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52, e71617, 2022

Evaluation of the biotechnical characteristics of

ABSTRACT RESUMO
Avaliação das características biotécnicas dos
capins vetiver e paspalum para uso em técnicas de
Soil erosion on slopes demands the use of techniques reforço do solo sob ameaça de erosão
that promote soil cohesion, increasing its shear strength, while
contributing to the floristic-landscape recovery. This study A erosão em encostas ou taludes demanda o uso de técnicas
aimed to analyze the morphological characteristics of vetiver que promovam a coesão do solo, aumentando sua resistência ao
and paspalum grasses, in order to understand their contribution cisalhamento, ao mesmo tempo que contribuam para a recuperação
to soil stabilization, under greenhouse conditions. The following florístico-paisagística. Objetivou-se analisar as características
parameters were evaluated: plant height; number of tillers per morfológicas dos capins vetiver e paspalum, a fim de compreender
plant; root length, diameter, volume and dry matter. Both species sua contribuição para a estabilização do solo, em casa-de-vegetação.
showed similar values for root length and diameter, while the Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: altura da planta; número
number of tillers per plant was higher for the paspalum grass. de perfilhos por planta; comprimento, diâmetro, volume e matéria
Concerning the plant height, no statistical differences were seca da raiz. Ambas as espécies mostraram valores semelhantes para
identified, showing that both can promote a good soil cover. comprimento e diâmetro da raiz, embora o número de perfilhos por
The paspalum grass presented a similar performance in several planta tenha sido maior para o capim paspalum. Em relação à altura
morphometric characteristics, when compared to the vetiver da planta, não foram identificadas diferenças estatísticas, mostrando
grass, showing a strong potential to be adopted as part of the que ambas podem promover boa cobertura do solo. O capim paspalum
techniques on the recovery of degraded areas related to soil apresentou desempenho semelhante em várias características
stabilization. morfométricas, quando comparado ao capim vetiver, demonstrando
forte potencial para ser adotado como parte das técnicas de recuperação
de áreas degradadas relacionadas à estabilização do solo.

KEYWORDS: Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty, Paspalum PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty,
millegrana Schrad, soil bioengineering, soil stabilization. Paspalum millegrana Schrad, Poaceae, bioengenharia de solos,
estabilização de solos.

As an environment for the development of logs - in order to stabilize watercourse banks and
plant species or enabling ecosystem services (Poesen natural or built slopes, using biologically active tools
2018), soil is a finite resource, generally under a (Holanda et al. 2010, Solera et al. 2014, Janssen et
degradation threat represented by erosion. The al. 2019) to solve soil displacement problems such
mitigation of soil degradation processes demands as erosion, shear and slope instability present in
techniques that bring quick and efficient benefits, occupied urban areas (Holanda et al. 2008, Giupponi
and with less environmental and landscape impact. et al. 2019). Soil bioengineering techniques are also
Therefore, soil bioengineering techniques have responsible for ecological restoration strategies in
proved to be an important alternative (Bischetti et permanent preservation areas previously occupied
al. 2021). by agriculture, or rebuilding those environments
Of multidisciplinary nature, soil bioengineering modified by floods (Zhanga et al. 2019, Lopes et al.
uses living natural materials such as plants - or wood 2020, Ngilangil & Quinquito 2020).

1
Received: Jan. 23, 2022. Accepted: Apr. 12, 2022. Published: June 03, 2022. DOI: 10.1590/1983-40632022v5271617.
2
Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Engenharia Agronômica, São Cristóvão, SE, Brasil.
E-mail/ORCID: [email protected]/0000-0003-3575-8105; [email protected]/0000-0001-8659-8557;
[email protected]/0000-0003-2918-2621; [email protected]/0000-0003-1477-7892;
[email protected]/0000-0002-8808-2690.
2 F. S. R. Holanda et al. (2022)

