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8- solved problem and drawing rft

This document contains notes for a second-year civil engineering course on reinforced concrete, specifically focusing on solved problems related to beam design. It includes detailed calculations for bending moment diagrams, shear force diagrams, and critical sections for both moment and shear, along with reinforcement details. The document serves as a practical guide for students to understand the design process and calculations involved in reinforced concrete structures.

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Mohamed Azouz
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
11 views15 pages

8- solved problem and drawing rft

This document contains notes for a second-year civil engineering course on reinforced concrete, specifically focusing on solved problems related to beam design. It includes detailed calculations for bending moment diagrams, shear force diagrams, and critical sections for both moment and shear, along with reinforcement details. The document serves as a practical guide for students to understand the design process and calculations involved in reinforced concrete structures.

Uploaded by

Mohamed Azouz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫‪Reinforced Concrete‬‬ ‫مذكرة‬

‫الخرســـــــانــــــة المسـلحــــة‬ ‫رقم )‪(8‬‬

‫‪Second Civil Year‬‬


‫الفرقـــــــة الثانيــة مدنـــــــي‬

‫‪Design by aids‬‬
‫‪-solved sheet problems‬‬
2nd Civil year – Reinforced Concrete - Notes No (8)

Solved problems of sheet and drawing Rft. details


Problem (1):
For reinforced concrete beam as shown

fcu= 250 kg/cm2 & fy= 3600 kg/cm2 & fystr = 2400 kg/cm2

Required:

1- draw B.M.D & S.F.D ?

2- Design critical section for moment ?

3- Check critical section for shear ?

4- Draw all reinforcement details to scale ?

Page No (-1- )
‫)‪2nd Civil year – Reinforced Concrete - Notes No (8‬‬

‫‪Solution‬‬

‫‪1- Draw B.M.D & S.F.D‬‬

‫‪Ma = Mc = 0.0‬‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﺰوم ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻜﻤﺮة‬

‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻜﻮد اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﻧﺠﻴﺐ ‪Mb‬‬

‫ﻛﺘﺎب دﻛﺘﻮر ﺷﺎﻛﺮ ص ‪54‬‬


‫´ ‪.‬‬ ‫´ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫´ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫´ ‪.‬‬
‫= ‪Mb‬‬ ‫´ ( ‪.‬‬ ‫)´‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫´‬ ‫´‬

‫‪W1 = W2 = 4.0 t/m‬‬


‫‪L1 = L2 = L1´ = L2´ = 6.0 m‬‬ ‫النھا بواكي خارجية‬
‫‪p1 = 0.0‬‬ ‫&‬ ‫‪p2 = 8.0 t‬‬
‫‪K1 = 0.0‬‬
‫‪(a 2 / l2) = 0.50‬‬
‫‪K2 = 0.176‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب دﻛﺘﻮر ﺷﺎﻛﺮ ص ‪ 54‬اﺧﺮ ﺟﺪول ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬
‫‪. ∗ .‬‬ ‫‪. ∗ .‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪∗ . ∗ .‬‬
‫= ‪ Mb‬‬ ‫‪. ( .‬‬ ‫) ‪.‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪( .‬‬ ‫) ‪.‬‬
‫‪= 21.16 t.m‬‬

‫) ‪Page No (-2-‬‬
‫)‪2nd Civil year – Reinforced Concrete - Notes No (8‬‬

‫ﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﻜﻤﺮة ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اوﻻ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻲ ‪. reaction‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ رﺳﻢ ‪S.F.D‬‬

‫‪2- Design critical section for moment :‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ رﺳﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺰوم ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﻴﻦ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻗﻄﺎع ﻋﻨﺪ أﻗﺼﻲ ﻋﺰم ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ‪ -2 .‬ﻗﻄﺎع ﻋﻨﺪ أﻗﺼﻲ ﻋﺰم ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ‪.‬‬

‫) ‪Page No (-3-‬‬
‫)‪2nd Civil year – Reinforced Concrete - Notes No (8‬‬

‫‪section (1-1) rectangle section (Mu = 21.16 t.m):‬‬

‫‪1-‬‬ ‫‪d = C1‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬


‫)‪....(1‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﻔﺮض ‪ C1‬وﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ d‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬


