foot at the South West and gradually establish a multi-
bench system advancing towards the North East in such a way that the lower bench lagging
behind the upper working benches.

The sized of quarrying machineries, such as wheel loaders/ excavators to be deployed for the
excavation and loading of resources and the number of dump trucks to be used for transportation
of should be synchronized in order to assure that materials from the quarrying site is constantly
transported to the storing continuously and efficiently. In this case, the following principal
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procedures of quarrying activities shall be followed in order to effectively achieve the physical
production plan.

The following activities will be practiced during the mining product producing operations.

1. Quarry site development

Overburden Removal, site and quarry face preparation: As a starting phase of the quarry
operation, rock fragments accumulated on the ground surface will be sized and pilled to be
transported to a place where the product product . On exhausting the surface accumulations,
the leftover soil will be carefully stripped not to damage its strutted the top weathered and
loose bedrock deposit below the surface deposit will be disintegrated, in order to release the
weathering
- survived imbedded fresh fragments, which will be collected and piled, to be made ready for
transporting to the crusher plant, then the residual decomposed materials will be pushed to sides
to expose the underlying undulated bed rock and open quarry face for primary fragmentation or
excavation of the primary deposit.

2. Raw materials excavation

The overburden stripping, loading area surface leveling and quarry face operating will be done
by bulldozer and / or excavator. Primary fragmentation or excavation and pilling. This will be
done using an excavator shovel or hack hammer fixed to excavator and human labor.

Whenever necessary, drilling will be done from position on benches to prepare weak zones along
which the rock will break by blasting in to pieces that can be loaded in to the trucks and taken to
the primary crusher. The drill utilizes a compressed air powered ‘hammer’ in the bottom of the
hole.

3. Transportation

Wheel loader and excavator to be deployed for the excavation and loading of resources and the
number of dump trucks to be used for transportation of basalt boulders should be synchronized
in order to assure that materials from the quarrying sire is constantly transported to the
crushing plant site continuously and efficiently. In this case, the following principal procedures
of quarrying activities shall be followed in order to effectively achieve the physical production

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plan.

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14. PRODUCTION PROGRAM

14.1 Capacity

The planned business will have a zone of producing 300 ton dolomite mining & processing per
day on the basis of one shift of 8 hours each per day and 288 working days per annum.

During the initial years, the envisaged project will not operate at full capacity . This is due to lack
of acquaintance to the work, low technical experience and market. Therefproduct, during the
initial years, the effective production capacity of the crushing plant is assumed to be 80%, then it
grow to 90% and finally the plant will operate at 100% of its the effective capacity .

14.2 Production Program

At the initial stage of the production period, the project would require some years to penetrate
into the market and develop production skill. There product, in the first and second year of
production, the capacity utilization rate will be 80% and increase by 10% every two years, in the
third and fourth year the plant will produce 90% and operate at attainable capacity of 100%,
respectively.

Table 2. Production at attainable capacity in ton

Project Year Capacity Utilization Rate Total dolomite mining &

processing product
produced annually
1-2 70% 60480

3-4 80% 69,120

5 to 10 90% 86,400

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15. MARKET ASSESSEMENT

The fundamentals of “supply and demand” vary considerably when inventory for certain
resources, such as precious and industrial minerals, cannot be created or renewed. Scientists and
engineers agree that we have yet to discover all of the valuable uses for many of the minerals on
the earth.

This much we know is true: The existing demand for precious and industrial minerals already
exceeds the current supply or production, and population growth ensures that the incredible
demand for precious and industrial minerals is going to increase with continued population
growth (and) as the existing population enters their era of mass consumption.

Simply stated, people consume resources. These resources, especially precious and industrial
minerals, will continue to absorb unprecedented demand with very limited supply. The global
demand for precious and industrial minerals has led to the current increase in mineral values.
Take a look at the below charts. This demand will continue to exist for the product seeable future.
Add to the current demand the consumption demands of billions of new inhabitants in the
coming decades. There’s simply no way around it. Precious and industrial minerals must be
recovered to support unstoppable global growth.

There are many ways to invest in precious minerals, mainly gold and silver. Mainstream
investors purchase pure bullion; others invest in mutual funds which have positions in precious
metals. Some people prefer to purchase stocks in mining companies with promising futures or
profitable mining operations. One major investment remains as the most dynamic and
rewarding investment possible.