To achieve a maximum efficiency in the showing that this period might be ideal to identify
implementation of biotechnologies, it is necessary to the best morphophysiological expression. This was
select plant species that present suitable morphological the reason for establishing the evaluation period from
characteristics (Machado et al. 2015) on the soil February to June 2019, in the present study.
reinforcement. Plants with high root density work Six PVC tubes were used, each measuring
as strong tools to increase soil cohesion and prevent 2 m in height, 30 cm in diameter and with capacity
possible mass movements, because the shear stress for 141 kg of soil. Vetiver grass [Chrysopogon
is reduced when the soil moves along the sliding zizanioides (L.) Roberty] tillers extracted from the
plane (Capilleri et al. 2019). The roots also induce the same mother plant were planted in three PVC tubes,
formation of soil macropores, formed as a result of their under greenhouse conditions. In the remaining tubes,
senescence and decomposition, which allow a better paspalum grass (Paspalum millegrana Schrad) seeds
water movement in the soil profile (Ogilvie et al. 2021). were planted, collected from clumps grown in an
Although the vetiver and paspalum grasses experimental area near the greenhouse.
present different leaf architectures, both species have Initially, three tillers of vetiver grass were
biotechnical properties of great importance within planted, once it does not propagate by seeds, and
the context of soil stabilization and mitigation of paspalum grass seeds were sown. After one month
erosive processes (Holanda et al. 2017), such as of planting, a selection was carried out among
fasciculated roots with the ability to reach great the vetiver grass tillers, leaving only the ones that
depths and expressive root volume (Machado et al. presented the best vegetative development in the
2018, Carvalho et al. 2020). It is also important to tubes (Figure 1). For the paspalum grass, over one
highlight that the grass root fibers increase the soil month, the seedlings were thinned, with three of the
resistance mainly considering its vulnerability to most vigorous ones remaining, and later only the one
shear, once they elongate, hindering possible mass with the best vegetative development. All tillers and
movements (Zhu & Zhang 2016). seedlings discarded from both species and tubes were
This study aimed to analyze the morphological incorporated into the soil.
characteristics of vetiver and paspalum grasses, The soil is classified as Neossolo (Embrapa
in order to understand their contribution to soil 2018) or Entisol (USDA 2014) and was collected
stabilization. The experiment was carried out in a at the Universidade Federal de Sergipe, in the same
greenhouse at the Universidade Federal de Sergipe, area where the vetiver grass tillers and the paspalum
in São Cristovão, Sergipe State, Brazil (11º01’53”S; grass seeds were collected. The soil used in the PVC
37º12’23”W), Brazil. pipes was uniformly fertilized considering the values
Chrysopogon zizanioides, in a previous of 4,105 g of (NH4)2SO4, 90.46 g of KCl and 225.6 g
research (Machado et al. 2018), showed a more linear of simple superphosphate for each kilogram of soil
growth during the period of 5 months after sprouting, (Santos et al. 2010).
Photos: Francisco Sandro Rodrigues Holanda

Figure 1. Plants of vetiver (A) and paspalum (B) grasses grown in PVC tubes.

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The plants were daily irrigated, thus of the selected parameters. The performance for
maintaining a humidity equivalent to the field root length was similar for both species, with no
capacity. Soil samples from each treatment were statistical differences (Figure 2). Considering the so-
collected for analysis on their chemical properties called importance of the vetiver grass as part of the
after the plants were collected and showed CEC soil bioengineering techniques, due to its high root
values of 2.93 cmol dm-3, pH (H2O) of 5.4 and V of growth (Singh et al. 2019) and strength, the absence
61.29 %. Table 1 presents the soil analysis results of statistical difference between the species shows
for each replicate. that the paspalum grass also has a high potential to
After 4 months of planting, the plants were be used in soil bioengineering works. Chen et al.
collected (shoot and root matter) from the tubes. (2015), working with species of the Poaceae family,
To collect the root system without damaging the demonstrated that greater root lengths and densities
roots, the tubes were tilted and shaken to cause the result in a greater initial resistance to soil erosion,
soil collapse, in order to reduce the cohesion force allowing a greater structuring, due to the increased
between soil and roots, thus facilitating the latter carbon contribution and greater concentration of
removal. After collecting the plants, a 1-mm mesh fulvic and humic acids in soils cultivated with
sieve was used to collect the finer roots. grasses.
All the collected material was taken to the The fact that the experiment was conducted in
laboratory, to carry out measurements of plant height an Entisol, characterized by the absence of structure
and root length, using a tape measure, as well as the (single grains), became a very favorable environment
manual count of the number of tillers of each plant. for the full development of the root system, allowing
It was necessary to undo the entanglement of the a more reliable evaluation. Carvalho et al. (2020),
roots at the bottom of the PVC tubes to identify the studying the root system of paspalum grass cultivated
length of those that exceeded 2 m in height, as well in the same type of soil and using the trench method,
as washing them to remove the soil. The root upper showed long roots to the deepest layers of the soil
(neck), medium (branching zone) and lower (cap) profile (greater than 1.70 m). Holanda et al. (2017),
diameters were evaluated with the aid of a caliper, studying the development of the root system of
and these values were collected in the longest roots of paspalum grass in pots (more confined environment)
each plant, in a total of 18 roots for the two species,
and dried at 60 ºC, for 72 hours. After drying, the
shoot and root matter were weighed.
The root volume was calculated by the
equation: V = [(π/4) x d2] x C, where d is the average
root diameter and C the root length.
To analyze and compare the morphometric
characteristics of the studied species, the following
parameters were evaluated: plant height; number
of tillers per plant; shoot dry matter; root length,
diameter, volume and dry matter. All the collected
data were processed using the IBM SPSS software
and the Kruskal-Wallis test, at 5 % of probability, to
identify possible statistical differences in the values Figure 2. Root length of the paspalum and vetiver grasses.

