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PDE 1a.First order PDE

Partial Differential Equations (PDE) are equations involving multiple independent variables and their partial derivatives, commonly found in applied mathematics, physics, and engineering. The document discusses the order and degree of PDEs, as well as methods for forming and solving them, including Lagrange's method for first-order linear PDEs. It also provides examples illustrating the concepts of complete and particular solutions of PDEs.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
12 views25 pages

PDE 1a.First order PDE

Partial Differential Equations (PDE) are equations involving multiple independent variables and their partial derivatives, commonly found in applied mathematics, physics, and engineering. The document discusses the order and degree of PDEs, as well as methods for forming and solving them, including Lagrange's method for first-order linear PDEs. It also provides examples illustrating the concepts of complete and particular solutions of PDEs.

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abc8942033
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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of Partial Differential Equation (PDE).

Origin
:1.
Partial differential Equations (PDE) arise in study when the number of
t differ
ndcnt variable
ependent variables is two or more. Most of the problems of applied
athematies. physics, engineering sciences are involvedw partial
hfierential equations.
An equation which involves the independent variables, dependent variable
ni the partial derivatives w.r.t the independent variables is called the partial
ifferential equation (PDE).
Forexample, CYoy
Ox
(1)
(2)
pp=o
Oxoy Ox
(3)
2
Xy (4)
x
o'u 0'u ou0
0 (S)
(o)
Ox Voy
afe partial differential equations.
quations (1), (2), (3) and (6) contan two udependent variables,
d y, equation (5) contains three indepenlet varables, , r and .
Order and Degree of PDE:
As in ordinary differential cqquaton, the order ot the highest order partial
called the order of the PDE and the degree of
erivative inim
valive the equation s
is deriva is called the degree
of the PD.
derivative
ant degree of () is 1 and 1,
Fo exanple, in the above Aticle tlie u e r
Tor
is I and 2.
ho f I and 2, that ot (6)
(2) is 2 and I; that of (4) is
SOLUTION OF FirsT OrDEr ParTlAL
DiFFErENTIAL EqtATION
7.1. Origin of Partial Differential Equation (PDE).
when the number of
Partial ditferential Equations (PDE) arise in study
more. Most of the problems of applied
itdependent variables is two or
sCiences are involved with partial
mathematics. physics, eng1neering
ditterential equations.
involves the independent variables, dependent variable
An equation which
variables is called the partial
and the partial derivatives w.r.t the independent
differential equation (PDE).
For example, x+y= z (1)
Ox cy
xy- (2)
r Cxoy
(3)
Oxoy Ox
= xy (4)
ou o'u 5)
(6)
ox
are partial differential equations.
variables.
and (6) contain two independent
Equations (1), (2), (3) and .
three independent variables, x, y
I and y; equation (5) contains
Order and Degree of PDE:
ofthe
the order highest order partial
As in ordinary differential equatiOn, of
called the order of the PDE and the degree
derivative in the equation is
of the PlDE.
this derivative is called the degree is I and 1
Article the order and degree of(1)
For example, in the above I and 2.
that of (2) is 2 and I; that
of (4) is I and 2; that of (6) is
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-JI

or product
occur
arly
linearly
i.e. power orp
power

190 derivaties
one then PDE is
partial with degree
Linear
PDE: Ifthe derivatives
presents

and its
ofthe
dependent non-linear.
where a s equations ( h
otherwise linear
are
called linear,
(2) and (5)
equations
For example, we shall use
non-linear. chapters
are
(3). (4)
and (6) and
subsequent
the independent
convenience
in the present derivatives
of z w.r.t

For
notation for the partial
the following
variablesx andy:

ax
P ay 04x
O r d e r PDE elimination of
of First by the
formed either
Formation
7.2. be number
differential equations can
functions. If the
Partial of arbitrary
elimination variables
constants or by number if independent
arbitrary than the number
is more
first. If the
order than the
constants
of arbitrary
will be of higher number of
independent
obtained PDE
then the than the
is equal or greater Otherwise the
functions order.
of arbitrary will be of higher
obtained PDE elimination
then the obtained by
variables
the order PDE of
order. In general arbitrary
PDE will be of first the number
of eliminated

functions is equal to
of arbitrary
functions.
examples: ng equations
See the following constants from the foll ng
Eliminating the
arbitrary a r e independent
Example : nature. (In every c a s e x, y
and mention its
form the PDE
dependent) are independent)
variables and z is variable and x, y
z is the dependent
(In each equation

