INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

B.E. (ECE)- 8th SEMESTER

LAB AUTOMATION AND RF HARVESTING

Undertaken at

DESIGN INNOVATION CENTRE

(DIC-UIET)

Submitted by
VISHALI
Roll No: UE145108

Under the Guidance of

Dr. SUKESHA
Assistant Professor, IT Dept (UIET)

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
PANJAB UNIVERSITY, CHANDIGARH

MAY-JUNE, 2018
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work entitled Lab Automation is an authentic record of my
own work carried out at Design Innovation Centre(DIC,UIET) as requirements of six months
Industrial Training for the award of the degree of B.E. at University Institute of Engineering
& Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh under the guidance of Dr.Sukesha
Sharma during Jan-May 2018.

(Signature of student)
Vishali
UE145108
Date:

Certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of our knowledge
and belief.

Signature of Project In-charge

Name: Dr. Sukesha
Designation: Astt. Professor, IT Dept
Official Seal:
 JOINING REPORT

B.E.-E.C.E.-8th Semester Industrial Training (Jan-May/June 2018)

1. Roll No.: UE145108

2. Name: Vishali
3. Institute: University Institute of Engineering & Technology, Panjab University,
handigarh.
4. Title/Area of the Project/Training: Lab Automation
5. Period of Training: 4th Jan 2018 to 20 May 2018
6. Name & Address of the organization: DIC Lab, UIET, Panjab University
7. Telephone No.:+91-9815472778
8. Residential Address of the student: #129/40,ITBP Camp, Sector-32A, Chandigarh
Mobile No.: +91-7837369753

I hereby inform that I have joined the organization on 4th Jan 2018 for the Project
Semester/Industrial Training in the industry.

Dated: Signature of the Student

 CERTIFICATE BY THE CO-ORDINATOR/GUIDE IN THE INDUSTRY

Certified that the above mentioned student has joined our organization for the project
semester/Industrial Training in this industry.

Dated: Signature of the Project guide

Name of the Coordinator: Dr. Sukesha

Designation: Astt. Professor, IT Dept
Phone No.: 9815472778

Email (Official Id): [email protected]

 Attendance Record: Industrial Training (B.E.-E.C.E. 8th Semester)-May 2017

1. Name of the student: Vishali

2. Name of the organization/company: DIC,UIET

3. Date of commencement of Training: 4th January

Month-wise Attendance Record:

Month Total working Number of Percentage of Signature of the

Days in a month presents in a Attendance Industrial Guide
month
January
February
March
April
May

Signature (Industrial Guide):

Name of the Industrial Guide: Dr. Sukesha

Designation: Astt. Professor, IT Dept

Official Seal:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank Dr. Sukesha for providing me with an opportunity to undergo this training
with Design Innovation Center(DIC). She guided us through my training, provided helpful
insights and motivated us to work harder. Her constant guidance and willingness to share her
vast knowledge made us understand this project and it’s manifestation in great depths which
helped us in completing the task assigned.
At last, I would like to thank Mr. YP Verma for sponsoring this project, as without them
the opportunity would have never come our way.
I am obliged to all the faculties, DEPT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION,
UIET, Panjab University who provided me this opportunity to undergo this internship and
supported me through it. I offer my regards and gratitude to all those who supported in any
respect during the completion of my project.
Lastly, a whole hearted thanks to almighty whose blessings are helping me undergo this
internship successfully.

VISHALI
 ABSTRACT

Nowadays without electricity we cannot imagine our daily life because electricity has become
a necessity for all, without which day-to-day life chores & daily activities stand still. Due to
the depletion of non-renewable resources, conservation of energy has become
mandatory and by doing so we can reduce electricity bills as well. Many
environmental effects and day by day depleting energy resources warn us to save energy
by using automatic room controller and energy-efficient lighting systems. Nowadays the
wastage of electricity has become a routine thing for us, and the problem has become
frequent at homes, schools, and colleges and even in industries. Sometimes we notice
fans and lights keep on working even in the absence of people. This often happens in
homes, offices and public places due to utter negligence of the inmates. Energy harvesting
techniques have been developed more than a decade and received much attention in realizing
long-term energy autonomous microsystems. Many converter topologies and circuit
techniques have been reported to effectively convert the harvested energy to usable outputs.
To avoid unnecessary power wastage, an automatic room-light controller automatically turns
on the lights when a person enters into a room, and turns off the lights when the person leaves
the room. This automatic room controller can be implemented by using a
simple microcontroller and wireless IR technologies. Automated lighting controls enable
recall and selection of scenes with the press of a button, instantly customizing the lighting to
accommodate different preferences and different uses of the space. With the progress in
wireless technology and low power electronics, wireless sensors can be used in almost
every field. Some of the applications of wireless sensor are health monitoring, agriculture
automation, industrial automation, civil and military applications. A smart wireless
sensor device must support wireless communication, computation, and sensing. A
power source combined with energy harvesting can provide wireless devices for low
maintenance cost or extended battery life. RF energy harvesting circuits are employed for
delivering power to wireless system operating at very low power levels with high efficiency.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No CONTENTS Page no.

1. Declaration i
2. Joining Report ii
3. Certificate by the co-ordinate of the industry iii
4. Attendance Record iv
5. Acknowledgement v
6. Abstract vi
7. List of Figures vii
8. About DIC viii
9. Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Energy Management
1.2 Energy Harvesting

10. Chapter 2: ENERGY MANAGEMENT

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Automation of Lights and Fan of Lab
2.2.1 Components
2.2.2 Block Diagram
2.3 Implementation using Zigbee Technology
2.3.1 Block Diagram
2.4 Implementation using GSM technology
2.4.1 Block Diagram
2.5 Codes Implemented
2.6 Research Paper

11. Chapter 3: ENERGY HARVESTING

3.1 Introduction
3.2 RF harvesting
3.3 Stages of harvesting
3.3.1 Antenna
3.3.2 Rectifier and Multiplier
 3.3.3 Storage
3.4 Implementation oh RF module
3.4.1 P-N vs. Schottky diode
3.4.2 Results and observations
3.4.3 Screenshots

12. Chapter 4: FEATURES AND CONCLUSION

4.1 Applications and Future Scope
4.2 Conclusion
4.3 References
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE DESCRIPTION
Fig 1.1 Energy harvesting techniques and working principle
Fig 1.2 Block diagram of sensor node
Fig 1.3 Block diagram of receiving node
Fig 1.4 Arduino uno
Fig 1.5 Zigbee module
Fig 1.6 Wall mount PIR
Fig 1.7 Relay
Fig 1.8 3 way toggle switch
Fig 1.9 Arduino IDE
Fig 1.10 XCTU software
Fig 1.11 Configuring xbees
Fig 1.12 Interfacing xbee with arduino
Fig 1.13 Controls with relay
Fig 1.14 Circuit diagram
Fig 2.1 interfacing GSM with arduino
 ABOUT DESIGN INNOVATION CENTRE (DIC)

