GST107-A STUDY GUIDE FOR THE DISTANCE LEARNER

CONCISE EXAM & COURSE SUMMARY

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ODL stands for Open and Distance Learning

Open and distance learning is made up of different concepts in

education
Two

The term open and distance learning is made up of two different concepts in
education - Distance education and .
Open learning

The term open and distance learning is made up of two different concepts in
education - and Open learning
Distance education

Distance education has been around for quite a long time while open
learning is a more recent phenomenon.
True

COL stands for

Commonwealth of Learning

defines open and distance learning as a system of teaching and

learning characterized by separation of teacher and learner in time and/or
space and uses multiple media for delivery of instruction.
COL (2015)

involves two-way communication and occasional face-to-face meeting

for tutorials and learner-to-learner interaction.
Open and Distance Learning
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 is defined as a field of education that focuses on teaching methods
and technology with the aim of delivering teaching to students who are not
physically present in a traditional educational setting, such as the
classroom.

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Distance education

is a system aimed at creating access to learning when time or

distance or both separate the source of information and the learners.
Distance education
The three-stage developmental stages of distance education was propounded
by
Schultz

The earliest appearance of distance education was in the form

of .
Correspondence education

The earliest appearance of distance education was in the form of

education.
Correspondence

Correspondence education started in the mid- century in Great

Britain, France, Germany and the United States.
Nineteenth

state that, “early correspondence courses, as the first

recorded form of distance learning, exemplified participant interaction
through the distribution of printed material through the mail”
Schultz and Embry-Riddle (2008)

Sir Isaac Pitman taught shorthand by mail and this can be said to be the
first officially recognized attempt at distance education.

taught shorthand by mail

Sir Isaac Pitman

The earliest appearance of distance education was in the form of

correspondence education and this started in the century
19th

Sir Isaac Pitman taught shorthand by

Mail

Sir Isaac Pitman taught by mail which is said to be the first

officially recognized attempt at distance education.
Shorthand

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Pitman‟ s Correspondence courses in shorthand started in the
1840s

At the degree level, the was the first to offer degrees through
distance education.
University of London

The University of London was the first to offer degrees

through .
Distance education

The University of London‟ s External Programme was established in

1828

The University of London‟ s External Programme was chattered in the year

1858
In the , “correspondence study has been a noteworthy
component of the University of Wisconsin delivery system since 1891”
United States

The foundation of the second stage of distance education was laid during
the
World War I

The foundation of the second stage of distance education was laid during
the World War I through the invention of the .
Radio

In the United Kingdom, the National University Extension Association was

organized in at the University of Wisconsin.
1916

The first educational instruction by radio was aired in

1916

The use of radio in distance education became global in the

year
1925

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The United States started the experimental radio broadcast with the College
of the Air which was later renamed the University of the Air in conjunction
with the University of Wisconsin in the early 1960s. By the end of the
decade, 200 faculties were participating in various short courses (Gooch,
1968).

The use of the radio was followed by the use of the

Television

The television experiment began in

1874

The depression when State University of Iowa and Kansas State College
produced some educational programmes between the years
1932 and 1934

state that “in today‟ s USA, commercial and public television

stations produced educational programmes for distance education.
Demiray and Isman (1999)

represented the third phase of distance education.

Computer technology

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 said that, “the new 80s space age brought technology which
included computers and space satellites, thereby allowing universities to
offer adult education programs and refresher courses to students situated
thousands of miles from the actual campuses”
Schultz, Schultz and Embry-Riddle (2008)

Open learning is an innovative movement in education that emerged in the

1970s

refers mainly to activities that either enhance learning

opportunities within formal education systems or broaden learning
opportunities beyond the formal education systems (Wikipedia).
Open and Distance Learning

The of open learning emphasizes giving learner‟ s choices

about: medium or media of learning, place and pace of study, support
mechanisms as well as entry and exit points.
Educational philosophy

The combination of the philosophy of open learning and distance education

gave birth to
open and distance learning

Open and distance learning is one of the most rapidly growing fields of
education and its potential impact in all educational delivery has been
greatly accentuated through the development of Internet-based information
technologies, and in particular the World Wide Web (UNESCO, 2002).

WWW stands for

World Wide Web

The first Open University, The Open University, was established in

1969

The first Open University, The Open University is located in which country?
United Kingdom

The internationalization of open and distance education is enhanced by its

links to
Information and Communication Technologies

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ICT is acronym for
Information and Communication Technology

The success of the United Kingdom Open University led to the establishment
of other open universities around the world.
True

states that these include Athabasca University and Canada‟s

Open University that were created in 1970 and were followed by Spain ‟s
National University of Distance Education in 1972 and Germany‟s Fern
Universität in Hagen in 1974.
Jegede (2016)

There are open and distance learning tertiary institutions in

Asia
41

The following are private institutions open and distance learning in Asia
 Arab Open University
 Open University of Malaysia
 The Open University of Japan
 Venkateshwara Open University
 Wawasan Open University

How many open and distances learning tertiary institutions in Asia are cited
in India?
17

The National Policy on Education (NPE) anticipated the coming

of open and distance learning in Nigeria.
1977

NPE is the acronym for

National Policy on Education

The 1977 edition of the NPE states: “maximum efforts will be made to enable
those who can benefit from higher education to be given access to it.