() z =
(a + xXb + y)

(i)

(ii) 4z = (ax ++ b) and

a constants
two arbitrary
(a +x)(b +y). There are a
Solution. () z =
will be
obtained PDE
b. Since it contains two independent variables, the
order one.
From the givCn cquation we get

=(h+ y) and X
Oy
Multiplying these two we get

02 2
(a+ xXb+ y)

Oz
of x Oy
hich is the required PDE. This is a first order non linear differential
quation

(i) (1)
Since this contains three arbitrary constants a, b and c which is greater
than the number of independent variables x, y, the obtained PDE will be of
higher order. Differentiating (1) w.r.t x and y we get
2z 00
a ax
of.
X 020
. =Ox 0 i.c. P=0 p=0 (2)

Similarly differentiating (1) w.r.t y we get

=0
(3)

Differentiating (2) w.r.tx again,

p +zr)=u
(4)
p' + zr) =0
(5)
Similarly )-0
Doing (4) x x (2) we get

p+zr) 0
Or,
PDE.
) which is the required
ie, x
O
Ox
192 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS.
IllB
This is a second order non-linear PDE.

(ii) 4 = (ax ++ by (1)


a

No. of arbitrary constant 2. So obtained P.D.E will be of 1st order


The arbitrary constants a. b should be eliminated.
Differentiating (1) w.r.t x we get

2 axba a

or, 2p = ax ++b|a (2)


a

Again differentiating (1) w.r.t y we get

or, 2q =
ax ++b
a
|- (3)

Multiplying (2) and (3) we get

4pq= ax ++b a

or, 4py= 4z using (1)


or, p4 =2

i.e. x oy
which is the required differential equation. This is a Ist order non-

linear PDE
7.3. Solution or Integral of a Partial Differential Equation
In the prevoius Article we observed a relation like
J(x,y,2,*****yd,b,.. **-) =0 (1)
ore
containing two or more independent variables x, y.... and two or no
tial
independent arbitrary constants a, b . . gives a partial differenua
equation like ¢ (x,y, z .,p,q,*.*) = 0 (2)
DEFFERENTIAL EQUATION
PARTIAL

193
rolation (1) is called
This relati Complete Solution or Complete Integral
a

PDE
the
DE (2). complete integral contains as many arbitrary constants
(2). A con
independent variables.
are
there
Agan we have seen in the same Article a relation like
f(..2d.v.)=0
(3)
ntaining two or more independent variables, x, y and two or more arbi-
an functions 0.V,*. also gives a partial differential equation like (2).
trary
his relation (3) is called a General Solution or General Integral of the
pde (2).
1f particular values are given to the arbitrary constants or if the arbi

ranv function of General solution takes a particular function the solution is

caled a Particular Integral or Particular Solution.


Example.1. In an earlier example we see the relation
z = (a +x)Mb +y) (1)

gives the p.d.e 2 C = Z (2)


Ox oy
some imposed
(1) is Complete Integral of the p.d.e (2). From
a
becomes a Particu-
condition if we get a =1,b 2 then z =(l +x{2+ y)
=

lar Solution of (2).


2) In an earlier example we formed the p.d.e

-2y
Cx
Cy
(1)

from the equation

(2)
=y+2/ logy
p.d.e (1). Suppose
some
solution otf the
99 here (2) is the General
gives fu)= t then (2)
Osinposed on the differential equation
solution
particular
es=y2 log ywhich is
4. Linear PDE of First Order
APartial diflerential cquation of the Torn

R
Cx
ENGINEERING MATHEMATIcs-IuIB
194

i.c Pp+Qq - R
Ist order where P, Q and R are function of x,
is called a linear p.d.e of
y and z
This equation is also knowns
as Lagrange's Equation.
Oz x y zx 1s a linear PLDE of
y')+(ry + zx)=
-

Example 1. ( -2yz -

first order
Here P=z' -2vz- y'.Q=y + zx andR=xy-ZX

(2) (+log : ) =r*y':* is a linear PDE offirst order.

Here P=y +logz, Q=0, R=x*'y'


- xy is not a linear PDE at all.