The Ministry of Human resource Development, Govt of India, as a part of its 12 th Five year
plan (2012-17) has taken a national initiative to set up a network of Design
Innovation Centres (DICs) across the country. One Open Design School and a National
Design Innovation Network will link these DICs to evolve a nationwide ecosystem of
resource and knowledge sharing to impart education and training to foster the
innovative culture of designing products, processes and technologies of need to society. The
MHRD has approved the establishment of a DIC at Panjab University, Chandigarh to focus
on innovations around engineering products, add value to the available engineering designs
and promote early stage startup companies. Several ideas are being perused for
developing a new pedagogy in teaching and training in design, new fabrications and
innovations. A number of design technologies for smart cities, biomedical devices,
advanced materials, navigational and tourism aids, green environment, energy & traffic
management, communication etc will be taken up at the DIC at PU .
The following four technology areas are currently in progress.
a. Traffic Sensing & Information Technologies.
b. Medical Devices & Restorative Technologies.

c. Energy Harvesting and Management

Technologies.

d. Transparent Ceramic Materials & Technologies.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 ENERGY MANAGEMENT

“Energy management is the proactive, organized and systematic coordination of
procurement, conversion, distribution and use of energy to meet the requirements, taking into
account environmental and economic objectives”.
Energy management includes planning and operation of energy production and energy
consumption units. Objectives are resource conservation, climate protection and cost savings,
while the users have permanent access to the energy they need[1]. Energy management
and facility automation system relates to such a system having one or more controllers in each
home or organization for managing various devices in response to messages from a central
controller, which may be programmed by each user to individually and uniquely control each
device.
Energy Management, which intends to develop such energy conserving systems, plenty of systems
are proposed and implemented acknowledging to vast technologies and new inventions in the field
of wireless communication. With the progress in wireless technology and low power electronics,
wireless sensors can be employed in almost every field. The conventional Wireless Sensor
Networks (WSNs) consists of multiple sensor nodes which sense the environmental changes and
accordingly generate readings that are further delivered to controlling devices. To avoid power
wastage, an automatic room light and fan controller has been proposed in this paper which
automatically turns on the lights and fan of the room according the location of the person in the
room and turns them off when no human movement is detected, thus conserving the energy. The
automation system proposed in this paper operates on Zigbee technology for wireless
communication. Zigbee is a specification endorsed by IEEE 802.15.4 radio standard that
interconnects simple, low power devices and sensor nodes. This technology is preferably used to
connect local networks having wireless sensor nodes which have low power consumption without
compromising with the reliability and sustainability of the network [2]. ZigBee can be used to
effectively deliver solutions for a variety of areas including consumer electronic device control,
energy management and efficiency, home and commercial building automation as well as
industrial plant management. Wireless systems can require central control components or can
be built from combinations of switches, dimmers and scene controllers, which themselves are
hardwired but communicate with each other wirelessly. In wireless systems, commands are sent
either via radio or power line carrier.

1.2 ENERGY HARVESTING

Energy harvesting (also known as power harvesting or energy scavenging or ambient power) is the
process by which energy is derived from external sources (e.g., solar power, thermal energy, wind
energy, salinity gradients, and kinetic energy, also known as ambient energy), captured, and stored
for small, wireless autonomous devices, like those used in wearable electronics and wireless sensor
networks[3]. The history of energy harvesting dates back to the windmill and the waterwheel.
People have searched for ways to store the energy from heat and vibrations for many decades. One
driving force behind the search for new energy harvesting devices is the desire to power sensor
networks and mobile devices without batteries. Energy harvesting is also motivated by a desire to
address the issue of climate change and global warming
The use of energy harvesting technologies in wireless sensor networks (WSN) enables reducing
installation and maintenance efforts for autonomous systems. It helps to overcome many
challenges, such as difficult direct access, flexible use, and working under harsh environmental
conditions. The use of energy harvesting (EH) sources to power wireless communication systems
has recently received considerable attention. The EH devices offer green communication and can
operate autonomously over long periods of time. Because of these benefits, the EH devices are also
increasingly considered in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to power the sensor nodes [4].Sensors
nodes are low cost distributed devices which operate on minimal energy. They are very prevalent
in applications related to monitoring and controlling the environments, especially the remote and
dangerous ones. Usually, sensor nodes are operated by small capacity non-renewable batteries,
thus, suffering from finite lifespan of operation. Sensor nodes with EH capabilities can be an
alternative to increase the lifespan and lower the maintenance cost. Energy can be harvested from
the environment using for instance solar, vibration or thermoelectric effects. Unlike EH, another
practical alternative to increase the lifespan of the nodes is to use massive antenna arrays at the
receiver nodes to mitigates severe energy constraints given by the inexpensive transmitter nodes.
 CHAPTER 2
ENERGY MANAGEMENT

2.1 INTRODUCTION

“Energy management is the proactive, organized and systematic coordination of

procurement, conversion, distribution and use of energy to meet the requirements, taking into
account environmental and economic objectives”.
Energy management includes planning and operation of energy production and energy
consumption units. Objectives are resource conservation, climate protection and cost savings, while
the users have permanent access to the energy they need. Energy management and facility
automation system relates to such a system having one or more controllers in each home or
organization for managing various devices in response to messages from a central controller,
which may be programmed by each user to individually and uniquely control each device.
ZigBee can be used to effectively deliver solutions for a variety of areas including consumer
electronic device control, energy management and efficiency home and commercial building
automation as well as industrial plant management. This next generation green home system
transparently unifies various home appliances, smart sensors and wireless communication
technologies. Automated lighting controls enable recall and selection of scenes with the press of a
button, instantly customizing the lighting to accommodate different preferences and different uses
of the space. Automated lighting control systems may be hard-wired or wireless. Hardwired
systems involve a central control panel with low-voltage wiring to connect the components
throughout the house. In short, hardwired systems must be connected with additional low-
voltage wiring to communicate commands, while wireless systems communicate wirelessly or
via existing powerlines. This project uses Zigbee wireless technology which can be
implemented wherever the appliance control systems and the detecting circuits are placed at
certain distance in meters. In this controller, the Zigbee transmitter is kept at the input side,
where the detection of humans and other sensing circuitry is placed, and the receiver is placed at
the control side to switch various appliances [5].
The GSM modem transfers data from a serial port to the GSM network. The modem
executes operations via a series of AT commands and allow communications between the modem
and SIM card. It relies on the Software Serial library for communication between the modem and
Arduino. Using the simple GSM based phone, just by sending SMS through the phone to the
switch, any home electronic appliances can be switched on and off from anywhere.
GSM modem can be blended with xbee modules by giving them necessary priorities to
decide if relay circuit should be controlled with PIR sensor or mobile phone. To operate both
modules through same arduino, the PWM pins of arduino are used as alternative transmitter
and receiver as shown.