GCE is the acronym for

General Certificate of Education

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NBC is the acronym for
Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation

The Educational Television Programme of the National Television of Nigeria

followed the NBC initiative.
1960

In Nigeria, the open and distance learning mode was first employed at the
tertiary level by
Ahmadu Bello University

In Nigeria, the open and distance learning mode was first employed at the
tertiary level by Ahmadu Bello University in
1972

The University of Lagos followed the Ahmadu Bello University‟ s initiative in

1974

The University of establishing Correspondence and Open

Studies Unit (COSU) that later became known as Correspondence and Open
Studies Institute (COSIT)
Lagos

COSU is the acronym for

Correspondence and Open Studies Unit

COSIT is the acronym for

Correspondence and Open Studies Institute

Correspondence and Open Studies Institute (COSIT) and now known as

Distance Learning Institute (DLI)

was the first Nigerian tertiary institution to operate the dual

mode of the open and distance learning.
University of Lagos

The decision to set up an open university in Nigeria was first conceived in

1976

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The Federal Government set up a Presidential Planning Committee under
the chairmanship of Professor Afolabi Ojo to advise the government on the
initiative. The committee was inaugurated on
May 1 1980
The Act to back up the establishment of the Open University was passed by
the on April 20 1983.
National Assembly

The Act to back up the establishment of the Open University was passed by
the National Assembly on April 20
1983

The Nigeria Open University (NOU) first Vice-Chancellor is

Professor Afolabi Ojo

Nigeria Open University (NOU) went into full-scale activities of screening

candidates in
1984

Unfortunately, on April 25, 1984, General Muhammad Buhari, who had

become the Head of State of Nigeria, after the civilian government have been
toppled in a coup d‟état, suspended the NOU during a budget speech.

General Muhammad Buhari became the Head of State of Nigeria

on
April 25, 1984

In 2002, National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) was established during

the tenure of civilian president,
Chief Olusegun Obasanjo

In , National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) was established

during the tenure of civilian president
2002

not only established the NOUN, he demonstrated the relevance

of the university by enrolling as a student of the university immediately he
left office as the President.
Chief Obasanjo

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Chief Olusegun Obasanjo started with the Post Graduate Diploma in
Christian Theology after which he went ahead to the Masters‟ Degree and
capped it up with a Doctor of Philosophy degree.

In National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN), Chief Olusegun Obasanjo

started with the Post Graduate Diploma in
Christian Theology

Today, has made history by becoming the first doctoral

graduate of Christian Theology and of NOUN.
Chief Olusegun Obasanjo

RETRIDAL is an acronym for

Regional Training and Research Institute for Open and Distance
Learning

Regional Training and Research Institute for Open and Distance Learning
was established in
2003

was established with the aim of identifying and meeting the

needs of open and distance learning related research and capacity building
for the West African sub-region.
RETRIDAL

states that “institutions of higher learning that now have or

are working on becoming dual mode systems to use both open and distance
learning and the traditional face-to-face as institutional modes” are 20.
Jegede (2016)

The established ODL centres are University of Ibadan, Ibadan; Obafemi

Awolowo University, Ile-Ife; University of Lagos, Akoka; University of
Maiduguri, Maiduguri; Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola;
University of Abuja, Abuja; Ladoke Akintola University of Technology,
Ogbomoso, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria; and Lagos State University.

National Open University of Nigeria is the only open and

distance learning university in Nigeria as of today.
mono-mode

The continued increase in the population of Nigerians demanding university

education in the last decade revealed that Nigeria has more university

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applicants unabsorbed than those admitted despite the increase in the
number of universities in the country. Umar (2006) opines that about 80%
of qualified prospective students could not gain admission into the
conventional universities. To support this position, the table below gives a
graphic depiction of the situation.

The table above provides the stark reality of the Nigerian higher education
situation. Considering the role and importance of education in a developing
country, this is a dangerous trend. If necessary steps were not taken to
address this trend, by democratising education through the use of open and
distance learning, the population of Nigerians without higher education
would continue to soar and realization of any millennium developmental
goal in Nigeria would be a mirage.

According to Omo-Ojugo (2009), over primary school teachers

in Nigeria do not even possess the previous minimum of Teachers‟ Grade
Two Certificate.
400,000

According to Jegede (2016), is another factor that is making

open and distance learning an indispensable element in Nigeria.
lifelong learning

The third index of indispensability is referred to as

life-long learning

The characteristics of open and distance learning

 Separation of Teacher and Learner

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  Openness
 Flexibility
 Accessibility
 Affordability
 Technologically Driven
 Use of Mixed Media Courseware
 Interactivity
 Learner-Centeredness

One major distinguishing feature of open and distance learning system from
the conventional system is
The distance between the teachers and the learners

Malaysia is hours ahead of Nigeria.