Investing in precious and industrial minerals comes with a significant price. Also included with
that premium is risk. You will pay spot price for the metal plus a surcharge. Mutual funds and
EFTs which also reserve positions in precious metals pay similar premiums. Next on the list of
potential investments is the purchase of stock in mining companies. You may get the stock at a
good price relative to earnings, but there is great risk in all aspects of owning a publicly held
company in the lucrative world of mining.

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Mining claims were created to afford citizens with the ability to remove minerals and exploration
mining and processing from public lands and make a profit from such operations. Some mining
claim owners visit their claims for recreational prospecting only and have no desire to conduct
mining operations. Others have a desire to conduct small or large scale mining operations in
order to reap the full benefits of mining claim ownership on valuable mineral deposits.

16. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT

Organization is a means by which the operational function & activities are structured and
assigned to organizational units represented by managerial staff, supervisors and work force with
the objective of coordinating the performance and the achievement of its business targets.

16.1 Organizational structure

The organizational structure of the proposed project is designed based on flexibility, performance,
high level of personal accountability and sharing of responsibilities as need arises and
circumstances permit. Based on the recommended number, size, and volume of activities of the
project. The project will have its own rules and regulations, which will defiantly facilitate the
smooth running of the whole production process.

The proposed project will be managed by experienced General Manager, who is responsible for the
overall activities of the venture. The plant will be organized in three units namely Administration
& finance unit, sales and promotion unit and Production & Technical unit.
Proposed Organization Structure of the Plant

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16.2 Man power requirement with qualification

The project will create employment opportunity for about 18 Skilled and unskilled workers on
permanent base. The required manpower, their qualification, profession, educational level along
with their experience is presented in the financial part of this document.

17. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

The envisaged project will take 6 months time to be implemented as per its schedules. During
this period of time, the project will pass through three consecutive implementation phases. These
are:

17.1 Pre-implementation phases

The pre-construction phase is decisive for the project realization and implementation phases.
Under this phase, project document preparation, legal and permit issues, site identification,
mapping the site, establishment of partnership with local community, land acquisition,
contacting with stake holders, clearing the site and related activities are the main activities to be
undertaken.

17.2 Logistic procurement and mobilization phase

The logistic procurement and mobilization phase is mainly a stage of buying or leasing the
required earth moving equipment, vehicles, human resource recruitment, training and related
activities.
17.3 Operation phase

This is a phase where the envisaged project will start production and supply of product to the
target market. Operation phase ranges from production of the intended project output, dolomite
mining & processing product and export to the target market. The major activities are presented
in the table below.

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Table 3. Implementation schedule

No Activities Month of the year 2025

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
1 Project proposal and ESIA report
preparation
2 Document submission
3 Establish partnership with local
community
4 Indorse the partnership document by
concerned institution
5 Identify and clear the mining site
6 Mobilize equipments
7 Commence site work
8 Recruit and hire staffs
9 Issue business license
10 Start mining and production
11 Export product
12 Prepare periodic report and submit to
mines and energy office

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18. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE PROJECT

Like any other industry, mining industry also has twin effects on human life. On the one hand,
it contributes immensely to the enhancement of comfort and living standard of man. On the
other hand, it pollutes the air and water. It has also a hazardous effect on the landscape.

Preservation of environment is one of the essential aspect with which all are concerned not
only for the survival of the present generation but also for the future generations of mankind.
Environment is the complex aggregate of external conditions that affect the life, development
and survival of all organisms. It embraces air, water, land, flora, fauna and many mproduct
factors. It is made up of biophysical and socio- economic elements.

In the case of the project under consideration, the proposed project site is situated on a
relatively stable and conducive topography. No significant human activity has been observed
on the area. The mining site is located at a considerable distance away from the settlement
areas and the existing infrastructure such as roads, high-tension lines etc. so that the
exposure of the local communities to operation is minimal.

The only possible environmental hazard that can be happened due to the operation of the
project is mining amount of dust generation. Of the whole activities of the mining, crushing
and transportation of the material may create dust. To avoid or minimize the dust,
mechanisms are devised. During hauling and crushing the material for the little amount of
dust might generate it is planned to suppress by water sprays.