2.2 AUTOMATION OF LIGHTS AND FAN OF LAB

This wireless sensor device supports wireless communication, computation, and sensing. The
basic wireless sensor devices have the following hardware: a microcontroller for
computation, a small RAM for dynamic data, one or more flash memories that hold the
program code, a wireless transceiver, an antenna, an analog to-digital converter (ADC), one or
more sensors, and a power source. Here also, the wireless sensor node senses the input,
performs calculations and transmits the output. Several wireless sensor nodes connected
wirelessly forms a wireless sensor network. Figure 1.1 shows the block diagram of a wireless
sensor node. It mainly consists of three phases:

Figure 2.1 : Basic block diagram of sensor node.

1. Sensing phase: It consists of sensors and analog to digital convertor. It senses the input
information and gives output in digital signal. This part consumes the least energy.
2. Computing phase: It consists of a low power microcontroller which is Arduino uno in this
project. It controls all the activities of sensor node and performs calculations.
3. Transmitting phase: It consists of a transmitter for which zigbee is employed here,
transmits the data to outer world.
Similarly at receiving node receives the transmitted data and feeds the controller device.
Figure 1.1 shows the block diagram of a wireless sensor node. The output of PIR sensor is fed to
an arduino which is programmed to send a high signal when motion in sensed by using
 Zigbee module which is a transreciever device. Zigbee acts as a router when transmitting and
a coordinator when receiving. The arduino at the coordinator side is programmed to control
relays according to the received signal which are further used to automate the lights and fans of
the room.

Figure 2.2: Block diagram of receiving node

Energy management is done with the help of a passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) which is
powered using the battery. It is an electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR) light radiating
from objects in its field of view thus it is used to detect the motion of human beings present in its
vicinity.

2.2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

 Fig 2.3 : Block Diagram of proposed system

2.2.2 COMPONENTS:

This section gives a brief of hardware and software employed in the project:

A. HARDWARE:
System hardware is the collection of physical parts of the project module. It
includes various modules like controllers, regulators, and relay circuits.

I.ARDUINO UNO
The Arduino platform is designed to provide a cheaper way for hobbyists, students
and professionals to create applications that play in the human
interface world using sensors, actuators, motors, and other
rudimentary products. It offers a simple integrated
IDE (integrated development environment) that runs on
regular personal computers and allows users to write
programs for Arduino using C or C++.Due to its simple and
accessible user experience, Arduino has been used in
thousands of different projects and applications. The
Arduino software is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible
enough for advanced users. Hence, the key component of
this project is Arduino uno, developed by arduino.cc based
upon ATmega328P.
Fig 2.4 : Arduino
uno
II.ZIGBEE
Zigbee is an IEEE 802.15.4-based specification for a suite of high-level communication
protocols used to create personal area networks with small, low-power digital radios, such
as for home automation, medical device data collection, and other low-power low-
bandwidth needs, designed for small scale projects which need Wireless connection.
This technology is intended to be simpler and
less expensive than other wireless personal
area networks (WPANs), such as Bluetooth or more
general wireless networking such as Wi-Fi.

Fig 2.5: Zigbee module

 Its low power consumption limits transmission distances to 10–100 meters line-of-sight,
depending on power output and environmental characteristics. Zigbee devices can
transmit data over long distances by passing data through a mesh network of intermediate
devices to reach more distant ones. Zigbee is typically used in low data rate applications
that require long battery life and secure networking.

III.PIR (PASSIVE INFRARED) SENSOR

A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR)
radiation being emitted from objects in its field of view. All objects with a
temperature above absolute zero emit heat energy in the form of radiation. Usually this
radiation isn’t visible to the human eye because it radiates at infrared wavelengths, but it can
be detected by electronic devices designed for such a purpose. The term passive in this instance
refers to the fact that PIR devices do not generate or radiate energy for detection purposes.
They work entirely by detecting infrared Radiation emitted by or reflected
from objects. When used as part of an automation system, the PIR typically
control a small relay. When the PIR senses the motion, it gives high
output, otherwise low. According to PIR output, input itfed to a relay
circuit through controller. This relay completes the circuit across a
pair of electrical contacts connected to a detection input zone. Fig 2.6: PIR sensor

IV.RELAYS
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically
operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, suchas solid-state relays.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate
low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.
This system is usually designed such that if no motion is being detected, the
relay contact is closed—a 'normally closed' (NC) relay. If motion is detected,
the relay opens and appliances operate. .
Fig2.7: Relay
V.3 Way TOGGGLE SWITCH
Three-way switches make it possible to control a light from multiple locations
These switches appear externally similar to single pole, singlethrow (SPST) switches,
but have extra connections which allow a circuit to be controlled from multiple
locations.
Toggling the switch disconnects one “traveler” terminal and
connects the other. Electrically, a typical “3-way” switch is
a single pole, double throw (SPDT) switch. By correctly
connecting two of these switches together, toggling either
switch changesthe state of the load from off to on, or vice
versa. The switches may be arranged so that they are in
the same orientation for off, and contrasting orientations
Figure 2.8: 3-way toggle switch

B. SOFTWARES
I.Arduino IDE:
The Arduino project provides the Arduino integrated development environment (IDE), which
is a cross-platform application written in the programming language Java. It includes a code
editor with features such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic
indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple one click
mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino board. It also contains a message
area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a hierarchy of operation
menus. Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text
file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the
board's firmware.

Fig 2.9 : Arduino IDE

II.XCTU

XCTU is a free multi-platform application designed to enable developers to interact with Digi
RF modules through a simple-to-use graphical interface. It includes new tools that make it
easy to set-up, configure and test XBee RF modules.

XCTU includes all of the tools a developer needs to quickly get up and running with XBee.
Unique features like graphical network view, which graphically represents the XBee network
along with the signal strength of each connection, and the XBee API frame builder,
which intuitively helps to build and interpret API frames for XBees being used in API
mode, combine to make development on the XBee platform easier than ever.

Fig 2.10 : XCTU software

2.3 IMPLENTATION USING XBEE MODULES

STEP-1:

The first step is to determine the appropriate hardware for the proposed system. To achieve
this, research through properties and datasheets of various components has been done.

STEP-2:

After getting all the required hardware for the commenced project, the next step performed is
to configure the Xbee modules using XCTU Software. It is done using the concept of
coordinator and router i.e. the xbee set as router transmits a message and coordinator
xbee receives it.
 Fig 2.11 : Configuring xbees

STEP-3:

The configured xbees are then interfaced with arduino through Tx and Rx pins and special
arduino codes for serial communication.

