C 0300ECT306052201 Pages: 4 0300ECT306052201

PART B
Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________ Answer one full question from each module, each carries 14 marks.
APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Module I
Sixth Semester B.Tech Degree Examination June 2022 (2019 Scheme)
11 a) A discrete source emits one of six symbols once in every milliseconds. The (7)

source probabilities are .Find the source entropy and

Course Code: ECT306 Information rate.
Course Name: INFORMATION THEORY AND CODING
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours b) State and prove Kraft’s inequality. (7)
PART A OR
Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks. Marks
12 a) A DMS has 6 codes with probabilities as p(x1)=0.25, p(x2)=0.3, p(x3)=0.12, (7)
1 A source transmits two independent messages with probabilities p and (1-p) (3)
p(x4)=0.2, p(x5)=0.08 and p(x6)=0.05.Obtain the Huffman codes and find the
respectively. Prove that the entropy is maximum when both the messages are
code efficiency and redundancy.
equally likely and plot the graph for Entropy H.
b) Calculate the information rate of a telegraphy system which uses a dash and dot (7)
2 Define (3)
as symbols. Assume that the dash is twice as long as dot and half as probable.
i. Entropy
The data last for 0.2 milliseconds and the same interval exists for the pause
ii. Information rate
between the symbols.
3 State Shannon’s second theorem on channel capacity. Give the Positive and (3)
Module II
Negative statements.
13 a) For the Channel matrix given below, find H(X), H(Y) and H(X,Y). Assume all (7)
4 Illustrate channel diagram for a Discrete memoryless channel with an example. (3)
input symbols are equally likely.
5 Differentiate (3)
i. Systematic and non-systematic codes
ii. Linear and non-linear codes
6 For a (7,4) linear block code, the Parity Check matrix is (3)

b) Explain the relation between differential entropy and entropy. (7)

OR
Obtain the Generator matrix
14 a) Given an AWGN channel with 5 K Hz bandwidth and the noise power spectral (7)
7 The generator polynomial of a (15,7) Cyclic code is, (3)
density η/2 =10-9 W/Hz. The signal power required at the receiver is 0.2 mW.
Calculate the capacity of this channel.
Find the code vector in Systematic form for the message vector 1101100
b) Derive the capacity of a Binary Symmetric Channel. (7)
8 Explain the various parameters of RS codes? (3) Module III
9 Draw the encoder circuit of a (2, 1, 3) convolutional encoder, if the generator (3) 15 a) For a systematic linear block code, the three parity check bits, c4, c5 and c6 are (7)
(1) (2)
sequences are g =(1 0 0 1) and g = (1 1 0 1) respectively. given by:
10 Explain the concept of Tanner graph in LDPC Code? (3)

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 0300ECT306052201 0300ECT306052201

in Non-systematic form and using that find the codeword

for the message vector 1100 and 1111.
b) For a (7,4) Cyclic code, the received vector Y is 1110101 and the generator (7)
3
polynomial is p +p+1. Draw the syndrome calculation circuit and correct the
single error in the received vector.
i. Construct the Generator matrix
Module V
ii. Decode the received code word 101100. 19 a) For a Convolutional encoder, the generator sequences are given as, (7)
(1) (2)
g = (1,1,0) and g = (1,0,1).Obtain the
b) For a (7,4) linear block code, the Generator matrix is (7)
a. Code Tree for the message sequence 1011
b. State diagram
b) Explain the Message-passing decoding scheme for LDPC codes. (7)
OR
i. Find all the codewords. 20 a) For a Convolutional encoder, the generator sequences are given as, (7)
(1) (2)
g = (1,0,1) and g = (0,1,1).
ii. Comment on the error detection and correction capability.
a. Draw the encoder circuit.
iii. Draw the encoder circuit b. Output sequence for a message sequence 1011 using Time domain
approach.
OR
16 a) Write notes on (7) b) For the convolutional encoder shown in figure , decode the sequence , (7)

i. Rings Y= 11 01 11 00 01 10 using Viterbi algorithm.

ii. Finite fields.

b) The Parity check matrix of a (7,4) linear block code is given as (7)

Construct the code words and show that this is a Hamming code.
Module IV
17 a) The generator polynomial of a (7,4) Cyclic code is . Find the (7) ****
code vectors corresponding to the message vectors 1011 and 1101 in Non-
Systematic form.