7

is the keyword behind the philosophy of open and distance

learning.
Openness

opines that to open something, must to admit that it has been

closed before, thus by default, we must accept that education system have
been closed before now and there is the need to open it up.
Mishra (2012)

Openness in open and distance learning can be discussed in four major

areas: people, places and
Ideas

Openness in open and distance learning can be discussed in the following

areas
 People
 Places
 Ideas

According to Mishra (2012) Asian open universities have been practicing the
concept of open entry.

means the removal of the boundary of the educational

institution.
Openness as to Place
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In open learning, learning can take place anytime and anywhere.
True

David Wiley to coin the term open content in

1998

refers to educational content that can be reused, revised,

remixed and redistributed without violating copyright laws.
Open content

The movement Open content eventually led to the birth of the Open
Educational Resources (OER) movement and Massive Open Online Courses
(MOOCs) concept. It is important to note that NOUN is a participant in both
OER and MOOCs.

OER is an acronym for

Open Educational Resources

MOOCs is an acronym for

Massive Open Online Courses

Flexibility can be examined in three areas: place, time and

Pace

Through the use of asynchronous learning methods, the learners could still
go back and participate in what has been taught. Asynchronous learning
still open wide the possibility of peer learning and tutor interaction unlike in
the conventional system when absence from class makes it impossible to
participate again.

is a method of learning whereby the learners could still go

back and participate in what has been taught.
Asynchronous learning
Flexibility in has to do with the learning speed of the learners.
Pace

In a research carried out by Rupanda and Nyenya (2014) in Zimbabwe,

% of the students agreed that open and distance learning is
affordable.
90

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Referring to the Rupanda and Nyenya (2014) research, the remaining 10%
that thinks that open and distance learning is not affordable thinks so
because “the student still has to budget for travelling from his home to the
regional centres for tutorials” (p. 26).

is the interactivity that comes when learners studies or

examines the course content (Moore & Keasley, 1996) and other
instructional activities.
Learner-to-Content

is the interaction that transpires between the learners and

the lecturers that is intended to reinforce students‟ understanding of the
course contents.
Learner-to-Instructor

says that the interaction can take the following forms:

instructor‟s delivery of information, encouraging the learner or the provision
of feedback.
Sher (2009)

is the interaction that occurs among learners in a web-based

instruction. It can be between one learner and another learner or among
several learners.
Learner-to-Learner

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 interactivity is expected to promote the understanding of the
course content and to stimulate critical thinking.
Learner-learner

defines learner-learner interactivity as the “exchange of

information and ideas that occurs among students about the course in the
presence or absence of the instructor”.
Sher (2009)

is an interaction that can take the form of group projects or

group discussion.
Learner-to-Learner

is the interactivity between the learners and the technological

tools that has been used to present the content that is to be learnt by the
learner.
Learner-to- technology

defines learner-centred teaching as a learning activity in

which “learners must be actively engaged in the processing of information

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and that the teaching and learning process involves an interaction among
the teacher, the students and the content”
Mykrä (2015)

is defined as a learning activity in which learners must be

actively engaged in the processing of information and that the teaching and
learning process involves an interaction among the teacher, the students
and the content.
Learner-centred teaching

refers to the physical (or virtual) locations, contexts and

cultures in which students learn.
Learning environment

defines learning environment as software designed as an all-

in-one solution that can facilitate online learning for an organization.
Hall (2001)

A is characterized by an interface that allows students to

register and take courses, staying within that environment for the duration
of the course.
learning environment

The learning environment has been seen largely as the that

can either enhance learning, optimize students‟ potential to respond
creatively and meaningfully or detract from it.
Third teacher

The encompasses learning resources and technology, means of

teaching, modes of learning, and connections to societal and global contexts.
learning environment

Pereira (2005) says that the teacher has to “provide instruction about the
contents of the learning; to clarify specific items to students; and to provide
individual support to the students so that they can recognize their abilities,
gain self-confidence, identify the best study methods and self-evaluate
acquired learning”

The functions of the teacher as include the motivation of

students to perform planned tasks and activities.
an instructor

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Seckel (2007) who says “active participation is the essential element in
engaging in the learning process”

Dabbagh (2007) defines as the ability to apply frequent and

substantive consideration and assessment of one‟ s learning process and
products.
reflective skills

The following are strategies for efficient listening

 Stop Talking and Pay Attention
 Maintain Eye Contact with the Speaker
 Empathize with the Speaker
 Remove Physical and Mental Distractions
 Be Alert to Non-verbal Cues from the Speaker

A good listener puts down important points while listening to enable him
remember, summarise and clarify whatever doubts that may arise.

The types or purposes of listening

 The active or attentive listening
 The critical or analytical listening
 The emphatic or therapeutic listening
 Appreciative listening

The listening describes situations when you listen intently to

learn.
Active or Attentive

The involves listening to be able to evaluate and analyse

received message or what you are being told.
Critical or Analytical Listening

listening takes place when you listen to provide emotional

support to the speaker.
The Emphatic or Therapeutic Listening

involves listening for pure pleasure and for enjoyment.