‫‪- assume C1‬‬ ‫‪=( 3.0‬‬ ‫)‪4.0 ) for ( rectangle section‬‬
‫‪- assume C1‬‬ ‫‪= 3.50‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻓﻲ ‪1‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫∗‬ ‫^‬


‫‪ d = 3.50‬‬ ‫∗‬
‫)‪....(1‬‬
‫‪from ....(1) get d = 64.40 cm take d = 70 cm‬‬
‫‪& t = d + cover (5.0 cm) = 70 + 5.0 = 75.0cm‬‬
‫ﻧﻌﻴﺪ ﺣﺴﺎب ‪ C1‬ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻲ ‪ 70 = d‬ﺳﻢ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫∗‬ ‫^‬
‫‪ 70 = C1‬‬ ‫∗‬
‫‪ C1 = 3.80‬‬
‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻋﻤﻖ اﻟﻜﻤﺮة اﻟﻲ اﻗﺮب ‪ 5‬ﺳﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪2- get ( ) using value of (C1 = 3.80) from table or chart‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ C1‬ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ) ( ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول او اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب‬
‫اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺷﺎﻛﺮ ص ‪401‬‬
‫‪from table at C1 = 3.80‬‬ ‫‪J = 0.79‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫∗‬ ‫^‬
‫= ‪3- As‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪∗ .‬‬ ‫∗‬
‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻮي ﻓﻮق اﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰة ‪= 10.63 cm 2 .‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ )‪ (10.63 cm2‬اﻟﻲ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﻴﺎخ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻢ‪2‬‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺘﺮض اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺳﻴﺦ ﻗﻄﺮة ‪16‬ﻣﻢ وﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﺔ ‪2.01‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫= ‪As = 10.63 cm2‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪= 6 Ø 16‬‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ اﻟﻌﺪد ﻻﻗﺮب رﻗﻢ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫‪ As = 6 Ø 16‬‬

‫) ‪Page No (-4-‬‬
2nd Civil year – Reinforced Concrete - Notes No (8)

Section (2-2) T- section (Mu = 19.42 t.m):


-16ts + b = 16*10 +25 = 185 cm
B= min. of - Ø - Ø (center line to center line in plan) (not given).
´ . ∗
- +b = + 25 = 121 cm .
 B = 121 cm

1- d = C1 .
....(1)

& d = 70 cm ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻻول وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻜﻤﺮة‬

. ∗ ^
 70 = C1 ∗
.... (1)

from ....(1) get C1 = 8.73


2- get ( ) using value of (C1 = 8.73) from table
C1 = 4.85 ‫ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪول ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺎﺧﺬ اﺧﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪول‬C1 = 8.73 ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
at C1 = 4.85 ( ) =( )min = 0.125
 C = 0.125 d = 0.125 * 70 = 8.75 cm
& a = 0.80 C = 0.80 * 8.75 = 7.0 cm
 a = 7.0 cm < ts=10 cm
get J from table at C1 = 4.85 J = 0.826

. ∗ ^
3- As = = ∗ . ∗
= 9.33 cm2 .

take As = 5 Ø 16 ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﻔﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺤﺮ اﻟﻜﻤﺮة ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺰم اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ‬

Page No (-5- )
2nd Civil year – Reinforced Concrete - Notes No (8)

3- Check critical section for shear :


1- get Qmax. = 19.53 t from S.F.D ‫أﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰة‬
2- get Qcr = Qmax. - wu ( )
assume C = 60 cm column dimension ‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﻓﻲ اﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻜﻤﺮة‬
. .
 Qcr = 19.53 - 4.0 ( ) = 16.93 t

= 9.67 kg/cm2
.
3- get qu = =
. ∗

4- get qcu = 0.75 = 0.75 .


= 9.68 kg/cm2

5 - get qumax = 2.20 = 2.20 .