b) Draw the encoder circuit for a (7,4) Cyclic code with and (7)
obtain the codeword for the message sequence 1001.
OR
18 a) Obtain the generator matrix of a (7,4) Cyclic code for the generator polynomial (7)

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C 1200ECT306052302 Pages: 3 1200ECT306052302

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________ Module II

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 13 a) Determine the rate of transmission of information through a Binary Erasure (7)
Sixth Semester B.Tech Degree Supplementary Examination May 2023 (2019 Scheme) Channel?
b) A Gaussian channel has 10MHz bandwidth. If (S/N) ratio is 100, calculate the (7)
Course Code: ECT306
Course Name: INFORMATION THEORY AND CODING channel capacity and the maximum information rate.
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours OR
14 a) Find the mutual information of a channel with channel diagram given below, if ()
PART A
Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks. Marks P(x1) = P(x2) = ½.
1 Define mutual information. Mention the properties of mutual information. (3)
2 State Shannon’s source coding theorem. (3)
3 What is differential entropy? Derive the expression for the entropy of a continuous (3)
signals.
4 Draw the channel diagram of Binary Erasure Channel. (3)
5 Define Hamming weight, Hamming distance, dmin of a linear block code. (3)
6 If C is a valid code word generated by an (n, k) linear block code with parity check (3)
matrix ‘H’, prove that the product of C and the transpose of ‘H’ is 0.
7 Explain Hamming code. (3)
b) Derive the expression for channel capacity of a Gaussian channel with AWGN (7)
8 Find the systematic cyclic code for the data D= [1001] where the generator polynomial (3) when bandwidth becomes infinite.
for the (7,4) single error correcting cyclic code is 1+x+x3.
Module III
9 What are convolutional codes? How is it different from block codes? (3)
15 a) For a systematic (6,3) linear block code, the parity matrix P is given by, (7)
10 Give notes on tanner graph representation with an example. (3)
1 0 1
PART B P = [0 1 1]
Answer one full question from each module, each carries 14 marks. 1 1 0
Module I Find all possible code vectors and draw the encoder circuit.
11 a) State and prove Kraft’s inequality. (7) b) Draw the general syndrome calculation circuit for (n, k) linear block code and (7)
b) Show that the entropy is maximum when all the messages are equally likely. (7 explain its operation.
Also derive the expression for maximum entropy. OR
OR 16 a) Consider a (7,4) linear block code whose parity matrix is given by (7)
12 a) The five symbols S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5 of a source have probabilities 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, (7) 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
P= 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
0.1 and 0.1 respectively. Obtain the codewords using Huffman algorithm.
0 0 1 0 1 1 1
b) Explain prefix property and discuss the test for instantaneous property with an (7) 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
example. i) Find all code vectors.
ii) Draw the encoder circuit.

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 1200ECT306052302 C 1200ECT306052301 Pages: 3

b) Draw the complete decoding circuit for the (7,4) linear block code where the (7) Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________
syndrome bits are S=[s1 s2 s3]=[(r1+r2+r3+r5),(r1+r2+r4+r6),(r1+r3+r4+r7)]. APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
B.Tech Degree S6 (R, S) / S6 (PT) (R) Examination June 2023 (2019 Scheme)
Module IV
17 The generator polynomial of a (15,7) cyclic code is g(x)=1+x4+x6+x7+x8. Find the (14)

codeword in systematic form for the message (0101010) using encoder circuit listing
Course Code: ECT306
the states of registers in each step of code computation. Verify the answer by direct
Course Name: INFORMATION THEORY AND CODING
hand calculation. Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
OR
PART A
18 For a (7,4) cyclic code, the received vector Z(x) is 0100101 and the generator (14) Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks. Marks
3
polynomial is g(x)=1+x+x . Draw the syndrome calculation circuit and correct the 1 Consider a source S = {S1, S2, S3} with P = {1/2,1/4,1/4)}. Find self-information (3)
single error in the received vector. of each message and entropy of source S?
Module V 2 Define coding and explain the necessity of coding? (3)
19 For a (2,1,3) convolutional encoder, the generator sequences are given as, (14) 3 State the positive and negative statements of Shannon’s channel coding theorem. (3)
(1) (2) 4 Explain BSC with its channel diagram. (3)
g = (1011) and g = (1111 ).
i) Draw the encoder circuit and obtain the state diagram. 5 Distinguish between block codes and convolutional codes. (3)
ii) Find the output sequence for a message sequence 1101 using Time domain 6 Explain how generator matrix is obtained for a linear block code. (3)

approach. 7 What is BCH code? (3)