Appreciative Listening

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 is described as the process of listening with an intention to
appreciate what the speaker is talking about.
Appreciative Listening

is mostly used when you are listening to various

entertainment packages, like listening to certain music or radio/television
for the purpose of enjoyment, and to some speakers because you like or
admire them.
Appreciative Listening

The advantages of learning through listening

 Increased academic understanding
 Improved communication skills
 Ability to block out distractions
 Increased retention
 Large vocabulary development

The barriers to effective listening

 Physical Barriers
 Physiological Barriers
 Psychological Barriers
 Linguistic Barriers
 Perceptual Barriers

The essential components of listening

 Hearing or receiving
 Comprehending or understanding
 Remembering
 Evaluating
 Responding or feedback

refers to the physical response process of receiving the sound

filtering into the ears. Hearing or Receiving

involves focusing on hearing first, the message from the

speaker and being able to filter out other intruding stimuli.
Hearing or Receiving

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 consists of judging or deciding the value of information
received.
Evaluating

The steps to becoming an effective listener

 Be prepared to listen
 Concentrate on the speaker‟ s content and context
 Ask questions when the time is right
 Take notes

The which happens at the end of the communication helps the

speaker to determine if his message has been received.
Feedback

is a study activity that involves writing down information

given by another through speech.
Note taking

The following are note-taking methods

 The cornell method
 The outline method
 The mapping method
 The charting method
 The sentence method

The is a special form of note taking drawn up based on two

unequal columns.
Cornell Method

The method involves the use of dash or indented outline.

Outline Method

is done as a diagram that gives a graphic representation of

the ideas and concepts from a lecture.
Mapping

The of note-taking is actually a table of rows and columns.

Charting method

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The method requires that you write every topic or new
thoughts and concepts on separate lines that are often numbered.
Sentence Method

is a means of conveying information or expressing one's

thoughts and feelings in spoken or verbal language.
Speaking

occurs when you engage in conversations with your friends

and acquaintances.
Speaking

The types and purposes of speaking and its related situations

 Informative Speaking
 Persuasive Speaking
 Entertainment Speaking
 Learning through Speaking

describes a situation where the sole purpose of the speech is

to share fact-based knowledge, by describing, demonstrating, and explaining
issues and in so doing, educate you on a particular topic without any
personal bias attached.
Informative Speaking

Persuasive speaking is meant to

Persuade

In speaking, the onus is on you as the speaker to influence

your listener.
Persuasive

These are the challenges encountered while speaking

 Inhibition or anxiety
 Lack of knowledge of subject matter
 Accents or mother tongue interference

The essential components of speaking

 Grammar
 Vocabulary
 Pronunciation
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  Fluency

The following are ways to become a confident speaker

 Integrity
 Be Yourself
 Focus more on Contributing rather than Seeking Approval
 Practice Often
 Know your Content

is basically the way a word is pronounced or articulated.

Pronunciation

deals with the phonological processes that make up the

organization of sounds in any language or the principles that determine the
pattern and variation of sounds in a given language.
Pronunciation

is a process, a skill we acquire that enables an understanding

of written words.
Reading

The is a system of printing in which the letters of the alphabet

and numbers are printed as raised dots that can be read with the fingers by
people who are blind or partially sighted.
Braille

The importance of reading as a study skill

 Reading for Pleasure
 Reading for Information
 Study Reading
 Reading for General Understanding

Reading for information will help you

 Identify features of the text (Topic/titles, sub-headings, graphics)
 Recognise the Structure of the Text (definition, cause/effect,
comparison/contrast, chronology) Summarize and Paraphrase the
text
 Identify and Organize important points
 Understand the author‟ s purpose

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Reading for pleasure is also referred to as independent, leisure or
recreational reading is reading done at your own time and own free will with
the intention of getting personal satisfaction.

is a form of reading for information which entails a more

serious and intense reading.
Study reading

The purpose of is to gather more detailed information from

texts and to be able to remember the main ideas, facts and opinion
expressed as well as being able to make meaningful connections or
associations among them.
study reading

Below are different types of reading or different approaches to reading that

you may adopt based on your purpose for reading
 Previewing
 Skimming
 Scanning
 Detailed Reading

is a selective reading method where you read only the main

ideas within a passage to get an overall impression of the content of a
reading selection.
Skimming

The purpose of is to extract only the essence or the finer

points of the text.
Skimming

involves quick reading with quick eye movements; focusing

only on locating specific information by sweeping your eyes over part of a
text to find specific pieces of information.
Scanning

 Skimming is reading a text quickly to get a general idea of meaning. It

can be contrasted with scanning, which is reading in order to find
specific information, e.g. figures or names.

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  Skimming involves a thorough overview of a text and implies a reading
competence. Scanning is more of a limited activity, only retrieving
information that is relevant to a purpose.

 Skimming is quite a fast process. It may only take a few minutes to

complete a chapter of a book.

The SQ3R is an acronym for Survey, Question, Read, Recite and

Review

The SQ3R is an acronym for _

Survey, Question, Read, Recite and Review

is the final step of the SQ3R process.

Review

The advantages of learning through reading

 Vocabulary expansion
 Improved language skills
 Expansion of knowledge base
 Exploration of new ideas
 Stimulation of imagination and creativity
 Memory improvement
 Improved focus and concentration
 Strong analytical and thinking skills

The essential components of reading

 Phonics
 Phonemics
 Vocabulary Development
 Fluency
 Comprehension

The bad reading habits and how to overcome them

 Vocalization and Sub-Vocalization
 Regression

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  Reading One Word at a Time
 Distractions and Loss of Attention

The practice of skipping back or re-reading the same information over and
over is known as .
Regression

is when you pronounce the words while reading.