7.5. Lagrange's Method of Solution of linear PDE of 1st order.


Lagrange's method of solving a PDE like
Pp+Qq R
is nothig but the result of the
following theorems :
Theorem 1. Every solution (or integral) of the equation Pp +Qq = R is a

solution of the PDE P+Q


Ox
R=0
Oz
and viceversa.
Proof. Let U = c
(1)
be a solution of
Pp + Qy R =
(2)
From (1)z can be expressed as a function
of x and y.
So by theory of
implicit functio
OU

oU

Similarly. Oy OU
EFFERENTIAL EQUATION 195

ART

these in (2) we get


Putting

OU

P R

P++R=0 Proved
suppose U be a solution of the equation
the converse part we
To Drove

(3)
0z
relation gives the
U We shall show this
Consider the equation
=c.

As above
pde (2).
GU
OU
Oy
and q=u
p U

Now from (3) we get

oU OU

= R
x+Q
GU OU

is a solution of (2).
R which is (2)..U
=c
O7, Pp +Qq =

simultaneous system
solution of the
heorem 2. Every
d dyd
P R
+R=0 and vice-versa
a solution ofthe PDE pox+
(1)
Proof. Let U =C
e a solution of the system
(2)
196

dU 0
(3)
=

From (2),

dy oU0
or. Udx *ay AR
anddt
=

dr= AP.dy =Q
From (2).
these in (3),
Putting
A p + o + a R= 0

R = 0 proved.
r, p oy be a
solution of
me suppose
U =c
converse part
To prove the
(4)
p+ R=0.
ox Oy
dx dz
From the system R
P
dy
we have P R

dx + -dy +dz
Oy
POU OU R OU
0z

Since (4) holds, dx + d y + d =0


Ox
or, dU = 0 or, U = c

.U =c is a solution of (4).
Theorem 3. If u = constant and V = constant be two independen
solution of the system

d dy d
P R
then o(U,V) = 0 is also a solution of the system. where is an arbitrary

function.
Proof. By the prevIOus Theorem 2,
PARTIAL DEFFERENTIAL EQUATION 197

+R=0
(1)

P +RêV
(2)
Difierentiating o (U,V)=0 partially w.r.tx, y and z respectively

t -

GU

U
From these we get

CX Oz

+RU
P R R
=0+x0 using (1) and (2)
CV

hus o is a solution of the cquation

p 0+ R=0
0Z
oy is a solution
of
byTheorem 1 above, o
d dy dz
P R methodis
theorems the Lagrange's
three
On the
the basis ofpabove
resented below:
develope This is a p.d.e ofthe
for Pp+ Qy
=
R where
To solve
P
Lag ange's Method:
we shall tind two independent
solution

QR a r e function ofx, y andz simultaneous


cquations
U cons constant
of the
Stant and V =
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-IIR
198

d ddy
d dz (which is done in the chapter "simultancous linear
P R ó (U,V) Oor.
differential equations'). Then by Theorem 3 the relation =

U= f ) will be the required general solution. Ùorfare arbitrary func


tion.

The equation i s known as Lagrange's Subsidiary


P R
Equation or Lagrange's Auxiliary Equation of
the PDE Pp + Qq =R.
7.6. Ilustrative Examples

Example.1. Solve the PDE (y-z)+(z-x) *-y


oy
by Lagrange's method.
Solution. Its auxiliary equation is
dx dy dz
(1)
y-z 2 -x x-y

dy dz dx +dy + dz dr +dy + d
dr F
of, 0
y-z z-x x-y (y-z)+(2-x)+(x-Y)
'dx+dy + dz =
0
On integration, x + y +z = constant is a solution of (1)

To find another one,


dx dy dz xdx + ydy+ zdz xdr + ydy+ zd
*

y-2 Z-XX-y a(y-z)+ y(z -x)+z(x-y)


.xde +yuhy + zd =0

On integration x' + y' +z' = constant which is another solution of (1).

the required solution is

o(x+ y +
2,x + y' +z') =0 where o is an arbitrary function.
We could also take x' + y'+z =f(r+ y+2) as a solution.

Example.2. Solve the PDE yzp + 2xg = y .

Solution. Here P=yz.Q=2x andR=xy


RTIAL DEFFERENTIAL EQUATION 199

subsidiary equation is
lts
d
d
R
P
d d
(1)

From the tirst two ratio of (1) we have


dr
d or,

or. xdr = h

Integrating both side


, onstant or. x* - y' =C.(constant)

Similarly from the second and third ratio we get

r - ' =C,(constant)
the required general solution is

or-y.x* -:)=0 where is an arbitrary function.