OR 8 List any three properties of cyclic code. (3)

9 For a (2,1,2) convolutional encoder with impulse response g(1)=[111] and (3)
20 Draw the trellis diagram of (2,1,3) convolutional encoder with impulse response (14)
g(2)=[101], find the output sequence for the message D =1 0 0 1 1 by time domain
g(1)=(1011) and g(2)=(1101). Also decode the sequence, Y = 110111000110 using
approach.
Viterbi algorithm.
10 Explain trellis diagram. (3)
****
PART B
Answer one full question from each module, each carries 14 marks.
Module I
11 a) Show that H (X, Y) = H(X/Y) + H(Y). (7)
b) Given the messages X1, X2, X3, X4, X5 and X6 with respective probabilities of 0.4, (7)
0.2, 0.2, 0.1, 0.07 and 0.03. Construct a binary code by applying Huffman
encoding procedure. Also determine its efficiency and redundancy.
OR
12 a) Construct an instantaneous binary code for a source producing 5 symbols S1 to S5 (7)
with respective probabilities of {1/2, 1/6,1/6,1/9,1/18}. Also find the code
efficiency and redundancy?

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 1200ECT306052301 1200ECT306052301

b) The joint probability of a pair of random variable is given below. Determine H(X), (7) Module IV
H(Y), H(X,Y), H(X/Y), H(Y/X) and I(X,Y) .Verify the relation between joint, 17 a) Draw the general encoding circuit for (n,k) cyclic code and explain its operation. (7)
1/3 1/3 b) Find the generator and parity check matrices of (7,4) cyclic code where (7)
conditional and marginal entropies? P(X,Y)= [ ]
0 1/3
xn+1= x7+1 = (1+x+x3) (1+x+x2+x4).
Module II OR
13 a) Explain Bandwidth-efficiency relation and Shannon’s Limit of a continuous (7) 18 For a (7,4) cyclic code, the received vector Z(x) is 1110101 and the generator (14)
3
Gaussian channel. polynomial is g(x)=1+x+x . Draw the syndrome calculation circuit and explain the
b) A message source produces two independent symbols A and B with probabilities (7) procedure with the register contents. Also correct the single error in the received
P(A)=0.4 and P(B)=0.6 and transmitted through a BSC. Calculate the Information vector.
transmission rate of the system if the symbols are received in average with 4 in Module V
every 100 symbols in error. 19 Consider a (3,1,2) convolutional code with g(1)=(1 1 0), g(2)=(1 0 1) and g(3)=(1 1 1). (14)
OR i) Draw the encoder block diagram.
14 a) Calculate the capacity of a Gaussian channel with a bandwidth of 1MHz and S/N (7) ii) Find the generator matrix.
ratio of 30dB. iii) Find the code vector corresponding to the information sequence (1 1 1 0 1)
b) Explain Binary Erasure Channel and derive its channel capacity. (7) using time domain and transfer domain approach.
Module III OR
15 a) Construct the encoding circuit of a systematic (6,3) LBC with the parity matrix (7) 20 Explain Viterbi algorithm for decoding of convolutional code with example with the (14)
1 0 1 help of figure.
given by P = [0 1 1]
****
1 1 0
Also find all possible code vectors.
b) Explain the error detection and correction capabilities of linear block code. (7)
OR
16 a) Explain the procedure to prepare the standard array of LBC. Also construct the (7)
1 1
standard array of (4,2) LBC whose parity matrix is given by, P = [ ]
1 0
b) For a systematic (7,4) linear block code, the parity matrix P is given by, (7)
1 1 1
P=
1 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
A single error has occurred in the received vectors [0111110] and [1011100].
Detect and correct the error?
Also draw the syndrome calculation circuit?

