LECTURE 5 : WEEK 5

CSC-110
 MOBILE ALERT
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Switch it to Silent Mode Please

 Learning Objectives
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 We will be looking,
 What is a Number System
 Decimal & Binary Number System
 How Data Represented in Computer
 Binary & Switches, Bits & Bytes
 Binary Number System Explained
 Writing Binary Numbers, Expanded Notation
 Conversions
 Binary to Decimal
 Decimal to Binary
 Exercise
 How Data Represented in Computer
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 How Data Represented in Computer
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 Computers Are Electronic Devices

 The computer uses electricity (CPU, RAM, MB etc)
not mechanical parts
 Electricity moves very fast through wires
 Electrical parts fail less frequently than mechanical
parts
 Internal data processing and storage is electronic
 How Data Represented in Computer
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 Binary and Switches. Binary is a mathematical

number system, a way of counting
 The computer has switches to represent data
 Switches have only two states: ON and OFF
 Binary has two digits to do the counting: two states
of a switch (0 = OFF, 1 = ON).
 How Data Represented in Computer
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 Bits and Bytes One binary

digit (0 or 1) is referred to as
a bit, which is short for binary
digit. Thus, one bit can be
implemented by one switch

Implementing a Byte
 How Data Represented in Computer
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 Representing Data In Bytes

 A single byte can represent many different kinds of data.
What data it actually represents depends on how the
computer uses the byte.
 For instance, the byte: 01000011
 Can represent the integer 67 (to ALU)
 The character ‘C’ (to Monitor)
 The 67th decibel level for a part of a sound (to Speaker)
 The 67th level of darkness for a dot in a picture (to Graphics)
 An instruction to the computer like "move to memory“ (to CPU)
 How Data Represented in Computer
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 Characters. The computer also uses a single byte to

represent a single character
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASCII-8, also called extended ASCII
 Uses 8 bits per character and can represent 256
different characters
 ASCII representation has been adopted as a
standard particularly in minicomputers and
microcomputers
 ASCII-8 Code Example
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 What is a Number System ?
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 A number system is a way to represent numbers

 Any system using a range of digits organized in a
series of columns or "places" that represents a
specific quantity.
 The most common numbering systems are decimal,
binary, octal, and hexadecimal.
 Decimal Number System : Base 10
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 The decimal numeral system (also called base 10 or

occasionally denary) has Ten as its base. It is
the numerical base most widely used by modern
civilizations.
 The decimal number system consists of ten single-
digit numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.

 (28)10 = (011100)2 48-D = 110000-B

 Binary Number System : Base 2
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 Also called as base-2 number system. This system uses

only 0s and 1s to represent letters, numbers and other
characters and it is used by almost all modern
computers.
 Numbering system that represents numeric values using
two unique digits (0 and 1).
 (1100)2 = (12)10 (0101)2 = (5)10
 (1010)2 = (10)10 (1111)2 = (15)10
 Binary Number System
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 Binary Numbers
 A binary number is a sequence of the digits 0 and 1, such as
 1101001
 The number shown has no fractional part and so is called a
binary integer.
 A binary number having a fractional part contains a binary
point (also called a radix point), as in the number
 1001.01
 Binary Number System
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 Base or Radix
 The base of a number system (also called the radix) is equal to the number of
digits used in the system.

 Bits, Bytes, and Words

 Each of the digits is called a bit, from binary digit. A byte is a group of 8 bits
 A word is the largest string of bits that a computer can handle in one operation
 Different computers have different word lengths, with 8, 16, 32 or 64 bits
 Half a byte (4 bits) is called a Nibble.
 A kilobyte (Kbyte or KB) is 1024 (210 ) bytes
0

 A megabyte (MByte or MB) is 1,048,575 (220 ) bytes.