Vocalization and Sub-Vocalization

In other to expand your knowledge base, enable the rapid

transfer of knowledge from one person to another
Books

When exploring new ideas, reading encourages you to

think

When exploring new ideas, encourages you to think

reading

The process of reading implies that your memory is

Activated

deals with understanding the relationship between letters and

their sounds
Phonics

refers to your ability to recognize and use individual sounds

(called phonemes) to create words
Phonemics

The smallest units that make up the spoken language are called
Phonemes

are centered on the sounds of language rather than on written

words
Phonemes

An indication that you have a full and rich understanding of the text you
have read is known as
Comprehension

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 is the main reason why we read
Comprehension

The main purpose of reading is for

Comprehension

The practice of skipping back or re-reading the same information over and
over is known as
Regression

In , you pronounce the words out-loud such that someone else

may hear while sub vocalization means that you pronounce the words in
your head
Vocalization

The more you read good works the more you

Learn

The richer your vocabulary, the more options you have in the choice of the
most appropriate words

A essay provides in detail, a description of how something

looks, feels, sounds or how something is, or happened; provides a sensory
detail of what is actually being described
Descriptive

A essay tells a story

narrative

An essay attempts to persuade your reader to accept your point

of view
Argumentative

essays are mostly opinion based writing that require extensive

research on an idea or issue to be written
Expository

The following are examples of expository essay

 Term Papers and Class Assignments

 Thesis

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  Examination
 Letters
 Applications
 Articles
 Speeches
 Reports Minutes of Meetings
 Memos
 Circulars
 Recipes (and many more)

is done when you read and write

Note making

To succeed academically, you need to be productive and figuring out what

kind of learning style suits you best enhances
Productivity

The following are identified as types of learners

 Visual Learner
 Auditory/Aural learner
 Verbal learner (Reading and Writing)
 Tactile/Kinaesthetic Learner

are memory techniques you can use to help improve your

ability to retain and remember something
Mnemonic

Visual imagery is an effective way to help you memorize and recall

information when you need it

described assessment as a process for obtaining information

that is used for making decisions about students, curricula, programme,
schools and educational policy
Brookhart (2007)

is classroom research to provide useful feedback for the

improvement of teaching and learning
Assessment

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Assessment is feedback from the student to the about the
student‟ s learning
Instructor

A continuous process of inquiry concerned with the study, appraisal, and

improvement of all aspects of the educational programmes is known as

Evaluation

The of evaluation involves value judgment, ascertaining the

extent to which educational objectives have been ascertained, effectiveness
of appraisal of instructions and identifying learners‟ strength and
weaknesses
Scope

NECO stands for

National Examinations Council

The acronym WAEC means

West African Examination Council

refers to cases in which those categories are essentially

unordered
Classification

focuses on cases in which the category represents ordered

levels of education without rejection
Placement

refers to cases in which students are accepted or rejected

Selection

refers to the confirmation of certain characteristics of an

object, person, or organization
Certification

Classroom assessment is generally divided into types

Three

There are types of Classroom assessment

3

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The assessment for learning is also called
Formative assessment

The following are different types of assessment

 Assessment for Learning
 Assessment of Learning
 Assessment as Learning

TMA stands for

Tutor-Marked Assignment

CMA stands for

Computer-Marked Assignment

In National Open University of Nigeria, the current mode of assignment is

computer-based

An assessment used to ascertain how students learn as they go through the

content materials is called
self-assessment

Computermarked assignment is given to assessment students‟ performance

The process or act of testing for knowledge and ability in order to determine
its worth is called
Examination

A is a means of measuring the knowledge, skills or aptitude of

an individual student
Test

In National Open University of Nigeria, examination in every semester is of

phases
Two

The first phase of examination is referred to as meant for

undergraduates who are in 300, 400, 500 levels
Pen-on-paper (POP)

In National Open University of Nigeria, all postgraduate students take POP

examinations

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True

The second is said to be electronic examination (e-exam) for undergraduate

in 100 and 200 levels

What to avoid when writing POP examination

 Not answering the question

 Not using material from the course
 Stuffing answers full of names and facts
 Using time badly
 Poor presentation

There are chapters in a research project

Five

A is a graduate level course often in a specialized field of study,

that is designed to give students supervised practical application of a
previously or concurrently studied theory
Practicum

are field experiences that allow a student to observe and

document how working professionals perform their job responsibilities
Practicums

SIWES means
Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme

define learners‟ support services as the resources thatlearners

can access in order to carry out the learning process
Garrison and Bayton (1987)

defines learners‟ support as the “entire range of methods and

strategies employed in the presentation and delivery of courses aimed at
assisting and enabling learners to comprehend fully, assimilate and master
the skills and knowledge needed to achieve success in their studies”
SAIDE (1999)

The following are types of Learners‟ Support Services

 Academic/Tutorial Support
 Social and Personal Support Services
 Information Support Services

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  Administrative Support
 Technical Support
 Library Support
 Counseling Support

The benefits of learners‟ support services

 Promotion of Academic Achievement
 Mediation of Distance
 Reduction of Drop-Out Rate

The term Distance Education is relatively old concept, while Open Learning
is an old term
True
Students of National Open University of Nigeria, study under a non-
conventional mode.
True