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C Pages: 3

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

1200ECT306052303 1200ECT306052303
APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
B.Tech Degree S6 (S, FE) / S6 (PT) (S) Examination January 2024 (2019 Scheme)
OR
12 a) The joint probability matrix of a communication system is given by (10)
0.1 0.05 0.05
𝑃(𝑋𝑌) = 0.2 0.15 0.1 . Find H(X), H(Y), H(X,Y), H(X/Y) and H(Y/X).
0.1 0.2 0.05
b) Explain uniquely decodable and prefix free property of source code (4)
Course Code: ECT306
Module II
Course Name: INFORMATION THEORY AND CODING
13 a) Derive the capacity of a Binary Erasure Channel. (6)
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
b) Given a binary channel, (8)
PART A
Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks. Marks

1 A source is transmitting six different messages at the rate of 100 msg/sec. The (3)

probabilities of the messages are ½, ¼, 1/6, 1/8, 1/32 and 1/32. Calculate the
information rate.
2 Define Entropy and list its properties. (3)
3 State Shannon’s second theorem on channel capacity. Give the Positive and (3)
Negative statements. 1. Find the channel matrix.
4 Explain Binary Symmetric Channel. (3) 2. Find P(y1) and P(y2) given P(x1)= P(x2)= 0.5
5 1 0 0 0 1 1 (3) 3. Find the joint probability P(x1, y2) and P(x2, y1).
A (6, 3) linear block code has a generator matrix given by 0 1 0 1 0 1.
OR
0 0 1 1 1 0
Find all the code vectors. 14 a) A voice grade channel of a telephone network has a bandwidth of 3.4KHZ. (7)

6 Explain the error detection and error correction capability of a linear block code. (3) a. Calculate the channel capacity of the telephone channel or a signal to noise

7 The generator polynomial of a (7, 4) Cyclic code is 𝐺(𝑝) = 𝑝 + 𝑝 + 1. Find the (3) ratio of 30dB.

code vectors in systematic form for the message vector 0101. b. Calculate the minimum signal to noise ratio required to support

8 Explain the BCH codes. (3) information transmission through the telephone channel at the rate of

9 Draw the encoder circuit of a (2, 1, 3) convolutional encoder, with sequences are (3) 4800bits/sec.

[1 0 0 1] and [1 1 1 1] as impulse responses. b) State Shannon Hartely theorem and explain the significance of Shannon Limit. (7)

10 Explain LDPC Codes. (3) Module III

PART B 15 a) The parity check list of an (8,4) linear block code is given by (12)
Answer one full question from each module, each carries 14 marks. C5= d1+d2+d4
Module I
C6= d1+ d2+d3
11 a) State and prove Kraft’s inequality. (7)
C7=d1+ d3+d4
b) A Discrete memoryless system has 6 codes with probabilities 1/3, 1/4, 1/8, 1/8, 1/12, (7)
C8= d2+d3+d4
and 1/12.Obtain the Huffman codes and find the code efficiency and redundancy.
a. Find the generator and parity check matrix.

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 C 1200ECT306012401 Pages: 3

1200ECT306052303 Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
b. Find the minimum weight.
B.Tech Degree S6 (R,S) / S6 (PT) (R,S) Examination May 2024 (2019 Scheme)
c. Calculate the error correction and detection capability.
d. Implement the encoder circuit.
b) List the properties to be satisfied by a linear block code? (2)
Course Code: ECT306
OR
Course Name: INFORMATION THEORY AND CODING
16 a) Define ring and field. Discuss its properties. (5)
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
b) The parity matrix for a (7,4) linear block code is given by (9)
1 0 1 PART A
1 1 1 Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks. Marks
P=
1 1 0
0 1 0 1 Define conditional entropy. (3)
a. Find all code vectors. 2 Find Huffman code for the source with symbol probabilities {1/2,1/3,1/6}. (3)
b. Find Parity check matrix. 3 State Shannon’s channel coding theorem. What is its significance in digital (3)
c. Implement an decoder circuit of the code communication system?
Module IV 4 An analog signal is bandlimited to B Hz, sampled at the Nyquist rate, and the (3)
17 a) The generator polynomial of a (7, 4) Cyclic code is 𝐺(𝑝) = 𝑝3 + 𝑝 + 1. Find the code (10)
samples are quantized into 4 levels. The quantization levels are assumed
vectors corresponding to the message vectors 1011 and 1101 in Non-systematic form
independent and occur with probabilities P1 = P4 = 3 / 8 and P2 = P3 =1/ 8.Find
b) Discuss the properties of Hamming codes. (4)
the information rate of the source assuming B = 100Hz.
OR
5 List the properties of group. Give an example. (3)
18 a) Draw syndrome circuit for a (7, 4) cyclic code generated by𝑔(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 . If (10)
6 Explain Repetition code with general example. (3)
the received code word r is [0010110], what is the syndrome of r? Explain the circuit
with a table showing the contents of syndrome register. 7 What are the features of Hamming Code. (3)
b) Explain decoding of cyclic codes. (4) 8 List the features of Reed Solomon code. (3)
Module V 9 What is Tanner graph representation of LDPC codes. (3)
19 For a Convolutional encoder, the generator sequences are given as, g (1) = (1,1,0) (14) 10 What is trellis diagram. (3)
and g(2) = (1,0,1). Obtain the state diagram and encode the message sequence PART B
(1011). Also verify the output sequence using Transform domain approach. Answer one full question from each module, each carries 14 marks.