= 28.40 kg/cm2

∵ qu = 9.67< qcu = 9.68


. ‫ﻻ ﻧﺤﺘﺎج ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻘﺺ وﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻗﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺎت‬
use minimum shear rft. (stirrups 5 Ø 8 / m´)

4- Draw all reinforcement details to scale :

: ‫أﻗﺼﻲ ﻋﺪد اﺳﺎخ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬


. .
n=∅ .
n= . .
=5

‫ ﺳﻢ‬70 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ زﻳﺎدة ﺳﻤﻚ اﻟﻜﻤﺮة ﻋﻦ‬shrinkage bars:- ‫ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬-

‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬% 8 ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬

Ash = 0.080 As = 0.080 * 10.63 = 0.85 cm 2 = 2 Ø 10

. ‫ ﺳﻢ‬30 ‫ﻳﺠﺐ اﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش ﻋﻦ‬

Page No (-6- )
2nd Civil year – Reinforced Concrete - Notes No (8)

Page No (-7- )
2nd Civil year – Reinforced Concrete - Notes No (8)

Problem (2):
For reinforced concrete beam as shown

fcu= 275 kg/cm2 & fy= 3600 kg/cm2

Required:

1- draw B.M.D & S.F.D ?

2- Design critical section for moment ?

3- Check critical section for shear ?

4- Draw all reinforcement details to scale ?

Page No (-8- )
‫)‪2nd Civil year – Reinforced Concrete - Notes No (8‬‬

‫‪Solution‬‬

‫‪1- Draw B.M.D & S.F.D‬‬


‫& ’‪wdl = 2.0 t/m‬‬ ‫’‪wll = 2.5 t/m‬‬
‫‪*ultimate loads :‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= .‬‬ ‫‪> 0.75‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪wu = 1.40 *wdl +1.60* wll = 1.40 *2.0 +1.60* 2.50 = 6.80 t/m´ .‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﻜﻤﺮة ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪدة اﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﺎ )ﻛﻤﺮة ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة أﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﺑـﺎﻛﻴﺘﻴﻦ( وﺗﻨﻄﺒـﻖ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬــﺎ ﺷــﺮوط اﻟﻜــﻮد اﻟﻤﺼــﺮي ﺣﻴــﺚ اﻻﺣﻤــﺎل ﻣﺘﺴــﺎوﻳﺔ و اﻟﺒﺤــﻮر ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳــﺪ‬
‫اﻻﺧﺘﻼف ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ % 20‬ﻟﺬا ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﻮد اﻟﻤﺼﺮي ‪.‬‬

‫) ‪Page No (-9-‬‬
2nd Civil year – Reinforced Concrete - Notes No (8)

2- Design critical section for moment :

‫ﻣﻦ رﺳﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺰوم ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﻴﻦ‬

. ‫ ﻗﻄﺎع ﻋﻨﺪ أﻗﺼﻲ ﻋﺰم ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬-2 . ‫ ﻗﻄﺎع ﻋﻨﺪ أﻗﺼﻲ ﻋﺰم ﺳﺎﻟﺐ‬-1

Section (1-1) rectangle section (Mu = 33.32 t.m):

1- d = C1 .
....(1)

. ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬d ‫ وﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬C1 ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﻔﺮض‬


- assume C1 =( 3.0 4.0 ) for ( rectangle section)
- assume C1 = 3.50 1 ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻓﻲ‬

. ∗ ^
 d = 3.50 ∗
....(1)
from ....(1) get d = 77.05 cm take d = 80 cm
& t = d + cover (5.0 cm) = 80 + 5.0 = 85.0cm
‫ ﺳﻢ‬80 = d ‫ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻲ‬C1 ‫ﻧﻌﻴﺪ ﺣﺴﺎب‬
. ∗ ^
 80 = C1 ∗
 C1 = 3.63
2- get ( ) using value of (C1 = 3.63) from table or chart
‫ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ) ( ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول او اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب‬C1 ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
401 ‫اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﺷﺎﻛﺮ ص‬

Page No (-10- )
2nd Civil year – Reinforced Concrete - Notes No (8)

from table at C1 = 3.63 J = 0.789

. ∗ ^
3- As = = ∗ . ∗
= 14.66 cm 2 . ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻮي ﻓﻮق اﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰة‬
2‫ﺳﻢ‬ 2.01 ‫ﻣﻢ وﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﺔ‬16 ‫ﻧﻔﺘﺮض اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺳﻴﺦ ﻗﻄﺮة‬
.
As = 14.66 cm2 = .
= 8 Ø 16 ‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ اﻟﻌﺪد ﻻﻗﺮب رﻗﻢ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬
 As = 8 Ø 16