Table 1. Average data for the soil chemical parameters.

pH OM Ca Mg K Na P CEC SB Al
V (%)
(H2O) g kg-1 cmol dm-3 _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

Paspalum grass
5.4 0.94 1.16 0.22 0.06 0.24 41.87 2.93 1.70 0.00 57.94
Vetiver grass
5.4 0.91 1.32 0.07 0.04 0.22 156.40 2.80 1.69 0.00 59.80

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4 F. S. R. Holanda et al. (2022)

and different doses of phosphorus, identified root Both the paspalum and vetiver grasses have
lengths reaching up to 1.50 m. a cespitose growth habit, which refers to the way
The studied species has fasciculated roots, with that some plants grow by releasing tillers, forming
a large volume of very fine roots occupying a large a clump. However, the paspalum grass has a more
part of the tube area. According to Ola et al. (2015), open clump architecture, unlike the vetiver grass,
fine roots may lead to a remarkable increase in the which forms a more upright, more compact clump
soil shear strength, hence contributing to anchoring architecture (Figure 4). This difference in the
the effect performed by species of the Poaceae paspalum grass architecture contributes to a greater
family. The stabilizing effect of vegetation from soil cover and, consequently, a greater contribution
the mechanical interactions between soil and plant of the shoot matter to erosion control.
roots on slopes (Maffra et al. 2017) and the way the Figure 5 shows the total length of the paspalum
roots are distributed play an important role on the and vetiver grasses in each of the replications. In a
efficiency of biotechnologies. Then, the architectural quick view, it is possible to note a more compact
characteristics of the roots play a very important role in and higher plant for the vetiver grass, even though
the mechanical soil properties (Ghestem et al. 2014). a bigger difference between the two species is not
In the evaluation of plant height, although so apparent.
the vetiver grass had a higher average data, when By evaluating the number of tillers per plant,
compared to the paspalum grass, both species did it is shown that the paspalum grass presented values
not show significant differences for the p-value ranging from 22 to 32 tillers per plant, being different
at 0.5 % (Figure 3). Those species have similar in comparison to the vetiver grass, which presented
potentialities, reaching a maximum height close to more homogeneous values. Despite this, the values
1.65 m, not differing from the findings by Lal et al. showed no statistical difference between the species
(2018), who claim that the vetiver grass can reach up (Figure 6).
to 2 m in height. It is important to note that despite Tillering in cespitose growth habit is a result
the weak statistical differences among values for the from developing axillary buds, which, when located
treatments, numerically, the vetiver grass showed at the stem base, are called basilar buds. The good
higher plant height values than the paspalum grass, tillering of both species, in addition to promoting
even though it presents a better performance related a good soil cover, reinforces the soil cohesion.
to root length in the comparison of the two species. Machado et al. (2018) reported that the presence of
In the development of biotechniques to species such as the vetiver grass contributes to the
minimize the effects of accelerating erosion reduction of resistance to soil penetration, due to the
processes, in addition to understanding the root greater soil aggregation promoted by its roots, as well
characteristics, it is necessary to pay close attention as the shoot matter (tillers) promoting a higher rate of
to the soil cover promoted by the shoot matter. Thus, recovery of soil aggregation, especially in degraded
it is essential to consider the architecture of the plant
represented by the arrangement of the shoot or its
Photos: Francisco Sandro Rodrigues Holanda

growth habit.

Figure 3. Plant height of the paspalum and vetiver grasses. Figure 4. Clumps of the paspalum (A) and vetiver (B) grasses.

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 Evaluation of the biotechnical characteristics of vetiver and paspalum grasses for use in soil reinforcement techniques... 5
Photos: Francisco Sandro Rodrigues Holanda