OR Module I

20 For a (2,1,2) convolutional encoder with generator sequences g(1) = (1,1,1) and (14) 11 a) State and prove Kraft Inequality. (7)

g(2) = (1,0,1). Draw the Trellis diagram and perform Viterbi decoding on this trellis b) Show that the entropy is maximum when all the messages are equally likely. (7)
for the received sequence {01, 10, 10, 11, 01, 01, 11} and obtain the estimate of OR
the transmitted sequence. 12 a) Explain uniquely decodable and prefix-free property of source code. (4)
**** b) A transmitter has an alphabet consisting of five letters{ x1,x2,x3,x4,x5}and the (10)
receiver has an alphabet of four letters { y1,y2,y3,y4}.The joint probabilities of
the systems are shown as
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Page 1of 3
 1200ECT306012401 1200ECT306012401

y1 y2 y3 y4 Module V
x1 0.25 0 0 0 19 With the help of figures, explain Viterbi algorithm for decoding of (14)
P(X,Y) = x2 0.1 0.3 0 0 Convolutional code with example.
x3 0 0.05 0.1 0 OR
x4 0 0 0.05 0.1 20 a) Explain LDPC code with general example. (7)
(1)
x5 0 0 0.05 0 b) Draw a (3,2,1) Convolutional encoder with generator sequences g1 = (1 1) , (7)
(2) (3) (1) (2) (3)
Find Mutual information. g1 = (0 1) , g1 = (1 1) and g2 = (0 1) , g2 = (1 0) , g2 = (1 0).
Module II ****
13 a) Explain Binary Symmetric Channel and derive its channel capacity. (10)
b) Also draw the Entropy vs Probability and Channel capacity vs Probability (4)
graphs of the Binary Symmetric Channel.
OR
14 a) State and prove Shannon Hartley theorem (10)
b) Also explain Bandwidth-S/N trade off. (4)
Module III
15 a) Explain with examples how error detection and correction is possible with Block (7)
codes.
b) Draw and explain the general decoding circuit of a (n,k) Linear Block codes. (7)
OR
16 a) Explain single parity check bit coding for error detection. (7)
b) Explain Rings and finite fields. (7)
Module IV
17 a) Draw the general encoding circuit for a (n,k) Systematic Cyclic code and (10)
explain its operation.
b) The generator polynomial of a (7,4) Cyclic code is G(p) = 1 + p + p3 . Find the (4)
code vector corresponding to the message vector 1010 in NonSystematic form.
OR
18 a) Draw the encoder circuit for a (7,4) Cyclic code with G(p) = 1 + p + p3 and (10)
obtain the codeword in systematic form for the message sequence 1110.
b) Explain the features of BCH codes. (4)

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 L

c 1200ECT306052401
A
1200EcT306052401
RegNo.: Name:

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UMVERSITY 12 a) ConsideraDMSwithsourceprobabilities{0.35,0.25'0.2,0.15,0.05}(10)