In addition, during transportation of the material on the road, the controlling measures for
dust suppression are:
 The product will be covered with plastic sheet
 proper routes will be selected while moving near the settlements
 water sprays will also be used where necessary

The area is limited to a small and narrow zone near a stream valley with little vegetation at
all; yet planting appropriate vegetation will reclaim it, as it has already been mentioned
above. Therefproduct, with the protective measures designed this project is environmentally
feasible and harmless.

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19. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
The financial analysis includes all the required finance for the realization of the project.
Generally the financial component is divide in to two broad categories, the finance required to
acquire fixed assets like equipments, vehicles, and others which have a life span of mproduct
than one year while the second category is the working capital which includes all the
expenses spend for the running day to day operation of the project like expenses for salary,
fuel, maintenance, stationary and other consumables whose utilization is limited within the
budget year.

19.1 Fixed Assets

19.1.1 Building and Construction

Description Cost estimated in Birr

Site clearing and leveling 100000

Ware house and office 300000
Access road and others 100000
Total 500000

19.1.2 Machineries and equipments

Machineries Unit Qty unit price Total cost

(Birr) (birr)
Excavator with accessories ,, 1 6000000 6000000
Hydraulic breaker/hammer ,, 1 1500000 1500000
Wheel loader ,, 1 5000000 5000000
Sino truck model dump truck ,, 2 4500000 9000000
4WD Pick up vehicle ,, 1 4500000 4500000
Total 26000000

19.1.3 Infrastructure installation

No Description Expense

1 Electric power installation 1200000

2 Water source development 200000
Total 1400000

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19.1.4 Pre-operational cost

No Description Expense

1 Professional fee to conduct studies 50000

2 License and related fee 30000
3 0thers 20000
Total 100000

19.1.5 Summary of fixed investment

Description Cost in Birr

Building and construction 500000

Equipments and vehicles 26000000
Installation of utility facility 1400000
Pre-operational expense 100000
Total 28000000

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19.2 Operational expense

19.2.1 Manpower requirement and salary expense

No Categories of staff No of Monthly Annual salary

employee salary (in birr)
( in birr)
1 General Manager 1 30000 360000
2 Secretary 1 6000 72000
3 Technical manager 1 20000 140000
4 Geologist 1 15000 180000
5 Site engineer 1 15000 180000
6 Sales and marketing officer 1 8000 96000
7 Purchaser 1 6000 72000
8 Accountant 1 8000 96000
9 Excavator loader and truck driver 3 12000 432000
10 Pick up car driver 1 6000 72000
11 Stproduct keeper 1 5000 60000
12 Guards 4 4000 192000
13 Messenger/facilitator 1 4000 48000
Grad total 18 2000000

19.2.2 Daily labproductrs

Although the lion share of the operational work is executed by the machinery, due to the
nature of the envisaged business the project requires at least 10 daily labproductrs on daily
basis depending on work load. Thus, the annual expense of daily labproductrs is computed by
taking 10 people at a cost of Birr 300/day for the whole year.

Daily labproductr expense

No Description Unit Qty Daily payment No of Total daily

rate/ labor days labor expense
1 Daily labproductrs No 10 300 288 864000
Total 864000

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19.2.3 Expense of raw materials

No Description Qty Unit Cost Total expense

1 Royalty fee (3% of the gross sales) - - 1425000

2 Explosives Lump Sum - 100000
Total 1525600

19.2.4 Fuel and lubricants

No Description Daily Annual Cost/ Annual

consumption consumption Litter expense
1 Fuel for Excavator 60 17280 76 1313280
2 Fuel for loader 40 11520 76 875520
3 Fuel for dump truck 64 18440 76 1401440
4 Lubricant for all 0.89 256 550 140800

Total 3731040

19.2.6 Utility expense

No Description Monthly Yearly expense

expense
1 Mobile card recharge 15000 180000
2 Others 5000 60000
Total 240000

19.2.7 Insurance
Expense required to buy insurance coverage for fixed asset is assumed to be 1.5% of the value
of the fixed asset which is birr 214,532.