In distance learning, the Sandwich programme cannot be referred to as

„correspondence education‟ True

Pitman‟ s correspondence courses in Shorthand started in

1840s

The institution to first offer degrees through distance education was

University of London

Good note-taking requires , accuracy and clarity

Speed

Good note-taking requires speed, accuracy and

clarity

Good note-taking requires speed, and clarity

accuracy

The productive skill in language use, and interactive activity can be

developed through practice
Writing

Note-taking requires and encourages intensive

listening

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The graphic image, or object that represents a file, programme, web page or
command is called
Icon

The pre-marked paper used as a dummy for a publication is called

Layout sheet

In Nigeria, Correspondence study started Extra mural studies in

University of Ibadan

The inability to select only relevant and important sounds and messages is
what makes good listening.
False

Listening is active while hearing is passive.

True

SQ3R is an acronym used in

Reading

Listening is a purposeful activity.

True

The first educational instruction was aired in 1816 by

Radio

Listening requires paying conscious attention to a

spoken discourse

The verbal mode of expression and involves the use of the Organs of speech
is
Speaking

The receptive skills are and reading

listening

The receptive skills are listening and

reading

Productive skills are and writing

speaking

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Productive skills are speaking and
writing

Use of Clichés in a sentence renders it less effective due to

over-use

Sign language can be used to teach a student with

hearing impairment

When all the lines of headline text share same midpoint, this is known
as
Centre Text

Linguistic barrier can results in disconnect between the

speaker and the listener

Perceptual barriers come to play when the speaker and the listener possibly
view the same situation from
varying points

In studying, Skimming is the idea of doing

selective reading

learners prefer to read notes aloud and discuss it with other people.
Auditory

When your answer demands that you compare what different writers said
about an issue, you are
Evaluating

Kinaesthetic/ Tactile learner prefers to learn by

doing

learner prefers to learn by doing

Kinaesthetic/ Tactile

Writing essays is a multi-layered activity. As such, it‟ s title have

hidden depths

The decision to set up an open university in Nigeria was first conceived

in
1976

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Programmes, data, protocols are types of a computer‟ s
Software

Critical reading lies at the heart of good

learning

Discussion is a command mode of learning which allows you to share the

burden of understanding
new idea

The Act to back up the establishment of the Open University was passed by
the National Assembly in
1983

National Open University of Nigeria is the only

Mono-Mode Open And Distance Learning

Open and distance learning is a system of education that demand from

students
Self-motivation

The natural order of acquisition of language skills is

Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing

During the earliest appearance of Distance Learning, participant interaction

was ensured through distribution of
Printed materials

The first University to offer degrees through distance education is

University of London

The foundation of the second stage of distance education was laid

during
World War I

is peculiar to students of Distance Education?

Self-discipline

Speaking Aids/facilities include all, EXCEPT

Formal- audio

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Regional Training and Research Institute for Open and Distance Learning
(RETRIDAL) is the brain child of who?
Commonwealth of Learning (COL)

The experimental radio broadcast with the College of the Air took place
in
1960s

All but one of these characterised open and distance learning

Non separation of teacher and learner

A learner makes his reading real only by this

Copying what he read in a notebook.

Reading is a set of practices which enable you to engage with the following
ideas in a text, EXCEPT
Setting reference

The SQ3R as an acronym for effective and efficient reading strategy, in its
full meaning does not include
Scan

Technology has contributed all but one of these to distance education.

Advancement in student-teacher ratio

Which of these term is not applicable to Fourth generation Distance

Education?
f-Learning (flexible learning)

In distance education, 1874 marks the beginning of

television experiment

In distance education, marks the beginning of television experiment

1874

The word that qualifies what reminds a reader at each moment of where he
is, in the argument and pointing the way he is heading is called
Signposting

is the greatest stimulator of critical thinking

Reading

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Reading is the greatest of critical thinking
stimulator

Reading is the greatest stimulator of

critical thinking

Which of the phases in distance learning, is referred to as Computer

technology?
Third phase

delivery is affected by emerging technologies

Educational

Educational delivery is affected by

emerging technologies

Educational delivery is affected by emerging

technologies

Good writing is primarily a factor of and ideas

quality arguments

Good writing is primarily a factor of quality arguments and

ideas

The educational philosophy of open learning emphasizes giving learners

choices about these, EXCEPT
Cost of education

Quoting is an excellent way of bringing the views of an author into play.

essay writing

One of the listed does not belong to the students‟ learning classification.
Sensory learners

A student get used to the format of the questions through

Practice with old exams

Activities carried out by an assessor to ascertain the level of achievement

and ability of a learner is called
Play-back

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All but one of these stand as advantages for learning through reading.
Exploration of intellectual properties

Among the listed, what increases the level of participation and involvement
of the recipient in decoding the message is called
Feedback

A good research project must have number of chapters

Five

Chapter one of a research project must have all these among others,
EXCEPT
Research Design