Section (2-2) T- section (Mu = 23.95 t.m):


-16ts + b = 16*12 +25 = 217 cm
B= min. of - Ø - Ø (center line to center line in plan) (not given).
´ . ∗
- +b = + 25 = 129 cm .
 B = 129 cm

1- d = C1 .
....(1)

& d = 80 cm ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻻول وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻜﻤﺮة‬

. ∗ ^
 80 = C1 ∗
.... (1)

from ....(1) get C1 = 9.28


2- get ( ) using value of (C1 = 9.28) from table
C1 = 4.85 ‫ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪول ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺎﺧﺬ اﺧﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺪول‬C1 = 9.28 ‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
at C1 = 4.85 ( ) =( )min = 0.125
 C = 0.125 d = 0.125 * 80 = 10.0 cm

Page No (-11- )
2nd Civil year – Reinforced Concrete - Notes No (8)

& a = 0.80 C = 0.80 * 10.0 = 8.0 cm


 a = 8.0 cm < ts=12 cm
get J from table at C1 = 4.85 J = 0.826

. ∗ ^
3- As = = ∗ . ∗
= 10.01 cm2 .

take As = 5 Ø 16 ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﻔﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺤﺮ اﻟﻜﻤﺮة ﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺰم اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ‬


3- Check critical section for shear :
1- get Qmax. = 28.56 t from S.F.D ‫أﻛﺒﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰة‬
2- get Qcr = Qmax. - wu ( )
assume C = 60 cm column dimension ‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﻓﻲ اﺗﺠﺎه اﻟﻜﻤﺮة‬
. .
 Qcr = 28.56 - 6.8 ( ) = 23.80 t


= 11.90 kg/cm2
.
3- get qu = =
. ∗

4- get qcu = 0.75 = 0.75 .


= 10.15 kg/cm2

5- get qumax = 2.20 = 2.20 .


= 29.78 kg/cm2

∵ qcu< qu < qumax


‫ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﺟﻬﺎد اﻟﻘﺺ اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬-
. ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪاﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺎت وﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻜﺴﺢ‬
.
- get qs = qu - = 11.90 - = 6.83 kg/cm2
‫ ونحسب مقاومتھا‬5 Ø 8 / m´ ‫ﻧﻔﺮض ﻛﺎﻧﺎت‬
assume : stirrups 5 Ø 8 / m´

Page No (-12- )
2nd Civil year – Reinforced Concrete - Notes No (8)
. . /
qstr =
.
∵ b = 25cm < 40 cm n=2
∵ using Ø8  Astr = 0.503 cm2
& fystr = 2400 kg/cm2 & s = 20 cm
∗ . ∗ / .
 qstr =

= 4.24 kg/cm2
qstr =4.24< qs = 6.83  need for bent bars ‫ﻧﺤﺘﺎج ﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻜﺴﺢ‬
qbent = 6.83 - 4.24 = 2.59 kg/cm2

. .
Asb =
.

: 45 = ‫زاوية ميل االسياخ المكسحة‬

. ∗ ∗
Asb = = 2.34 cm2
.
.
take Asb = 2 Ø 16 ‫ﻻﺣﻆ أﻗﻞ ﻋﺪد ﻳﻜﺴﺢ ﺳﻴﺨﻴﻦ‬

4- Draw all reinforcement details to scale :

: ‫أﻗﺼﻲ ﻋﺪد اﺳﺎخ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻒ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‬


. .
n=∅ .
n= . .
=5

‫ ﺳﻢ‬70 ‫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ زﻳﺎدة ﺳﻤﻚ اﻟﻜﻤﺮة ﻋﻦ‬shrinkage bars:- ‫ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬-

‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬% 8 ‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬

Ash = 0.080 As = 0.080 * 14.66 = 1.18 cm 2 = 2 Ø 10

. ‫ ﺳﻢ‬30 ‫ﻳﺠﺐ اﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش ﻋﻦ‬

Page No (-13- )
2nd Civil year – Reinforced Concrete - Notes No (8)

Page No (-14- )

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