Example.3. Solve the following:

(y+)+(z +)=*+y
x are
Solution. Its subsidiary/ auxiliary equations
d dy (1)
ytz 2+X x+y
We have to find two solutions of (1)
dx + dy + dz (2)
Each ratio of (1) 2(x+ y+ 2)
d - hy + Odz
Each ratio of (1) 1s + x)+O(x+ y)
(yt z)-(2
d-dy
(3)
-(xy)
Ods t dy-d
tach ratio of (1) is + *)-(x+ V)
O(yt)+ (2
dy- d (4)
200
therefore
Since (2) =(3)
dr + dy + dz
dr -dy
-(x-y)
2(x + + z)

dx+ y+)d(r-y)
2(x+y+z) X-y
side we get
Integrating both
-log(r -y) + loge
log(x + y+ z) =

= constant
or. x+y+z (r-y)
which is one solution of (1).
or. (r+ y+z)(* - y)'=c
dlr-y)dy-2)
-4U-D=_4y-3)

Again (3)
=
(4) and so X-y y-z

Integrating both
side we get
constant
log(x-y) log(y-z)
+ =

or, =c,
which is another solution of (1)
of the given P.D.E is
the general solution

|(x+y+zMx -y)}*2|=0
-

is constant.
where d
PDE
Example.4. Solve the

(mz n y ) + (nx -/2)=ly -mx


OX
is
Solution. The Lagrange's auxilhary equation
Ox dy dz )
mz ny
We shall find two solutons of ( )

ds t yh tzd:
Fach ratio of Gl) is :)+ :(0-mv)
{m2 - nv)+ y(nn-
d + ydy t zd
PARTIAL DEFFERENTIAL EQUATION
201
xdr + h + zdz = 0

Integrating both side we get

Constant

or. *+ y +z' =c, which is one solution of (1)

ldx + mdy + ndz


Again each ratio of ()
(mz -ny) + m(nx lz) + n(ly mx)
-
-

ldr +mdy+ ndz


0
Ids + mdv + ndz = 0

Integrating both sides, we get


lx + my + nz = c, which is another solution

: the required solution is o(r* +y +z',lx +my + nz) =0


where o is a constant.

Example.5. By Lagrange's method, Prove that z = e""f(x-y) is a solution

of -
x oy a

Solution. The given equation is written as

P+q=-
a
(1)
Its subsidiary equation is

dx dydz
(2)
I z/a
We shall find two solution of (2).
From the first two ratio of (2),
d =dy. Integrating x = y+Cj 0r, *-y= c, (3)
This is solution of (2)
one

From the 2nd and 3rd ratio of (2).


dz
dy=- or,d=
za
ENGINEERING MMATHEMATICS- UR

202

constant

Integrating. r =log:+

or.=C.e"
function of c,
is arbitrary
constant so c, 1s arbitrary
Since c,
arbitrary.
1.e. c =
ftc,) = y) by (3), wheref is
f(x -

the general solution is z e" f(x- y). =

Evample.6. Solve

(n-2a)+(2-*'y)-9:( -y)
oy
Solution. This is a lst order linear P.D.E.
R =9z(x* - y')
Here P n ' -2x.0=2' -r'y and
Its Subsidiary equations aree

P R
dx dy (1)
or.
-22y-r'y 92(x -y)
dr
dz
r. x(y -2x) y(2 -x) 9:(x* - y')

a n d a s as multiplier
Taking 3
we get
dy d
d
z(y- 2x) y(2y - x') 9:(x' -y')

3
-2r) (2y-r') 4r- r')

d s+ d y , d = 0
3
p A R T I A L L

Integrating
both side we get

og ")=0 or. avz' =c. which is a solution of (1).


ave to find another one. z is absent in first two ratio.
consider the st two ratio.
So e

-2212- x'y
. 2-xdr + (2x* -y'Jdy = 0
ordinary equation
differential with homogeneous coefficient.
Ahis a

We solve this by substituting y= vx


be = B which is the another solution of (1)
The solution will

therequired solution is x

differential equation
Example.7. Find the particular solution of the partial

(-)+(:-x)=X-y which passes through the curve

4 , 2 =0.
found its general solution which is
olution. In a previous Example we

(1)
given by X+y+Z =C
(2)

curve is x=t,y =-,z


= 0. We shall
he parametric form of the given
a relation between c, and c, with the help ofthese.
the curve lies on (1) and (2),
4
It-+0=c, or, t+-=G
4 and

6
or, + C2

or,
8=C

Or, 8 =c,

Or, =8+C2
204 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS- R

Then using (1) and (2) we get

(+r+:)) = 8+ x + r + :

or, r* 2 + zr -4 0 which is the required particular solution.