Fig 2.12 : Interfacing arduino and xbee

 STEP-4:

The codes for router and coordinator are made and tested logically.

STEP-5:

The hardware set-up as shown in circuit diagram in previous section has been done on the
main switch board of the lab by connecting the controlling relay in parallel with the
main power supply. They are connected using a 3 way toggle switch which switches
between sensor mode and manual mode.

Figure 2.13 Switch board

STEP-6:
The whole hardware set up is then tested with the codes, errors and bugs are fixed and codes
are improved for improved operation. The prototype set-up is working properly in Lab-418.

Fig 2.14 : circuit diagram

2.4 IMPLEMENTATION USING GSM

Home automation is a remotely controllable network to which lights, appliances, electrical

outlets, heating and cooling systems are connected. Today, automation system require to
control the AC appliances and get the current status back of appliances i.e. ON/OFF wirelessly
on an android application over long distance. The GSM modem transfers data from a serial
port to the GSM network. The modem executes operations via a series of AT commands
and allows communications between the modem and SIM card. It relies on the Software Serial
library for communication between the modem and Arduino. Using the simple GSM based
phone, just by sending SMS through the phone to the switch, any home electronic appliances
can be switched on and off from anywhere.
GSM modem can be blended with xbee modules by giving them necessary priorities to
decide if relay circuit should be controlled with PIR sensor or mobile phone.

STEP-1:
A very low cost and simple Arduino GSM module with SIM900A has been used. This means
the module supports communication in 900MHz band. Now it is fed using a 12V,1A DC
power supply.

STEP-2: Booting up the GSM module.

1. Insert the SIM card to module and lock it.
2. Connect the adapter to module and turn it ON.
3. Now wait for some time (say 1 minute) and see the blinking rate of ‘status LED’ (GSM
module will take some time to establish connection with mobile network)
4. Once the connection is established successfully, the status LED will blink continuously
every 3 seconds as shown below.

Fig 2.15 : interfacing GSM with arduino

STEP-3:
To operate more than one module through same arduino, the PWM pins of arduino are used as
alternative transmitter and receiver as shown. This method is made possible with the
SoftwareSerial Library of Ardunio. SoftwareSerial is a library of Arduino which enables serial
data communication through other digital pins of Arduino. When GSM activates it shows the
following figure on serial monitor.

Figure 2.16: Arduino Serial monitor

2.4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

The final block diagram of the system is as shown below.

Figure 12.17: Block Diagram of GSM setup

2.4 CODES IMPLEMENNTED

I. ROUTER

#define pirPin 2
#define ledpin 13

int calibrationTime = 10;

long unsigned int lowIn;
long unsigned int pause = 5000;
boolean lockLow = true; boolean takeLowTime; int PIRValue = 0;

void setup()
{Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(pirPin, INPUT);
Serial.println("CALIBERATING SENSOR.... ");
for (int i = 0; i < calibrationTime; i++)
{
digitalWrite(ledpin, HIGH); Serial.print('X');
delay(1000);
}
if(digitalRead(pirPin)==HIGH)
{
Serial.println("SENSOR ACTIVE");
delay(50);
}}

void loop()
{
PIRSensor();
}

void PIRSensor()
{
if(digitalRead(pirPin) == HIGH)
{
if(lockLow)
{
PIRValue = 1; lockLow = false; Serial.println('D');w digitalWrite(ledpin,HIGH); delay(50);
}
takeLowTime = true;
}

if(digitalRead(pirPin) == LOW)
{
if(takeLowTime){lowIn = millis();takeLowTime = false;}
if(!lockLow && millis() - lowIn > pause)
{
PIRValue = 0;
lockLow = true;
Serial.println('E');
digitalWrite(ledpin,LOW);
delay(50)

II. COORDINATOR

char recieved;
char on='D';
char off='E';

int relay1 =4; // input to relay for bulb

int ledPin =13; // the built-in LED

void setup()
{
// put your setup code here, to run once: Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(relay1, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); Serial.println("CONNECTING...");
delay(1000);
}

void loop()
{
if (Serial.available() > 0)
{
// check if incoming byte available:
recieved = Serial.read();
Serial.println(recieved);
delay(1000);
check();
}}

void check()
{

if(recieved == 'D')
{
delay(500);
digitalWrite(relay1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); //the led visualizes the sensors output pin state
}

else if(recieved == 'E')

{
delay(500);
digitalWrite(relay1, LOW);
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); //led visualizes the sensors output pin
}
delay(1000);}
III. CODE FOR GSM

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

SoftwareSerial mySerial(9, 10);

#define Relay 3 //control from gsm

#define Led 12 //gsm status

char recieved;
char on = 'Y'; // defines motion detected
char off = 'N'; //defines motion ended
char str;

void setup()
{
mySerial.begin(9600); // Setting the baud rate of GSM Module
Serial.begin(9600); // Setting the baud rate of Serial Monitor (Arduino)
Serial.println("CONNECTING...");
delay(1000);
pinMode(Led, OUTPUT); //gsm
pinMode(Relay, OUTPUT);

void loop()
{
if (Serial.available()>0)
switch(Serial.read())
{
case 's':
SendMessage();
break;
case 'r':
RecieveMessage();
break;
}
if (Serial.available() > 0)
{
// check if incoming byte available:
recieved = Serial.read();
Serial.println(recieved);
delay(1000);
check();
}
}

void RecieveMessage()
{
mySerial.println("AT+CNMI=2,2,0,0,0"); // AT Command to receive a live SMS
delay(1000);
}

void SendMessage()
{
mySerial.println("AT+CMGF=1"); //Sets the GSM Module in Text Mode
delay(1000); // Delay of 1000 milli seconds or 1 second
mySerial.println("AT+CMGS=\"+919256660000\"\r"); // Replace x with mobile number
delay(1000);
mySerial.println("I am SMS from GSM Module");// The SMS text you want to send
delay(100);
mySerial.println((char)26);// ASCII code of CTRL+Z
delay(1000);
}

void check()
{
if (str == 'Y')
{
digitalWrite(Relay, HIGH);
digitalWrite(Led, HIGH);
delay(200);
}
if (str == 'N')
{
digitalWrite(Relay, LOW);
digitalWrite(Led, LOW);
delay(200);
}
}
2.5 RESEARCH PAPER
(To be communicated...)

ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND ROOM AUTOMATION

USING ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY
Vishali1 ,Dr Sukesha2, Y.P Verma3
1
Student at University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University
2
Assistant Professor at University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University
3
Professor at University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University

Abstract:
Due to depletion of energy resources, this is the need of the hour to develop such technologies
which serve for the purpose of energy conservation. Energy Management thus helps to use the
resources efficiently without wastage or exploitation. With the progress in wireless communication
technology, it has become very feasible and simple to achieve this. Zigbee technology is one of the
communication standards which connects the local networks with wireless sensing nodes .Zigbee is
employed in systems having low data rate and low power consumption along with wide range.
This paper gives a brief idea about Zigbee and its working in wireless sensor networks. This paper
focuses on the basic purpose of room automation using zigbee for wireless communication to avoid
the unnecessary power wastage.

Keywords: Zigbee, WSNs(Wireless sensor networks), Energy Management

1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays our lives become quite chaotic without electricity. Almost all our conveniences are sustained
by electricity supplies. Putting down to depletion of non renewable energy sources, it is now an
unavoidable requisite to conserve energy. Extending credits to the lack of attention and responsibility of
people working in offices, schools, colleges or big firms, everyday, there is a huge exploitation of
energy by not using the appliances efficiently. For instance, leaving a fan running for overnight uses up
energy enough for charging a mobile phone for next 25 years or turning off unnecessary lights could
[1]
remove 171kg (376 lb) of CO2 emissions per year . Considering the consequences of electricity
wastage like rise in carbon footprint, climate change and higher energy costs, it is advisable to switch
over to energy efficient lighting appliances and develop systems that automatically serve the purpose of
conserving energy.
Under the tagline of Energy Management, which intends to develop such energy conserving systems,
plenty of systems are proposed and implemented acknowledging to vast technologies and new
inventions in the field of wireless communication. With the progress in wireless technology and low
power electronics, wireless sensors can be employed in almost every field. The conventional Wireless
Sensor Networks (WSNs) consists of multiple sensor nodes which sense the environmental changes and
accordingly generate readings that are further delivered to controlling devices. To avoid power wastage,
an automatic room light and fan controller has been proposed in this paper which automatically turns on
the lights and fan of the room according the location of the person in the room and turns them off when
no human movement is detected, thus conserving the energy. The automation system proposed in this
paper operates on Zigbee technology for wireless communication. Zigbee is a specification endorsed by
IEEE 802.15.4 radio standard that interconnects simple, low power devices and sensor nodes. This
technology is preferably used to connect local networks having wireless sensor nodes which have low
[2]
power consumption without compromising with the reliability and sustainability of the network .
ZigBee can be used to effectively deliver solutions for a variety of areas including consumer electronic
device control, energy management and efficiency, home and commercial building automation as well
as industrial plant management.

2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
2.1 ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY AND WSNs:
Zigbee is based upon IEEE 802.15.4 standard which basically defines the operation of low-rate Wireless
Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs). It is specifically suitable for personal area networks having wide
range, low-power and low bandwidth requirements. Thus, Zigbee is a low data-rate, low power and
close proximity wireless network. Being a simpler and less expensive technology than Bluetooth, Wi-Fi
and other general wireless networks along with long battery life and secure networking, Zigbee finds
wide range of applications like wireless light switches, home automation, traffic management and other
industrial equipment that requires and low data-rate. A WSN is a collection of sensor nodes
accompanied by a microcontroller unit which communicates to other nodes through a wireless medium.
The real-time WSNs are generally distributed networks and are location and environment dependent.
They are small and inexpensive so they can be deployed and produced in large numbers. There are
various kinds of sensors such as pressure, camera, thermal, PIR, etc which monitor parameters like
temperature, pressure, presence or absence of certain objects, etc. The Zigbee provides low cost
connectivity in WSNs at data rates of 250kbps at 2.4GHz, 40kbps at 915MHz and 20kbps at 868MHz
[3].
Zigbee operates in 3 configurations as shown in diagram:
1. Coordinator: It acts as a root of the complete network and as a bridge to other networks. Every
network has only one coordinator. It manages all other nodes and responsible for setting up all network
parameters like topology or packet size.
2. Router: It acts as an intermediate node of the network which relays data from source to destination.
They can be used to further extension of networks.
 Figure 2.18: Zigbee configurations

3.End Device: It is a low power/battery-powered device which is used to collect data from sensors or
switches. They have sufficient functionality to talk to their parents (either the coordinator or a router)
and cannot relay data from other devices.

2.2 AUTOMATION OF LIGHTS AND FANS OF A ROOM:

In this paper it is shown how energy can be saved by using a PIR sensor based motion detector for
human detection which switches the room appliances according to location of the person. A PIR
(Passive Infrared Sensor) is an electronic sensor that detects IR radiations emitting from its field of
view. When the human presence is detected, the PIR senses the motion and the lights and fans present in
the range of the person lights up and when no motion is detected, the appliances switches off
automatically. The set-up proposed here employs a detecting circuit at transmitter side and a relay circuit
connected with main power supply at receiving side. As zigbee at transmitter side is configured as router
and the zigbee at receiving side is configured as coordinator. The functional blocks of transmitter and
receiver are explained below:
Transmitter: The transmitter section detects the human motion and through PIR sensor and sends the
suitable command via Zigbee router. It is categorized as:

Figure 2.19: Block diagram of transmitter section

  Sensing node: It consists of PIR sensor which can be mounted on wall or ceiling respective to its
range and field of view. Its outputs are defined as high and low. If motion is detected it gives high
output, otherwise low. According to output of PIR pin, the corresponding arduino pin sets high.
 Controlling unit: The arduino acts as controlling unit which reads the status of PIR sensor
output. As the motion is detected it serially sends a defined instruction i.e. motion detected or motion
ended as per the output of PIR sensor.
 Transmitter(Router): Zigbee is employed here for wireless transmission. It serially receives
instructions from arduino and simultaneously transmits it into the environment. In router configuration,
it just acts as an intermediate between arduino and receiver.

Receiver : The receiver section is mainly responsible for switching appliances on or off. It consists of a
relay circuit connected to the lights and fans of the room via a 3-way toggle switch. Its processing can be
categorized as:

Figure 2.20 : Block diagram of receiver section

1. Receiver (Coordinator): A zigbee module acting as coordinator receives the signal from its
corresponding router and serially transfers it to the arduino. A coordinator zigbee acts as root node of the
network and all other zigbee act as routers.

2. Controlling Unit: In this, the arduino receives commands from coordinator zigbee and varies the
status of relay circuit corresponding to that. If motion detected, the relays go high otherwise, low.