No Description Value Insurance Insurance

(Birr) rate (%) cost
1 Equipments and vehicles 28500000 0.5% 142000
2 Building and construction 500000 0.5% 2500

Total 144500

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19.2.8 Others

These categories of cost include repair and maintenance, spare parts and fast moving items,
travel and per diem, staffs fringe benefit, office supplies, administration expenses, supervision
and consultancy fees, and other related expense. The table below depicts the annual expenses.
No Description Month expense Annual rental
price
1 Repair and maintenance 27720 332643

2 Spare parts and fast moving items 10000 120000

3 Staffs fringe benefit 10000 120000

4 Office supplies 2000 24000

5 Administration expenses 5000 60000

6 Supervision and consultancy fees 5000 60000

7 Travel and per diem 8000 96000

8 Promotion and advertisement 5000 60000

9 Others 5000 60000

Total 932643

20. DEPRECIATION

No Description Rate Original value Annual

depreciation
1 Building 5% 500000 25000
2 Excavator 10% 8000000 800000
3 Hydraulic Hammer 10% 1500000 150000
4 Loader 10% 5000000 500000
5 Dump truck 10% 9000000 900000
6 Pick up vehicle 10% 4500000 450000
Total 2825000

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21. WORKING CAPITAL

Working capital is the financial resource that is required to run the proposed project right after
the project starts production. This is computed by taking some proportion of the operating cost.
Because of the nature of the project under consideration, the project is expected to start
production after the construction and machinery erecting work is completed. Thus, two month
is considered to compute the working capital requirement of the project. Hence the working
capital required for the project under consideration is only for three month and it is estimated
to be Birr 2,000,000.

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22. PROJECT INVESTMENT OUT LAY

Total investment requirement of the project is estimated to be birr 30,000,000 out of which
Birr 38,000,000 will be fixed investment cost while the remaining birr 2,000,000 will be
working capital requirement. The table below shows cost summery of the envisaged stone
crushing plant.

22.1 Project cost summery

No. Description Cost in Birr

I FIXED INVESTMENT COST 28000000

1.1 Building and civil works 500000
1.2 Infrastructure instillation cost 1500000
1.3 Chain excavator 6000000
1.4 Hammer 1400000
1.5 Wheel loader 5000000
1.6 Dump truck 9000000
1.7 Vehicle 4500000
1.8 Pre operational cost 100000
II OPERATIONAL COST 9437783
2.1 Salary 2000000
2.2 Daily labor 864000
2.3 Royalty fee 1525600
2.4 Fuel and lubricant 3731040
2.5 Utilities 240000

2.6 Insurance 144500

2.8 Others 932643
III WORKING CAPITAL 2000000
IV PROJECT TOTAL COST 30000000

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22.2. Planned project cost financing

No Description Source of finance

Equity Bank loan Total

1 Building and civil works 500000 - 500000

2 Crushing plant - - -
3 Infrastructure installation 1400000 - 1400000

4 Chain excavator 2500000 3500000 6000000

5 Hydraulic Hammer - 1500000 1500000

5 Wheel loader - 5000000 5000000

6 Sinoturk Dump truck - 9000000 9000000

7 4WD pick up 4500000 - 4500000

7 Pre operational cost 100000 - 100000

Sub-total 9000000 1900000 28000000
8 Working capital - 2000000 2000000
Sub-total - 2000000 2000000
Grand total 9000000 21000000 30000000

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 22.3 Project beginning balance sheet

1. Asset

1.1 Current Asset 2000000

1.2 Fixed Asset 28000000

1.3 Total Asset 30000000

2. Liabilities

2.1 Short term Liabilities _

2.2 Long-term Liabilities 21000000

2.3 Total Liabilities 21000000

3. Equity

3.1 Owners Contribution 9000000

3.2 Total Equity 9000000

4. Project Worth (Capital + Liabilities) 30000000

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23. FINANCIAL RESULTS

25.1 Assumptions of financial analysis:

1. The project life is assumed to be 10 years

2. Duration of project implementation period is six months
3. Annual day of operation 288
4. Number of shift one
5. Project ideal production capacity300 ton/day
6. The project is assumed to operate at
 70% of its designed capacityat initial year and second year,
 80% at year three and four,
 100 % (Effective capacity) starting from year five & there after
7. Price is set based on competitor’s
8. Source of finance lease financing(only machineries and equipment)
9. Bank service charge for the loan is 11%
10. Repayment period is 5 years
11. Working capital Requirement 3 month
12. Repair and maintenance expense is assumed to be 2% of fixed investment
cost.
13. Depreciation cost is computed on straight line method and computed at the
following rates
 Building 5%
 Machinery and equipment 10%
 Vehicle 20%
14. Income tax rate 30%
15. Tax incentive 0 years
16. Operational cost increase by 10% every two years
17. Royalty fee is 3% of sales
18. Exchange rate of 1 USD is equal to 57 ETB
19. Product selling price remain the same

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25.2 Financial evaluation

25.2.1 Profitability

The project generates profit throughout the project life starting from the first year. A net
profit of Birr 417 million Birr will be made in the first year of operation, growing to Birr 650
million on the fifth year of operation. The income statement and the other indicators of
profitability show that the project is viable.