Example.8. Find the general solution of the following p.d. equations
()(r+av)p - (r + v)q =x -y
(in) ( r - 2y7 - v*)p +(1y + 2x)q = ay- x

i z(p-9) = :*+(x+y)
iv) pcos(x + )+qsin(r + y) =z.

Solution.
() The subsidiary equations of the given p.d.e are
dr dz
(1)

xdr + yeh- zd: d(r+- :)


Each fraction = -

x(y+x)+(-*-yz)- z(r* y') 0


-

.d(x* + y --*)=0 which on integration gives x + -:' =,


which is a solution of (1), being an arbitrary constant.

To find another one.


dr +xdj +Od:
again each fraction = -

- +0(* -' )
d Jdr + Ndy

i.e. ydx +xdy + d: =0 i.e. d() + d =0


arbitrary constam.
which on integration gives ay + = C,, c, being an

This in other solution.

Thus the general solution of cquation is

-:'. )-0
differential finction.
where o is an arbitrary
of the given p.d.e are
(i) The subsidiary equations
d d
e (1)
22
RTIAL DEFFERENTIAL EQUATION 205
IRT2

rdr+vdh + zd: d +z)


Fachtraction=
0
d(r+r+:)=0

hn integration gives r +y +:' =c,. c, being anarbitrary constant


hon integratio

solution of (1).
ThisIs a

another one, we get from last two fractions


To find
d

+ -
ie. n-(zdi +yd:)-
zd: =0.
ied()-d(jz)-<d(=) =0
hich on integration gives
constant. This is another
.e. -2yz -2* =c,, c, being an arbitrary
solution.
is
solution of the given equation
So the general
or +y + z',y-2yz- z?)=0
differentiable function.
where o is an arbitrary
are
iü) The subsidiary equations
dr dy dz

-z
-Z +(x+ y)
rom the first two ratios, we have dr =-dy
Tuch on integration gives x+ y=C have
we
third ratios,
Again from first and
dx dz
z' +(x+}y)
zdz
ic., d =
z+ 2x+ logc,
o n integration gives
log(:' +G)=

e.+(x+ye"= is
So the of the equation
general solution

+y'e*)=
0
+y.+ (x function.

where is arbitrary an
differentiable
(v) The subsidiary equations
are

d dy
cos(x+ ) sin(x + y) z

dr + dy d
cos(x + y) + sin(x + y)

du d:
or, , putting x*y =FU
Sinu+ cOSu -

or, 2
sin(74+u
or, cosee(74+u)du =V+d
which on integration gives

2log=logan(u++ loge,
.=c,tan|*
.co fractions we have
Also from first two

dx + dy dr-dy
cos(x + y) + sin(x+ y) cos(r+ y)- sin(x + )

Or.
cos(x +
) - Sin 2Jx + y) d(* -y) =

cos(x + y) + sin(x + y)

which on integration gives


log{cos(x+ y)+sin(x+ y)}= x -y +loge,
cosx+y)+sin(x +y) =c,e*"
Thus the general solution of the equation is

is arbitrary differentiable function.


where o an
PARTIA 207
yample.9. Solve

(
- y-)p+2xyq = 2x
olution.
Its subsidiary equationis
dr dy dz

-y- 2xy 2x: 1)


We shall find two solutions of (1).

Fromthe 2nd and 3rd ratio of (1) we get

On integration we get log y = logz + logc,

of,=C, or, y = C,z2 (2)


where c is arbitrary constant. This is one solution of (1)
Considering 1st and 3rd ratio we get
dz
r-- 2xz
dx dz
F- 2
dr G+1):
2xz 2z 2x

dx
or,
dz 2z 2 x
Bernoulli's form.
differential equation in
ihis is a lst order ordinary
This is arranged as
(3)
dz 2z 2 d r 1 dt
dr dx dt d
Put =t dz 2x d
or,d 2 d
dz d
Putting these in (3) we get
dt
2 d: 2
Or, =-( +1)
dz Z
This is linear. Its IF =e =
Multiplying by this we get

-+
or, - ; + ) o , d=- +Dde
integrating both side we get
=
-(C+1)z +constant
or, =-( +1)z +constant
or, +1)z + constant, using (2)

+2 = Constant
or,

or,
r+y+z Constant.
This is other solutions of (1). . the required solution is

= 0, is arbitrary function.

Example. 10. Solve the p.d.e y zp + zx'q =y'x by Lagrange's method.