In a particular research project chapter, which of the following does not

belong?
Purpose of the study

The writing that explains how something is done is

Summative

A well written paragraph must have

Unity

ODL is made up of concepts in education

2

The origin of correspondence education can be traced to

Mid nineteenth century

The acronym RETRIDAL means

Regional Training and Research Institute for Open and Distance
Learning

The term “open content” was coined by who and in what year?
David Wiley in 1998

The focus of instruction is shifted from the teacher to the learner in

a/an
Learner Centred Approach

Learning environment encompasses

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Modes of learning

An ill learner is barred by type of learning barrier

Physiological barrier

ODL possesses all but one of the following characteristics

Singular media courseware

One of the following is an essential component of speaking

Grammar

Selective reading which involves the reading of major ideas is referred to

as
Skimming

Sir Isaac Pitman‟ s Correspondence courses in shorthand started

around
1840s

The type of listening that is marked by the intention to learn is known

as
Attentive listening

One of the following is a note-taking method that gives room for contrast of
ideas and topics
Charting Method

The last „R‟ in the acronym SQ3R denotes

Review

The practice of re-reading the same information over and over is known
as
Regression

Which one of these requires persuasiveness and validity?

Argumentative essay

Showing division of thoughts in writing is evidenced in

Paragraphing

There exists types of learner

4

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An individual who learns by physical activity is a
Tactile learner

All these are techniques for effective study EXCEPT

Divulging information

Assessment that focuses on supporting metacognitive development in

students
Assessment as Learning

Assessment is conducted in the ODL system for ONE of these reasons

It is provides feedback to learners

Chapter three of a project is titled the

Methodology

Northedge pointed out one of the following as things to avoid during

examinations
Stuffing answers full of names and facts

The Appropriateness of a research design can be located in chapter of a

project
Chapter 3

A graduate level course designed to give students supervised practical

application of a previously studied theory
Practicum

The minimum duration for SIWES should be

24 weeks

Which scholars differentiated between academic and non-academic support?

Simpson

Adewale (2014) identified how many types of learners‟ support services?

5

The monitoring of the efficient operation of delivery media can be classed

under what support
Technical Support

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In NOUN matriculation holds
One week after orientation

The minimum credit load a student can register for is

10

The personnel who sign the issuance of transcripts is

Deputy Registrar (Academics)

The open content was coined in which year

1998

The earliest appearance of distance education was in form of

education
Correspondence

The Nigeria Open University was established in the 1980s with Professor
as its Vice Chancellor
Afolabi Ojo

represented the third phase of distance education

Computer technology

The Open University, UK was established in the year 1969.

False

The present minimum qualification for primary school teachers is

Nigeria
Certificate of Education

The acronym MOOCs denotes

Massive Open Online Courses

U-learning refers to
Ubiquitous learning

In ODL, one is exposed to three important people in the system.

False

The teacher in the open and distance learning environment functions as a

Facilitator

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The National Open University of Nigeria has more female students than
males.
True

is the ability to apply frequent and substantive consideration and

assessment of one‟ s learning process and products
Reflective skills

is the first of the four basic language skills

Listening

Hearing is a process in the sense that it is passive and physical

Physiological

listening involves listening for pure pleasure

Appreciative

barriers arise when the speaker and the listener possibly view the
same situation from varying points
Perceptual

method is a note taking method that gives graphic representations of

the ideas from a lecture
Mapping

The ability to easily speak a language while maintaining reasonable speed

and accuracy is
Fluency

A good speaker will share his idea truthfully and in a supportive manner
because he possesses what quality?
Integrity

is reading in order to find specific information

Scanning

reading habit involves pronouncing words in your head while reading

Sub-vocalization

The second step in the writing process is for writing

Collection of materials

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What is the penultimate step of the SQ3R process?
Recall

Acronyms as a means of remembering and retaining information may be

classed under using devices
Mnemonic

Assessment can result in unconditional promotion and improvement of

learning.
True

refers to the confirmation of certain characteristics of a person

Certification

Computer-marked assignment (CMA) items are generated by the

Facilitator

In NOUN, examination in every semester is of how many phases

2

Chapter 2 of a Project is titled the

Literature Review

SIWES is the acronym for Students Industrial

Work Experience Scheme

A 2-unit course is allocated how many hours of facilitation?

8

The acronym DICT refers to the Directorate of Communication

Technology
Information

The automated admission letter is issued from the

Registry

Plagiarism is considered to be
Theft of intellectual property

is considered to be theft of intellectual property

Plagiarism is considered to be

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The acronym which stands as a checklist to judge the reliability of web
information is
PROMPT

Some of the issues that might arise in class discussion groups are
alienation and frustration

Which of the following points clearly distinguish between IT and ICT?