Figure 7. Shoot and root dry matter of the paspalum and vetiver
Figure 5. Total length (shoot + root) of the paspalum (P1: grasses.
paspalum sample 1; P2: paspalum sample 2; P3:
paspalum sample 3) and vetiver (V1: vetiver
sample 1; V2: vetiver sample 2; V3: vetiver sample 3) presented a greater root length, it also presented a
grasses.
lower root dry matter.
A deeper understanding of root biomass is
necessary to assess the importance of its density,
soils. It is also important to highlight that a good soil since a high root density influences the soil structure
cover directly influences the reduction of splash, (Veylon et al. 2015). This effect is noticed mainly in
which promotes the rupture of soil aggregation, the shallower layers, where the soil is more vulnerable
sequenced by the sealing of its pores, consequently to erosive processes. It is possible to observe that the
affecting the water infiltration into the soil. density of the root system decreases as depth increases,
In the root dry matter analyses, a higher what may be explained by the characteristics related
numerical difference was observed for the vetiver to the root architectural development in the depth, as
grass, when compared to the paspalum grass well as by the availability of nutrients in the deeper
(Figure 7), possibly due to the exceeding presence of soil layers (Machado et al. 2015).
thicker roots. The paspalum grass propagation was Regarding the shoot dry matter, no statistical
through the planting of seeds, and then it likely most differences could be identified between the studied
showed a great genetic variability, which resulted in species. Such finding leads to believe that both
performance variation among the data. The vetiver species have a similar development potential when
grass presented more homogeneous plants, justified dealing with shoot biomass, even though the shoot
by the planting of tillers from a single mother plant. architecture is more open for the paspalum and more
It was then noticed that, although the paspalum grass compact for the vetiver grass.

Figure 6. Frequency of tillers of the paspalum and vetiver grasses.

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6 F. S. R. Holanda et al. (2022)

Considering that the vetiver grass is a worldwide smaller diameters, stronger and essential to increase
studied species (Chong & Chu 2007, Jotisankasa et the shear strength (Machado et al. 2015). Liu et al.
al. 2014, Santos et al. 2018, Ngilangil & Quinquito (2016), studying the vetiver grass, reported that
2020), regarding its morphological characteristics the smaller root diameter present in Hippophae
with a focus on its use in soil bioengineering rhamnoides is more effective in reducing soil loss
techniques for soil stabilization, this similarity in in ravines. In this way, thinner roots make possible
shoot and root dry matter also places the paspalum to increase the density of the root system, forming
grass as a species with strong potential for adoption a dense mesh that boosts the soil resistance (Hao et
as part of these biotechniques. al. 2020).
It was also measured the upper (neck), medium Concerning the root volume, statistically
(branching zone) and lower (cap) diameters of the significant differences were observed for the p-value
three largest roots in each PVC tube. In the upper at 0.5 % in the paspalum grass (M = 0.437; p-value =
diameter, both species presented statistically equal 0.543), showing greater values in comparison to the
values, where the paspalum grass varied between vetiver grass (M = 0.389; p-value = 0.543). While
0.38 and 0.92 mm and the vetiver grass between 0.35 the values for the paspalum grass varied between
and 1.47 mm, showing the largest upper diameter 0.439 and 0.510 cm³, the vetiver grass presented
(Figure 8). In the medium plant diameter, both values between 0.379 and 0.428 cm³. The greater
species also presented statistically equal values, root volume of the paspalum grass (Figure 9) may be
with the paspalum grass ranging between 0.34 and explained by the contact surface of its roots, which
0.78 mm and the vetiver grass between 0.4 and tends to be bigger due to higher values of root length.
0.54 mm, also presenting one of the replications In order to understand the contribution of the
that reached 1.69 mm. For the lower diameter, the root volume related to its biotechnical properties, it
species showed statistically equal values, with the is important to mention that a greater root volume
paspalum grass presenting values between 0.38 and in the superficial layers can improve the physical
0.66 mm, differently from the vetiver grass, which conditioning of the soil, such as soil density, porosity
varied between 0.35 and 0.51 mm. and soil organic matter (Zhang et al. 2020). Root
The role of superficial roots, especially those systems with a higher surface area to volume ratios
with larger diameters, is very important for the plant generally have a higher nutrient uptake efficiency and
nutrition balance (Kaushal et al. 2020), due to the gas diffusion rates under normal conditions without
direct contact promoted with ions and the kinetics of water extraction (Guo et al. 2016).
uptake by root interception. This path of ion uptake is The selection of species to compose the
very important for nutrients such as phosphorus, an biotechniques is the first step, mostly related to
element of great importance in plant rooting. It is also the need of the species that respond positively to
known that the roots of paspalum and vetiver grasses increase the root density (Carvalho et al. 2020).
are fasciculated, presenting several derivations (thin The paspalum grass presented values of root length
roots) originating from the main axis, roots with and volume higher than for the vetiver grass, very
important morphological characteristics for the best
soil anchorage. Although the paspalum grass had

0.00

Figure 8. Root diameter of the paspalum and vetiver grasses. Figure 9. Total root volume of the paspalum and vetiver grasses.

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 Evaluation of the biotechnical characteristics of vetiver and paspalum grasses for use in soil reinforcement techniques... 7

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