Solution. The subsidiary equation is
dx dydz
y'z x y'x (1)
we shall find its two solutions.
From the first and second ratio of ()) we get
dx
dy dx dy
x'd
y'z zx or,
y
or, =
ydy
Integrating both side we get

+ constant
3 3
or, - y' =c (constant), which is one solution of (1)
RTIAL DEFFERENTIAL EQUATION
A R T 1 4

209
From the first and third ratio of (1) we get

d dz
O. dr Or. xdr = zdz

both side we get


Integrating

+constant

xr-=c, (constant) which is another solution of (1).


the general solution of (1) is
elt-y.x-z)=0
Example.11. Solve the p.d.e

( - y + ( -zx)=?-y
Oy
Selution. The subsidiary equations are
dy dz
(1)
r- -zx -y
We shall find two solutions of (1)

Each ratio of (1) is equal to


dr -dy + Odz dx -cy
r-yz)-(y zx)+0(z - xy) -yz-y'
- + zx

dx- dy
(x-y)x+y+ :) (2)

Odx +dy-dz dy-d


(3)
r-yz) + (y - zx)-(:' - xy) (y-:X**y*:)

-dx + 0dy + dz dz-d


(4)
t yz)+0(y-zx) +z' -xy (z-x)(r* y+ :)
So
(2)= (3) = (4) .

dy d
dx-dy
me eeensem (-Xt*yt2)
reameir

vx y+ +y+
z) 2) ( y - z X tyt:)
d(x y dy-2)d(z-)
y-2
210
all side
we get const
Integrating
+ const= log(z - x) +
const = log(y- 2)
log(r-y)+

two
Z=c
From the first y-2

From last two


-2

solution is
.. the required

(3x+y-z)+(x+y-z)=2(2-y).

Example.12. Solve
the p.d.e Ox oy
Solution. Its subsidiary equation is
dz ()
dr dy
2(z-Jy
3r+y - z r + y - z
We shall find two solutions of (1).
dr-3dy-dz
Each ratio of (1) is
(3x+y-z)-3(x+y-2)-27-)
dr-3dy-dz
0
d-3ay- dz =0
Integrating both side we get
(2)
x-3y-z = q (constant)
This is one solution of (1)
Considering first two ratio of (1) we get
dx dy
3x +y-2X+y-2
dx dy using (2)
3x+ y-(x -3y-cj)
x+y-(r-3y -cq)
dx dy
or,
2x +4y+ C 4ytC
dy 4y+C
r, dx 2x+4y+C
PARTIAL DI
dy du1 du
Put u=4y+ ** dx du dr 4 dr
du
from above, 4 dr 2x+u
dr (2x+u) d
Or, du 2u4
-
Of du 4u
This is a 1st
order linear ordinary differential equation.
would be
Its solution
2-= Constant
u
2x-(4y+C2- constant
4y+
Or,
2x-(4y+X-3y--constant, using (2)
V4y +x-3y-z
-y+ Z =C
or, x+y-2
of (1).
This is another solution
solution is
the required general
X-y+2
=0
d|x-3y-z,7
yhere is an arbitrary function.
Example. 13. Solve:
a(y-x)
+y-z +ar) (x +y-z +ay)oy
ox
is
Solution. The given p.d.e
+ y - 2 + ay)q
=
a(y -x)
ax)p (x
-
(r+y-z +
a(y-x)
+)y-z}q
=
+1)x+y-z}p-{x+(a
O7, (a aly -x) (1)
z}p-{(r+y)+ay-z}q=
07,
ax +(x++y) -
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS -1II B
212
Simple to solve if
we transfors
becomes nore
Sometimes the p.d.e
some variables to others.
(2)
Here we put
v=*-y
_ _ C, using chain rule
Then, p= Ov ox
Cr ou Or
Oz
CZ =zOu ov
Cu v
dz Ou
and
Cu ôy ov Oy
1+-1)
OV
=_ ov
From (2) we get x= =:U+V and y=
2
Putting these in (1) we get
2u- Cv
a Ov
V-
Ou
or, av+ (2u + au-2z)= -av (3)
Ou Ov
which is a Ist order linear p.d.e of independent variable u and v
Its Lagrange's auxiliary equation is
du dv dz
(4)
av 2u +au -2z -av
We shall find two solutions of (4).
Considering the first and third ratio,
du dz
=
or, du
= -dz
av -av
integrating both side, u = -z + constant
or, u +z = c,(constant) (5)
which is one solution of (4)
Considering the first and second ratio of (4) we get
du dv
av 2u + au-2z

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