The emergence of electronic communication make ICT differ from IT which is
mainly about computer system

Learning cannot be achieved by

praying hard

During your examination revision, what is the use and source of master
document?
electronic notes to cut and paste for each topic

In which of the following ways has the introduction of ICT not reconfigured
the academic scene
the thinking process of the examiner

The short cut to 'find' in word processing is

Ctrl + F

The short cut to 'copy' in word processing is

Ctrl + C

Numbers can be difficult because

they are condensed and abstract

Statistics is a branch of science concerned with techniques for

presentation of summaries

Your To-Do list is a creative tool, not a straight jacket. This implies that

You remain in control even after drafting it

To take control of your work, you need to begin with the „big picture‟ . The
term „big picture‟ in this context does not relate to
The note and assignment to copy

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The skill required to read numbers used in a particular field of discourse is
called skill
numeracy

Essay titles have hidden depths; you should therefore

identify process words

Some of the questions you will ask in the Planning process of David Kolb‟ s
experiential learning cycle include all the options except one:
What targets will you set for the lecturer?
It is said that writing is a form of speaking. This implies that when you read
out your essay, it will help develop your
sense of audience and writing voice

Which of the following is a generally acceptable approach to lecture note

taking?
cornell system

When you learn about history and events of the past can be classified as

abstract learning

The art of reading that helps you get a rough idea of the content of a piece is
called
skimming

If you allow your time to dribble away on patchy half-focused activity, it

means
you have not been able to connect effectively with your studies

In the correct order, identify actions that will enable you get the most from
discussion groups
belonging, preparing, listening, taking notes, speaking

A transient sharp upward or downward movement, as on a graph or table

reading is called
blip

Basic skills in Information Technology include the following except

Troubleshoot the computer if there is booting problem

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The act of learning practical things will involve one of these
reflecting on experience

In order to manage your reading effectively, you will need to

pitch speed according to purpose

In the correct order, identify actions that will enable you get the most from
discussion groups
belonging, preparing, listening, taking notes, speaking

You are adviced not to record everything during lectures. You should
instead
map the main topics

The Kolb's reflective learning circle is so named because

it’s a continous process

The short cut to 'undo' in word processing is

Ctrl + Z

The short cut to 'save' in word processing is

Ctrl + S

In word processing describes a situation where you play around with

large, bold, purple, gothic lettering on a marble background
format frenzy

To move the cursor to the start of a word, hold down „Ctrl‟ and press the
arrow key.
left or right

Which of the followings would lift a student‟ s morale?

Achievement, Creating structure, Knowledge

In a class lecture, which of these techniques will prove more significant?

understanding

The reasons listed are why it is imperative that you take responsibility for
your own learning at the university except
Your scope of courses tends to be distant

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One of the questions you will ask in the Conceptualising process of David
Kolb‟ s experiential learning cycle is
What changes in your approach to study might help you to learn
better?

Study skills are not a set of that you learn once and apply forever
tricks

The challenge of unfamiliar words can be resolved by the use of

concept cards

Statistics is a branch of science concerned with techniques for

presentation of summaries

Computer literacy is a skill that all students should acquire and to

succeed in their studies
develop

The excellent way to democratize group learning experience is through

Presentations

Understanding how you learn is a process

life long

Computer can be used to execute the following except

Originate information

To be an independent learner, you are required to be a

reflective learner

You are advised Not To your study material if you are stuck while
reading.
drop

Some of the general problems which all students face are

struggling to understand, managing time, completing tasks

The challenges students encounter while taking control of their studies

includes all but
Availability of rest time horizons

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The free writing technique can be used to improve students
writing voice

The basic components of academic writing are

Scholarship, Debate, Argument, Objectivity

The short cut to 'paste' in word processing is

Ctrl + V

The type of student who is inclined to put in bursts of intensive study and
learns a lot quickly is descibed as
impulsive

All these may be associated with the acquisition of essential skills except

Edificaton

The short cut to 'redo' in word processing is

Ctrl + Y

The following steps may be taken to become a skillful student except

Adopt strategies for quick fixes

In learning, the student will search for the underlying meaning of a

text as he reads.
deep

A student who can start reading a book from page one and read to the end
will be described as a
Serialist

Substantive knowledge is gained by students through reading, asking

questions and
devising own solutions

All the following are necessary to improve your learning except

Allow for peer influence in learning

The two classes of learners you studied are and

Serialist vs holist and controlled vs impulsive

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In the past, education was associated with childhood but now, we are all
expected to
be lifelong learners

Group discussions enable you to your ideas

share

In note making, flexibility involves

making sketched or detailed notes according to need

The best way to invest time in one's self is by investing

in study time

Which of the following key skills may not be required towards investing in
personal development? Theological skill
When you plan for your studies, it will encourage
strategic thinking

When you face an immediate study challenge you are expected to

skim through the book to find the advice you need.

You can achieve all the following with a computer system except
Effect a psychological treatment

Study time can be considered to be of when you are tired, and

experience distractions around.
low-quality

The process of learning through reflection on experience according to David

Kolb‟ s experiential learning cycle involves
Planning, doing, reflecting, conceptualizing

An independent learner is generally a learner

Reflective

From the options, pick two of the four key processes of Kolb's reflective
learning cycle
conceptualising and reflecting

One of the productive way to invest your time is to

invest in your study

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Students gain knowledge by reading, asking questions and
devising own solutions

The Good Study Guide is designed to be used in these various ways as listed
in the options with the exception of one. Pick the odd option.
If you want to design a comprehensive index and key points

A skillful learner can be characterized with all the following except

Partial control of the study process

The following are relevant towards monitoring your progress as a learner

except
Adopt a strategy

is synonymous to being a reflective learner

Independent learner

Independent learner is synonymous to being a

reflective learner

Which of the following is not a component in David Kolb's experiential

learning cycle?
Integrating

You can do all of these in word processing except

Execute auto-save, filter and arrange in alphabetical or ascending order

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