0
 Binary Number System
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 Writing Binary Numbers

 A binary number is sometimes written with a subscript 2
when there is a chance that the binary number would
otherwise be mistaken for a decimal number.
 Example: The binary number 110 could easily be mistaken
for the decimal number 110, unless we write it
 1102
 Similarly, a decimal number that may be mistaken for
binary is often written with a subscript 10, as in
 11010
 Binary Number System
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 The number 100100010100.001001 is easier to

read when written as
 1001 0001 0100.0010 01
 The leftmost bit in a binary number is called the
high-order or Most significant bit (MSB).
 The bit at the extreme right of the number is the
low-order or Least significant bit (LSB).
 Binary Number System
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 Place Value
 A positional number system is one in which the
position of a digit determines its value,
 And each position in a number has a place value
equal to the base of the number system raised to
the position number.
 Converting Binary Numbers to Decimal
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 The place values in the binary number system are

 Binary Number System
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 Expanded Notation
 Example :
 The binary number 1011 can be
expressed as
 Converting Binary Numbers to Decimal
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 To convert a binary number to decimal, simply write

the binary number in expanded notation (omitting
those where the bit is 0), and add the resulting
values.
 Example : Convert the binary number
 1001.011to decimal.
 Converting Binary Numbers to Decimal
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 Converting Decimal Integers to Binary
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 To convert a decimal integer to binary

 First divide it by 2, obtaining a Quotient and a
Remainder.
 Write down the remainder and divide the quotient
by 2, getting a new quotient and remainder
 Repeat this process until the quotient is zero.
 Converting Decimal Integers to Binary
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 Example : Convert the decimal integer 59 to binary.

 Solution:We divide 59 by 2, getting a quotient of 29
and a remainder of 1. Then
 Dividing 29 by 2 gives a quotient of 14 and a
remainder of 1.
 These calculations, can be arranged in a table, as
follows:
 Converting Decimal Integers to Binary
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 Our binary number then

consists of the digits in the
remainders
 Thus
 5910 = 1110112
 Converting Decimal Fraction to Binary
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 To convert a decimal fraction to binary, we first

multiply it by 2, remove the integer part of the
product, and multiply by 2 again.
 We then repeat the procedure
 Example : Convert the decimal fraction 0.546875
to binary.
 Converting Decimal Fraction to Binary
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 Solution: We multiply the given

number by 2, getting 1.09375.
 We remove the integer part, 1,
leaving 0.09375, which we again
multiply by 2, getting 0.1875.
 We repeat the computation until we
get a product that has a fractional
part of zero (Not possible always), as
shown on R.H.S, so

 0.54687510 = 0.1000 112

 Converting Decimal to Binary
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 To convert a decimal number having both an integer part

and a fractional part to binary, convert each part
separately, and then combine
 Example : Convert the number 59.54687510 to binary.
 Solution: From the preceding examples,
 5910 = 1110112
 0.54687510 = 0.1000 112
 So, 59.546875 = 11 1011.1000 11
 Class Exercise
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 Convert each binary number to decimal.

1001 0110 1111
0111.111 1100.001 1101 0010.1011

21 64 93
274.25 128.12 256.0005

 Convert each decimal number to binary.

 Home Exercise
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 Convert each binary number to decimal.

1100 0110.11 1111 1111 11.001 1100 00.110011

 Convert each decimal number to binary.

333.125 928.78 12351.999
 Home Exercise
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 Convert each binary number to decimal.

1100 0110.11= 1111 1111 11.001= 1100 00.110011=
198.7510 1023.12510 48.79687510

 Convert each decimal number to binary.

333.125 = 928.78 = 12351.999 =
101001101.0012 001110100000.11000112 0011000000111111.11111112
 Learning Outcome
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 After this lecture students must have clear understanding of the

following,
 What is a Number System
 Decimal & Binary Number System
 How Data Represented in Computer
 Binary & Switches, Bits & Bytes
 Binary Number System Explained
 Writing Binary Numbers, Expanded Notation
 Conversions
 Binary to Decimal
 Decimal to Binary