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Section 1: Diversity of Protists

Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Kingdom Protista is the most diverse of all the kingdoms.

VOCABULARY

protist

MAIN IDEA: PROTISTS CAN BE ANIMAL-LIKE, PLANTLIKE, OR

FUNGUSLIKE.
1. Are protists eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
_______________________________________________________________
2. Are all protists single-celled? Explain.
_______________________________________________________________
3. Are all protists microscopic? Explain.
_______________________________________________________________
4. How do protists reproduce?
_______________________________________________________________

Write how each category of protists get their food, and whether they are
single-celled, colonial, or multicellular in the table below.

Protist Category How They Get Their Food Body Form

Animal-like protist 5. 6.

7. 8. single-celled, colonial,
or multicellular

9. decomposer (heterotroph) multicellular

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Holt McDougal Biology 0 Protists and Fungi

Study Guide B Section 1: Diversity of Protists
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Study Guide B continued

MAIN IDEA: PROTISTS ARE DIFFICULT TO CLASSIFY.

10. What kingdom are protists placed in?
_______________________________________________________________
11. What domain are protists placed in?
_______________________________________________________________
12. Are protists more closely related to animals or to bacteria? Explain.
_______________________________________________________________
13. Look at Figure 1.3. What type of protist is more closely related to animals:
algae or slime molds?
_______________________________________________________________
14. Look again at Figure 1.3. What type of protist is more closely related to plants:
algae or slime molds?
_______________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Check
15. In the 1860s, the scientist Ernst Haeckel first used the term Protista to
categorize all single-celled organisms. How has the meaning of protist
changed since then?
_______________________________________________________________

Sketch it Out
Using the six-kingdom model of classification shown below, draw two circles. One
circle should include all of the prokaryotes. The other circle should include all of
the eukaryotes. Be sure to label both of the groups that you have identified.

Plantae
Animalia

Protista

Archaea

Fungi Bacteria

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Holt McDougal Biology 1 Protists and Fungi

Study Guide B Section 1: Diversity of Protists
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Section 2: Animal-Like Protists

Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Animal-like protists are single-celled heterotrophs that can move.

VOCABULARY

protozoa cilia
pseudopod

MAIN IDEA: ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS MOVE IN VARIOUS WAYS.

1. What are protists?
_______________________________________________________________
Fill in the table below with characteristics of animal-like protists.

Structure Used for Way of Life Example (sketch and

Movement label)
Flagella free-living, parasites, and 2.
mutualists

3. free-living, parasites 4. amoeba or foraminifera

(draw sketch and label)

5. 6. 7.

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Holt McDougal Biology 2 Protists and Fungi

Study Guide B Section 2: Animal-Like Protists
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Study Guide B continued

MAIN IDEA: SOME ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS CAUSE DISEASE.

8. What is the disease caused by the protist Plasmodium?
_______________________________________________________________
9. How is the disease caused by Plasmodium passed to humans?
_______________________________________________________________
10. One protist causes sleeping sickness. What structure does that protist use to
move around?
_______________________________________________________________
11. What protist is common in natural streams and other bodies of water near wild
animal habitats?
_______________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Check
12. A common name that refers to all animal-like protests
_______________________________________________________________
13. Shorter and more numerous than flagella
_______________________________________________________________
14. Means “fake foot”
_______________________________________________________________

Sketch it Out
Use Figure 2.2 and the text to sketch and describe how an amoeba gets its food.

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Holt McDougal Biology 3 Protists and Fungi

Study Guide B Section 2: Animal-Like Protists
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Section 3: Plantlike Protists

Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Algae are plantlike protists.

VOCABULARY

algae

MAIN IDEA: PLANTLIKE PROTISTS CAN BE SINGLE-CELLED OR

MULTICELLULAR.
Fill in the table below with characteristics of plantlike protists.

Identifying Single-celled or
Plantlike Protist Where Found Characteristic Multicellular
Euglenoids fresh water, salt 1–2 flagella 1.
water

Dinoflagellates salt water, fresh 2. 3.

water, snow

Diatoms 4. 5. single-celled

Green algae 6. chlorophyll a and b, 7.

carotenoids

Brown algae 8. 9. 10.

Red algae 11. chlorophyll a, 12.

phycoerythrin

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Holt McDougal Biology 4 Protists and Fungi

Study Guide B Section 3: Plantlike Protists
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Study Guide B continued

MAIN IDEA: MANY PLANTLIKE PROTISTS CAN REPRODUCE BOTH

SEXUALLY AND ASEXUALLY.
Choose whether the phrase below best describes asexual reproduction or sexual
reproduction of algae.

asexual reproduction sexual reproduction

________________________ 13. All algae can reproduce this way.
________________________ 14. In Clamydomonas, the entire cycle is haploid
(1n).
________________________ 15. Simple fragmenting.
________________________ 16. In Clamydomonas, this is triggered by
environmental stress.
________________________ 17. Gametes are formed.
________________________ 18. In Clamydomonas, it has both haploid (1n) and
diploid (2n) stages.

Vocabulary Check
19. Are algae plants or protists? Explain.
_______________________________________________________________

Sketch it Out
Use Figure 3.7 to sketch the life cycle of a single-celled green algae. Make sure to
label asexual and sexual reproduction.

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Holt McDougal Biology 5 Protists and Fungi

Study Guide B Section 3: Plantlike Protists
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Section 4: Funguslike Protists

Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Funguslike protists decompose organic matter.