25.2.2 Pay-Back Period

The investment cost and income statement projection are used to project the pay-back period.
The project generates surplus cash starting from the first year of operation. The payback
period of the project is about 1 year.

25.2.3 Internal Rate of Return and Net Present Value

Based on the cash flow statement, the calculated IRR of the project is 35%.Since internal rate
of return of the proposed project is greater than the bank lending rate, the project is
financially feasible.

25.2.4 Economic benefits

The project creates employment opportunity for about 38 people of which 18 is permanent
and the rest 20 is temporary. The project will generate Birr mproduct than 100 million over
the life of the project in terms of tax revenue. The project will create backward linkage with
the mining sub sector and forward linkage with the construction sub sector and also
generate income for the Government in terms of payroll tax.

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Annex 1. Annual Project Output Estimates in Ton

No Description Unit
Project year

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
80% 80% 90% 90% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

1 Dolomite mining & processing Ton 69120 69120 77790 77790 86400 86400 86400 86400 86400 86400
product

AMASU KENA DOLOMITE MINING & PROCESSING MINING AND PRODUCTION PROJECT PAGE 38
Annex 2. Operational Cost in Birr

Description Project year

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2.1 Salary 2000000 2000000 2200000 2200000 2420000 2420000 2420000 2420000 2420000 2420000

2.2 Daily labproductr expenses 864000 864000 950400 950400 1045440 1045440 1045440 1045440 1045440 1045440
2.3 Raw material 1525600 1525600 1678160 1678160 1845976 1845976 1845976 1845976 1845976 1845976
2.4 Fuel and lubricant 3731040 3731040 4104144 4104144 4514558 4514558 4514558 4514558 4514558 4514558
2.6 Utilities 240000 240000 264000 264000 290400 290400 290400 290400 290400 290400
2.7 Insurance 144500 144500 158950 158950 174845 174845 174845 174845 174845 174845
2.8 Others 932643 932643 1025907 1025907 1128498 1128498 1128498 1128498 1128498 1128498
2.9 Direct cost 120000000 120000000 186000000 186000000 245000000 245000000 245000000 245000000 245000000 245000000
Total annual operational cost 129437783 129437783 196381561 196381561 256419717 256419717 256419717 256419717 256419717 256419717
Annex 3. Annual Project Revenue Estimates in Birr

N Description
Project year
o
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 Dolomite mining & 552960000 552960000 739005000 739005000 907200000 907200000 907200000 907200000 907200000 907200000
processing product sales
Total annual sales 552960000 552960000 739005000 739005000 907200000 907200000 907200000 907200000 907200000 907200000

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 Annex 4. Project Cash Flow in Birr

No Description Project year

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 Cash in flow

1.1 Bank loan 21000000 - - - - - - - - - -

1.2 Owner con. 9000000 - - - - - - - - - -

1.3 Revenue - 552960000 552960000 739005000 739005000 907200000 907200000 907200000 907200000 907200000 907200000
Total cash inflow 30000000 552960000 552960000 739005000 739005000 907200000 907200000 907200000 907200000 907200000 907200000
2 Cash out flow
2.1 Fixed investment 28000000 - - - - - - - - - -
2.2 Working capital 2000000 - - - - - - - - - -
2.3 Operating cost - 129437783 129437783 196381561 196381561 256419717 256419717 256419717 256419717 256419717 256419717

2.4 Loan repayment - 4200000 4200000 4200000 4200000 4200000 - - - - -

2.5 Bank loan interest - 2310000 1848000 1386000 924000 462000 - - - - -
Total cash out flow 30000000 135947783 135485783 201967561 201505561 261081717 256419717 256419717 256419717 256419717 256419717
3 Net cash inflow 417012217 417474217 537037439 537499439 646118283 650780283 650780283 650780283 650780283 650780283

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