3. Switching Circiut: The switching circuit consists of a relay circuit controlled by arduino and the main
220V power supply connected to the appliances via a 3 way toggle switch. The 3 way switch toggles
between sensor mode and manual mode as discussed in next section.
2.3 IMPLEMENTATION:

Configuration of Zigbee modules:

To configure zigbee modules as coordinator and router, a software called XCTU has been employed
here. XCTU is an application developed to interact with RF modules through a simple-to-use graphical
interface. XCTU's AT (Application transparent) mode has been used communicate with the radio
modules running in AT operating mode. In this, all data has been sent and received directly via serial
interface[4] . For two zigbees to communicate with each other, the PAN ID of the zigbee modules should
be same. Secondly, the Destination Address DL of coordinator should be FFFF (i.e. broadcast mode)
and that of router should be same as that of module IP address of coordinator. This pairs up the two
modules as coordinator and router and a communication channel is set-up.

Sensor Mode and Manual mode:

The 3 way switch has been used to connect the room appliances with the main power supply directly or
via relay circuit. When appliances operate with relay circuit, it is defined as sensor mode because the
switching has been done using PIR sensor. When they are connected to the main power supply directly,
it is defined as manual mode because the person has to switch the appliances on and off by himself.

3. CONCLUSION
Automation of any room, building or houses is achieved using a controller, which can monitor as well as
control many interconnected appliances such as lights, power plugs, fans ,etc.. These technologies can
be used to develop smart homes or offices by realizing the automation of a variety of appliances using
user friendly interface or detectors such as PIR motion sensor. This results in low power, efficient and
cost effective wireless network by reducing the energy bills and environmental consequences. Elderly,
handicapped patients, and people with disabilities can also have great benefit from this system to totally
operate, with high performance, all appliances and device anywhere in the house. Automation systems
had progressively developed as an important field of control systems and can be further developed as a
very feasible and effective alternative than other wireless networks.
REFERENCES
1. https://www.environment.admin.cam.ac.uk/facts-figures
2. Dr. Harsh Sadavarti. Parneet Dhillon, IJERT, A review paper on Zigbee technology, ISSN:2788-
0181, Vol. 3 Issue April 4,2014
3. R. Prabakaran, Study on zigbee technology, April 2016, DOI: 10.1109/ICECTECH.2011.5942102
4. Nidhi Patel and Hiren Kathiriya, WSNs using Zigbee, IJERT, ISSN: 2319-1163, Volume: 02 Issue:
06 | Jun-2013
5. https://www.digi.com/resources/documentation/digidocs/pdfs/90001458-13.pdf
CHAPTER 3

ENERGY HARVESTING

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Energy harvesting (also known as power harvesting or energy scavenging or ambient power) is
the process by which energy is derived from external sources (e.g., solar power, thermal
energy, wind energy, salinity gradients, and kinetic energy, also known as ambient energy),
captured, and stored for small, wireless autonomous devices, like those used in wearable
electronics and wireless sensor networks. In wearable electronics, energy harvesting devices
can power or recharge cell phones, mobile computers, radio communication equipment, etc. In
general, energy can be stored in a capacitor, super capacitor, or battery. Capacitors are
used when the application needs to provide huge energy spikes. Batteries leak less energy and
are therefore used when the device needs to provide a steady flow of energy. The
energy harvesting techniques can be classified based on the sources of energy and there is
different working principle behind the harvesting of energy from these sources.

Figure 3.1: Energy harvesting techniques and working principle

Recent advances in energy harvesting materials and ultra-low-power communications will soon
enable the realization of networks composed of energy harvesting devices. These devices will
operate using very low ambient energy, such as indoor light energy. There is a growing demand
for low power energy harvesting techniques for power supply to the sensors and wireless
devices. A power source combined with energy harvesting can provide wireless devices for low
maintenance cost or extended battery life by implementing the ability to receive power or
charge the energy storage when needed, or to wake up remote sensors in sleep mode.
3.1.1 Piezoelectric energy harvesting:

Piezoelectric energy harvesting is based on the principle of piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectric

crystals are made up of materials which are also called ferroelectric as
shown in figure 3.2 . These materials have a property that when a force is
applied on such materials they generate an electrical potential due to
charge separation. It is a reversible process i.e. when a voltage is
applied across such crystals their shape is changed. Some examples of
Figure 3.2: peizo disc
piezo electric materials are PZT (Lead Zirconium Titanate), PVDF
(Polyvinylidene Fluride), BTO (Barium Titanate Oxide). Piezoelectric generators consist of
piezoelectric ceramics, and electrodes which cover them. Because of this simplicity,
piezoelectric generators can even be made small enough to fit inside of micro
electromechanical systems (MEMS). Another advantage is that the lifetime of the system
is almost unlimited if the applied force and external temperature are within the operational
range. Unlike the power generation methods that rely on heat conversion, a piezoelectric
generator presents no problems such as heat isolation. In addition, the mechanical
energy required for conversion can considerably be obtained from the environment. The
following block diagram shows the brief about piezoelectric harvesting.

Figure 3.3: Peizoelctric energy harvesting

3.1.2 RF Energy harvesting

Wireless power transmission provides a potential solution to support energy harvesting as an

additional source and is able to bridge a relatively long
distance between a sensor node and its power source [3].
The transmitted radio frequency (RF) power can reach a
level of microwatts (μW) to milliwatts (mW) DC, which
is a useful range for charging batteries or powering
battery-free devices.

Figure 3.4: RF energy harvesting

For radio frequency energy transmission, the conversion efficiency of the receiver is decisive
not only for reducing sending power, but also for enabling energy transmission over long and
variable distances. The novel converter consists of a reactive matching circuit and a combined
voltage multiplier and rectifier. The stored energy in the input inductor and capacitance, during
the negative wave, is conveyed to the output capacitance during the positive one. Although
Dickson and Villard topologies have principally comparable efficiency for multi-stage voltage
multipliers, the Dickson topology reaches a better efficiency within the novel ultra-low input
power converter concept. The stages involved in RF harvesting are discussed briefly in next
section.

3.2 RF ENERGY HARVESTING

There is a growing interest to harvest ambient energy for the operation of portable electronic
devices or low power wireless sensors. RF energy harvesting can be used to partially/fully
supply the energy required for the operation of portable electronic devices such as wireless
sensors, cell phones, Bluetooth devices, medical implants and hearing aid devices [1,2]. RF
energy harvesting can be implemented as direct power for battery-free systems or battery
activation, an auxiliary power source for battery recharging, or remote power with battery
backup [5].

Figure 3.5: Different RF energy sources

A power source combined with energy harvesting can provide wireless devices with low
maintenance cost or extended battery life by implementing the ability to receive power or
charge the stored energy when needed, or to wake up remote sensors in sleep mode. The
possibility of recycling the ambient electromagnetic energy especially in densely populated
urban zones is actively being explored [3]. The major component used to convert this RF
energy into utilizable DC power is a rectifying antenna, also termed as rectenna. In an RF
energy harvesting system, an antenna receives the incident RF signal, an impedance matching
circuit maximizes the power transfer from the receiving antenna to the rectifier and a multi-
stage rectifier converts the incoming RF signals to an output DC voltage. The following block
diagram shows how RF Energy is harvested using RF signals.