B.Tech Degree 56 (S, FE) / 56 (PT) (S, FE) Examination December2024 (201 i. Determine the binary Huftnan code for this source
symbols A' B
ii. Determine the ternary Huftnan code for this source using
and C.
tength and compare'
iii. Determine the average code wd'd
Course Code: ECT306 with (4)
:A givOfii,,sortrce alphabet consists oi'r*,6';'*Ords, of which 15 occur
Course Name: INFORMATION THEORY AI{D CODING b)
Max. Marks: 100 Duration:3 Hours pr0babil,iry.,0.06eachandtheremainiii$w,otdsoccurwithprobability0.00035
PART A
Answer all questions, each carries 3 marks. Marks each"If1000wordsaretransmittedeachs€cond,whatistheaveragerateof
the term entropy of a discrete memory-less source. Calculate the entropy (3) informatio* transmission? 'i"
.Define
Modulell'
of a DMS'with trvo symbols with respective probabifities 1i i 1. A)
13 a) A binaqy;qlannel has the followint ""-l*'i'ti"*cteristics:
2 Differentiate between source coding and channel coding (3) pgno =E,nn
3 State Shannon's channel coding theorem (3)
t,-]
4 What is meant by the differential entropy? Derive an expression for the same (3) Findthechannelcapacity,efficiencyandredundancyofthechannel,ifthe
are occurred with probabilities
p(xr) = 213 and p(xz) = l/3'
) (3) source symbols
Evaluate the expresst""
{(hll$ over the prime field modulo-5 operation
theorem 0)
b) State and derive Shannon-Hartley
6 Differentiate between block codes and convolutional codes. (3) OR
The channel noise is (7)
7 Elaborate on the features of cyclic codes and their benefits. (3) 14 a) A communication system employs a continuous source'
to
the sourte output is l0 MHz and signal
8 Explain the parameters of Hamming codes (3) white and Gaussian. The bandwidth of
9 Draw the convolutional encoder whose connection vectors are, gr:(l I l) and (3) nsisepower ratio at the receiver is 100'

g2:(l0l). i. Determine the channel caPacitY

to achieve the
l0 Explain the features of any one 'capacity approaching' code. (3) ii. If the SNR drops to 10, how rhuch bandwidth is needed
PART B same channel caPacitY?
Answer onefull questionfrom each module, each carries 14 marhs. infinite bandwidth' Discuss shannon's
limit Q)
b) Find the capacity of a channel with
Module I Module lll
(10)
parity check equations are:
ll a) Determine the mutual information between two discrete memoryless sources X (7) , 15 a) consider a systematic block code whose

pt = mt+m2+m4 i
l

and Y with conditional probability matrix giv€i by

[o.s o.s o I p2 = ml+m3+m4
P(YD() = lo.s 0 0.s p3 = mt+m2+m3
L 0 0.5 0.5J
I

pn = mz*ml*ffi+
Veriff the formula H(X,YF H(X) + H(YD(). Given p(xr):0.6, p(xz)=0.3 &
this code
i, Constnrct the G and H matrices for
p(xr):0.1.
correct?
ii. How many errors can the code detect and
b) For any discrete memoryless source S- {sr, s2: s3: sq}, prove that (7)
iii. Is the vector l0l0l0l0 a valid codewotd?
0 S H(S) < logzq , where H(S) is the entropy of the source.
iv. Is the vector 0l0l I100 a valid codeword?
OR

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\
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 1200ECT306052/101

b) Which among the following block codes are perfect codes? Justi$ your answer. (4)
i. (7,3) .

ii. (7,4)
OR
16 a) 'lthe parity check matrix for a (7,4) 1gg is-given below:

11 1 9l (7)
o=lo 1 1l
tl;rJ
Draw the *fndrome calculator circuit ftr the code.
:1
b) Exptain th€ standard array decoding of linear block code. Derive the standard (T)
trray fur,a (5,1) repetition code.
'.:

Module tV
17 a),',,Encode th message l0l in systematic form for a cyclic code with generator (5)
PolYnomial g(X) : I + X + X2 +X4.
b) Design a feedback shift register e.ncoder for an (8,5) cyclic code with generator (9)
polynomial g(X) : I + X + X2 +X3. Use the encoder to find the codeword for the
message l0l0l in systematic form.

OR
18 a) considerthe generator polynomial of e,4) cycric code as g(X) = l+X2+xr. (s)
:i :, i. Determine the parity check polynomial for this code
ii. Find the generator and parity check matrices in systematic form
",
':: iii. Determine the error detecting and correcting capability of the code.
' b) A (15'5) cyclic code has a generator polynomial as follows: (6)
gCX)= I *X+X2+X5+1E tXro.
i. Find the code polynomial forthe message l0l0l
ii. Has any eror occurred during transmission for the received word
' 100010101000001? j
Module V
19 a) Draw the state, tree and trellis diagram for the K=3, rate l/3 code generated by, (14)
gr(X) = X+X2
ga(X) =l* X
g;r(X) =l+ X+X2
OR
20 a) Explain decoding of convolutional codes using viterbi algorithm. (14)
****

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