VOCABULARY

slime mold water mold

MAIN IDEA: SLIME MOLDS AND WATER MOLDS ARE FUNGUSLIKE

PROTISTS.
1. How are funguslike protists different from fungi?
_______________________________________________________________
2. What are the two types of slime molds?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. The protist that causes malaria is called Plasmodium. How is a funguslike
protist plasmodium different than this disease-causing Plasmodium?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4. What happens to a plasmodial slime mold when it is under environmental
stress?
_______________________________________________________________
5. What is unusual about the spores released by a slime mold?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
6. A cellular slime mold produces a pseudoplasmodium, which means “fake
plasmodium.” How is a pseudoplasmodium of a cellular slime mold different
from a plasmodium of a plasmodial slime mold?
_______________________________________________________________
7. What was the cause of the Great Potato Famine in Ireland in the 1800s?
_______________________________________________________________

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Holt McDougal Biology 6 Protists and Fungi

Study Guide B Section 4: Funguslike Protists
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Study Guide B continued

Write where the different funguslike protists can be found, their ecological roles,
and their possible body forms in the table below.

Funguslike
Protist Where Found Ecological Role Body Forms
Plasmodial slime 8. decomposer plasmodium, spore
mold producing
structure, spores
that can move

Cellular slime 9. 10. 11.

mold

Water mold 12. 13. 14.

Vocabulary Check
slime mold water mold
_________________________ 15. can grow as large as a meter or more
_________________________ 16. has a resistant, resting stage
_________________________ 17. can have a cottony appearance
_________________________ 18. releases chemical signals that cause the
cells to swarm together

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Holt McDougal Biology 7 Protists and Fungi

Study Guide B Section 4: Funguslike Protists
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Section 5: Diversity of Fungi

Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Fungi are heterotrophs that absorb their food.

VOCABULARY

chitin fruiting body

hyphae mycorrhizae
mycelium sporangia

MAIN IDEA: FUNGI ARE ADAPTED TO ABSORB THEIR FOOD FROM THE
ENVIRONMENT
1. What are the three informal groups that fungi can be divided into?
_______________________________________________________________
2. What is one way that fungi are similar to insects?
_______________________________________________________________

In the chart below, compare fungi and plants.

Characteristics Fungi Plants

How do they get their 3. 4.
food?

What structures make up hyphae, mycelium, 5.

their bodies? fruiting body

What makes up their cell 6. 7.

walls?

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Holt McDougal Biology 8 Protists and Fungi

Study Guide B Section 5: Diversity of Fungi
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Study Guide B continued

MAIN IDEA: FUNGI COME IN MANY SHAPES AND SIZES.

Sketch and label an example of each of the following: sac fungi, bread mold, and
club fungi. Pick figures throughout the chapter as examples for your sketches.

8. Sac Fungus 9. Bread Mold 10. Club Fungus

MAIN IDEA: FUNGI REPRODUCE SEXUALLY AND ASEXUALLY.

11. List the three ways that yeast can reproduce.
_______________________________________________________________
12. Why are single-celled yeasts classified as sac fungi?
_______________________________________________________________
13. Where can the reproductive structures of a club fungi, called basidia, be found
on a mushroom?
_______________________________________________________________

Vocabulary Check
________________ 14. spore-forming structures of fungi
________________ 15. aboveground reproductive structure of a fungus
________________ 16. a tough polysaccharide that makes up the
cell walls of fungi
________________ 17. symbiotic relationship between plant roots and fungi
________________ 18. long strands that make up the bodies of
multicellular fungi
________________ 19. a tangled mass of hyphae

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Holt McDougal Biology 9 Protists and Fungi

Study Guide B Section 5: Diversity of Fungi
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Section 6: Ecology of Fungi

Study Guide B
KEY CONCEPT
Fungi recycle nutrients in the environment.

VOCABULARY

lichen

MAIN IDEA: FUNGI MAY BE DECOMPOSERS, PATHOGENS, OR

MUTUALISTS.
1. How does the decomposing activity of fungi help ecosystems?
_______________________________________________________________
2. How are fungi well adapted as decomposers?
_______________________________________________________________
3. Fungi are the main decomposers of what two tough plant materials?
_______________________________________________________________
4. What negative effect to human industry may fungi decomposers have?
_______________________________________________________________
5. What are organisms that always cause disease called?
_______________________________________________________________
6. How does overuse or incorrect use of antibiotics contribute to infection by
fungi?
_______________________________________________________________
7. What are two fairly mild infections to humans that are caused by fungi?
_______________________________________________________________
8. What are three diseases of plants that are caused by fungi?
_______________________________________________________________
9. What is usually the source of the chemicals used in antifungal medicines?
_______________________________________________________________
10. Use Figure 6.3 to sketch and label the structure of a lichen in the space
provided.

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Holt McDougal Biology 10 Protists and Fungi

Study Guide B Section 6: Ecology of Fungi
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Study Guide B continued

11. What does an associated alga provide to a lichen?

_______________________________________________________________
12. What two roles do lichens play in an ecosystem?
_______________________________________________________________
13. Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations between plant roots and fungi. What
does the fungi provide in this relationship?
_______________________________________________________________
14. How does the fungus benefit by being associated with plant roots as
mycorrhizae?
_______________________________________________________________
15. What are two ways mycorrhizae are beneficial to a plant?
_______________________________________________________________

MAIN IDEA: FUNGI ARE STUDIED FOR MANY PURPOSES.

Fill in the concept map below with details of how humans use fungi for different
purposes.

Uses of fungi

16. 17. molecular biology

18. 20. antibiotics model systems

19.

Vocabulary Check
21. A lichen is a mutualistic relationship between what two types of organisms?
_______________________________________________________________

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Holt McDougal Biology 11 Protists and Fungi

Study Guide B Section 6: Ecology of Fungi
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