RF transfer requires sophisticated circuits for conversion and storage the available RF ambient
energy on the receiver side. As shown in Figure, this can be reached by the optimization
interface between the rectenna (rectifying antenna), and typical storage unit for the WSN. The
main aim is to reach a high overall efficiency by minimizing discontinuities and signal
reflections. For that, a reactive matching circuit connects the antenna to the rectifier under
optimized operating conditions. Since special regulations exist for RF power transmission, it
makes sense to use the free license frequency bands, or industrial, scientific, and medical bands
(ISM). They should be classified as either nonspecific short-range devices (SRD), wideband
data transmission systems, or radio frequency identification (RFID) applications . For example,
867.6–868 MHz band is one of the RFID frequency ranges used in ultra-high frequency SRD
applications. For this band, it is allowed to transfer until 500 mW effective radiated power
(ERP) in Europe with 200 kHz of coupling channel spacing. All stages of RF harvesting circuit
as shown in this circuit below are discussed in next sections.

Figure 3.6: RF energy harvesting sensor design

3.2.1 ANTENNA
An antenna is an array of conductors (elements), electrically connected to the receiver or
transmitter. During transmission, the oscillating current applied to the antenna by a transmitter
creates an oscillating electric field and magnetic field around the antenna elements. These time-
varying fields radiate energy away from the antenna into space as a
moving transverse electromagnetic field wave. Conversely, during reception, the oscillating
electric and magnetic fields of an incoming radio wave exert force on the electrons in the
antenna elements, causing them to move back and forth, creating oscillating currents in the
antenna.
A typical rectenna consists of four main components: antenna, prerectification filter, rectifying
circuit, and DC pass filter. Figure 1 shows a block diagram of a typical rectenna. A microwave
antenna collects incoming RF power. An input low-pass filter (LPF; prerectification filter)
suppresses the unwanted higher harmonics rejected by the rectifying circuit and also provides
matching between the antenna and the rectifier. A rectifying circuit rectifies the AC current
induced in the antenna by the microwaves, and an output DC pass filter (post rectification filter)
provides a DC path to the load by separating the high-frequency components from the DC
signal.

Figure 3.7: A rectenna

As the primary function of a rectenna is to convert RF energy to DC power, the main design
challenge is to obtain high conversion efficiency, and there are basically two approaches to
achieve this goal. The first option is to collect the maximum power and deliver it to the
rectifying diode, and the second one is to suppress the harmonics generated by the diode that
reradiate from the antenna as the power lost.

3.2.2 RECTIFIER and MULTIPLIER

The input RF signal received by receiving antenna is converted to DC supply voltage by the
rectifier [17]. It consists of diode and capacitor. There are different types of rectifier (i) Basic
rectifier (ii) Voltage doubler (iii) Voltage multiplier. In the basic rectifier circuit, the diode
connected in series with load. Here capacitor is used for smoothen the output. This basic
rectifier is also called as single stage rectifier. In the voltage doubler, two diodes and two
capacitor are used for approximately double up the DC voltage[17].In the voltage multiplier,
cascaded connection of diodes and capacitors are used to obtain higher order. . For typical 50Ω
antenna, RF signal power received is generally smaller than the diode threshold . So diode with
the lowest turn on voltage are preferable for the energy harvesting circuit. HSMS 285x schottky
diode is suitable for the weak RF signal environmentAn impedance matching circuit between
the received aerial and rectifier circuit is necessary to increase the voltage gain and further
reduce reflection and transmission loss. For low-power and sensing applications, the main aim
to satisfy after rectification is to recover the maximum amount of power and reduce the power
loss caused by the rectifier circuit. Many investigations showed that when the applied power is
low, the rectifier circuit efficiency is also low. Therefore, in order to rectify low RF signals at a
high efficiency, it is interesting to improve the rectifier [12].

Figure 3.8: Basic rectifier circuit

The voltage multiplier structure is considered for RF-DC power conversion system design
because it rectifies peak-to-peak voltage from the full-wave of the RF signal. Two
configurations are arranged in a cascade using Schottky diodes to provide a passive voltage
offset before rectification [14]. The conventional voltage multiplier rectifier forms a peak
rectified by D1 and C2, while a voltage clamp is formed by C1and D2.
The circuit can be also called a voltage doubler, thereby, the output voltage is approximately
twice the input voltage. The RF input signal is rectified during the positive alternative. The
stored voltage on the input capacitor C1 during the negative alternative is transmitted to the
output capacitor C2 during the next positive alternative of the RF input signal. Thus, the voltage
on C2 is roughly two times the peak voltage of the RF source minus two times the turn on
voltage of the diode [15].One voltage doubler circuit can be extended to n stages in cascade to
achieve higher DC output voltage levels.
 Figure 3.9: n-stage multiplier circuit

3.2.3 STORAGE
In many harvesting applications, the ambient energy source may be insufficient to fully power
the sensor’s processing and communications requirements. In others, the energy may not be
available when it’s needed: e.g. no solar energy at night. However, these problems can usually
be averted because typically sensors do not have to gather data continuously. If so, a viable
solution can be based on sensor electronics that sleep most of the time
and awaken to process a burst of data from the sensor. Meanwhile, the
harvesting device accumulates energy continuously, or at least
whenever the ambient supply is available. The success of such
schemes depends upon providing a storage medium suitable for
Figure 3.10: super
collecting the energy harvesting device’s output. . capacitorsa
A supercapacitor or ultracapacitor is a high-capacity device with higher capacitance values, but
lower voltage limits, than other capacitors. It typically stores 10 to 100 times more energy per
unit volume or mass than electrolytic capacitors, can accept and deliver charge much faster than
batteries, and tolerate many more charge and discharge cycles than rechargeable batteries.
However, the supercapacitor has low energy density and voltage output from each cell, while
requiring sophisticated electronic control and switching equipment. It can also be prone to
excessive self-discharging, wasting much of the harvested energy [8].

3.3 IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS OF RF MODULE

The RF harvesting stages mentioned in last section are combined to develop a harvesting
module. This module in designed using both p-n diodes and schottky diodes. The difference
between both modules and output results are compared in next section.
 3.3.1 P-N vs Schottky diodes
The Schottky diode has some unique features when compared to normal P-N junction diode.
PN junction diode is a two-terminal electronics element. Schottky diode, it is also referred to as
Schottky barrier diode or as hot carrier diode. This is a diode with semiconductor-metal
junction.
 It is a unipolar device whereas P-N diode is a bipolar device. This is due to the absence of
significant current flow from metal to N-type semiconductor (minority carriers in the reverse
direction is absent). But P-N junction diode is a bipolar device.
 No stored charge due to the absence of holes in the metal. As a result, schottky diode can
quickly switch than other diodes and noise is also relatively low.
 Lower barrier potential (0.2 - 0.25 V) compared to P-N diode (0.7 V)
 Schottky diodes are more suitable for high frequency switching applications whereas p-n diodes
are suitable for low frequency applications
Comparison of V-I characteristics of Schottky Diode, PN Junction Diode and Point Contact
Diode

Figure 3.11: Comparison of V-I characteristics of diodes [7]

3.3.2 Components
The following components are employed in RF harvesting module
1. P-N diodes(1N4007) and Schottky Diodes(1N5819)
2. 100uF Polyester capacitor
3. 25V 10uF electrolytic capacitor
 4. GSM, Co-axial cable and Wi-Fi router antennas
3.3.3 Results and Observations
The harvested RF energy is accumulated as voltage in super capacitors. The output voltage is
measured across the storage capacitors. From the table it is observed that the more RF energy
can be harvested using schottky diodes irrespective of antenna type because of the difference
mentioned in previous sections. Similarly, a GSM antenna that is basically frequency specific
RF antenna can be very efficiently used to harvest the RF signals of mobile networks in the
environment. If this module with GSM antenna is installed close to any mobile tower, very
large amount of energy can be harvested and utilized to power wireless devices and sensor
nodes.
Table 3.1: Outputs of energy harvesting modules

DIODE USED ANTENNA TYPE OUTPUT VOLTAGE

269 mV
Co-Axial cable
PN JUNCTION DIODE
272 mV
GSM Antenna

252 mV
Wi-Fi Router Antenna

285 mV
Coaxial cable
SCHOTTKY DIODE 735 mV
GSM antenna

550 mV
Wi-Fi Router Antenna
3.3.4 Screenshots of the Results
Figure 3.12: p-n with co-axial antenna

Figure 3.13: p-n with GSM antenna

Figure 3.14: p-n with wi-fi antenna

,
Figure 3.15 Schottky diode with co-axial antenna

Figure 3.16: Schottky with GSM antenna

Figure 3.17 Schottky with wifi antenna

 CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

4.1 APPLICATIONS and FUTURE WORK

Applications of zigbee wireless technology:
HOME AUTOMATION:
Nowadays tech conglomerates are betting big on home automation services with their offering
like Google Home, Amazon Alexa etc. Zigbee wireless technology is perfectly suited for
controlling home appliances remotely as a surveillance system, lighting control system,
appliance control system, safety systems and so on.
INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION:
There is an ever-increasing need for automation in manufacturing and production industries
where a communication link frequently monitors various critical parameters and equipments.
Zigbee’s low-latency and low power consumption significantly reduces the communication cost
and also enhances the overall control process.
SMART ASSET TRACKING:
For outdoor asset tracking, cellular combined with GPS is a good option but the only issue with
the cellular is that it requires huge amounts of power. Zigbee serves as a perfect solution with
its low power consumption.
SMART GRID MONITORING:
Apart from above mentioned applications, this wireless technology can be used to effectively
manage power grids. With Zigbee, you can detect faults precisely, remotely monitor
temperature etc.
The key reason for the popularity of this technology is its affordability. It can be installed in any
place of choice. Another key aspect of this technology is its interoperability. This makes Zigbee
the most preferred wireless communication technology among others.

In future, this project can be developed into a highly efficient and low power
consuming technology of wireless communication. To achieve this, we can integrate it
with a suitable energy harvesting technique and make it a self powered device. Further plans
are to replace arduino with Raspberry Pi to make the commenced system autonomous
and automatic. The Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-board computers
developed in the United Kingdom by the Foundation to promote the teaching of basic
computer science in schools and in countries.
4.2 CONCLUSION
Automation of any room or building is achieved using a single controller, monitoring and the
controlling many interconnected appliances such as lights, power plugs, fans, etc. .
Smart homes are cheap, low-power, cost effective, efficient, and realize the automation of a
ariety of domestic appliances using user-friendly interface as remote control or any other
handheld devices. Elderly, handicapped patients, and people with disabilities can benefit
from this smart home to totally operate, with high performance, all appliances and
devices from anywhere in the house. Automation systems had progressively developed as
an important field of control systems. The coordinator toggles the ON/OFF switches of the
appliances by means of relays. The control and its base are communicating with RF
signals realized by XBee transceivers. In homes, offices and public places due to utter
negligence of the inmates, there’s a lot of power wastage .To avoid unnecessary power
wastage, an automatic room-light controller automatically turns on the lights when a person
enters into a room, and turns off the lights when the person leaves the room.
An overview on the antenna designs used for RF energy harvesting has been discussed.
Different types of antennas that exhibit characteristics like miniaturized and low profile, high
gain, multi bands, linearly and circularly polarized and harmonic rejections were discussed in
great details. Ambient radio waves are universally present over an ever-increasing range of
frequencies and power levels, especially in highly populated urban areas. These radio
waves represent a unique and widely available source of energy if it can be effectively and
efficiently harvested. The growing number of wireless transmitters is naturally resulting in
increased RF power density and availability. Dedicated power transmitters further enable
engineered and predictable wireless power solutions. With continued decreases in the power
consumption of electronic components, increased sensitivity of passive receivers for RF
harvesting, and improved performance of low-leakage energy storage devices, the
applications for wire-free charging by means of RF-based wireless power and energy
harvesting will continue to grow.
2.3 REFERENCES

1.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311923032_An_overview_of_home_automation_
systems [accessed Apr 10 2018]

2. ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATION - International Journal of Computer

Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.4, July 2014 DOI :
10.5121/ijcnc.2014.6411 115

3. SOME ENERGY HARVESTING RESEARCH @NUS

(http://www.ece.nus.edu.sg/emdl/yenkheng.htm)

4. . WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS POWERED BY AMBIENT ENERGY HARVESTING

(WSN-HEAP) (http://ecs.victoria.ac.nz/Groups/N ERG/OpenResearchProjects

5.RENEWABLE ENERGY BASED HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM USING ZIGBEE

International Journal of Computer Technology and Electronics Engineering
(IJCTEE) Volume 5, Issue June 2015
6. http://www.circuitstoday.com/interface-gsm-module-with-arduino

7.SCHOTTKY DIODES https://www.electrical4u.com/schottky-diode/

8 ENERGY HARVESTING AND STORAGE DRIVE EXPANSION IOT APPLICATIONS -

https://www.ecnmag.com/article/2018/03/energy-harvesting-and-storage-drive-expansion-iot-
applications